Fat effect on physico-chemical, microbial and textural changes through the manufactured of dry-cured foal sausage Lipolysis, proteolysis and sensory properties

The effect of fat content on chemical traits related to dry-curing process (pH, moisture and water activity), color and textural properties and changes of free fatty acids and amino acids compositions during the processing of foal dry-cured sausages were studied. For this purpose, three batches (20 units per batch) of dry fermented sausages with different pork back fat content (5%, 10% and 20%) were manufactured; low fat (LF), medium fat (MF) and high fat (HF), respectively. Samples at 0days (mix before stuffing), and after 7, 14, 28, 42 and 49days of ripening were taken. The fat level affected color and textural parameters at the end of the process, showing dry-cured foal sausage with the higher level of fat, the highest values of luminosity and the least hardness. No significant differences (P>0.05) among batches were detected on total viable counts, lactic acid bacteria and Microccaceae during the process. Regarding lipolysis and lipid oxidation it can be deduced that the increase in the fat level encouraged the production of free fatty acids and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. At the end of the ripening individual free fatty acids followed this order: oleic, palmitic, linoleic and stearic acid, representing 82-95% of the total free fatty acids. Final level of TBARS index was in the worst case of 1.23mg MDA/kg of sausage. On the contrary, the batch with lesser fat content showed the highest levels of free amino acids at the beginning and at the end of the process, showing final values of 1.6%.     

Physico-chemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Properties of Traditional Polish Pork Fermented Products During Ripening

The physico-chemical and biochemical properties of the raw pork products, spontaneously fermented as entire primal cuts of ham hock (raw smoked ham hock (RSR)) and loin (raw smoked loin (RSL)), were estimated during the 4-week ripening period. A decrease in water content (4 % in RSR and 7 % in RSL) and an increase in protein (2 and 4.5 %, respectively), fat and salt content (1–2 % for both products) were associated with the phenomena of slight drying. An almost 2.5-fold increase of free amino groups dissolved in water, from 480 to 1,100 μMGly/100 g and from 490 to 1,200 μMGly/100 g, accompanied by a gradual increase of total free fatty acids, from 250 to 530 mg/kg and from 270 to 460 mg/kg, was indicated in the RSR and RSL, respectively. The fermentation and accumulation of free fatty acids affected the pH decrease in the RSL, particularly with a low fat content. The increase of tyramine, tryptamine, putrescine and spermine amounts confirm the activity of bacteria strains in the RSR and RSL during ripening. The considerable part of the “house microflora” included the species fermenting in the presence of air or in anaerobic conditions—in the presence of nitrogen. The presence of volatile cell metabolism products (3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol and butanoic acid) confirmed a greater amino acid transformation and saccharide fermentation activity of microflora in the RSR. Similarly, products of free fatty acid degradation (pentanal, hexanal and butanoic acid) as well as products of lipid oxidation (e.g. 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol and 3-methyl-1-butanol) confirmed the far advanced ripening in the RSR with a greater fat content.     

Chemical and physico-chemical changes during the dry-cured processing of deer loin

The changes on chemical composition, physico-chemical parameters, free fatty acids and free amino acids content of dry-cured deer loin were investigated at day 0, 30 and 60 of dry-cured process. On the whole, except for pH values (≈5.6) and composition (fat: 4.6–5.2%; protein: ≈73%; ash: ≈17.5%) that did not show differences between the processing days, the other physico-chemical parameters were affected by curing process. Colour parameters and moisture (from 69 to 38.4%) decreased while the hardness increase from 12.35 to 342 N and lipid oxidation (from 0.2 to 0.52 mg MDA/kg) increased as dry-cured stage progresses. In similar way, free fatty acid (2250 mg per 100 g of fat at 0 day and 5940 mg per 100 g of fat at 60 days) and free amino acid content (914 mg per 100 g DM at 0 day and 1253 mg per 100 g DM at 60 days) increased progressively as the curing process progressed. The behaviour of this product during processing is similar to that described for the same product made with other animal species. Therefore, deer meat is an excellent candidate for the production of dry-cured loin, which would allow introducing a new product on the market.     

The changes in the proteolysis activity and the accumulation of free amino acids during chinese traditional dry-cured loins processing

Twelve pieces of longissimus dorsi were processed into Chinese traditional dry-cured loins. The changes in the proteolylic enzymes activities, myofibrillar proteins degradation, and free amino acids content were investigated during processing. Compared with fresh piece (0 day), the cathepsin B + L and calpains activities decreased after dry-curing and maintained potential activities values of 23.25 and 15.04% in the final products, respectively. The myosin heavy chain (MHC) and C protein were intensely degraded at the dry-ripened stage; the 50 kDa desmin increased at day 2 and then disappeared at day 11. The total free amino acids content increased from 333.18 mg/100 g in the raw to 1096.54 mg/100 g at the end of the dry-ripening. This work provided a mechanism for the accumulation of free amino acids and predicted the proteolysis extent of myofibrillar proteins by monitoring the changes of three marker proteins (MHC, C protein and 50 kDa desmin) during Chinese traditional dry-cured loins processing.     

外源脂肪酶对腊鸭腿品质的影响

为探讨外源脂肪酶对腊鸭腿加工过程中品质变化的影响,实验组采用外源脂肪酶对鸭腿进行处理,与对照组(未加酶组)进行品质比较。分别对腊鸭腿腌制、烘烤、烟熏、风干第7、14、21、28d各加工阶段采样,进行感官、水分含量、水分活度、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、pH、过氧化值(PV)及硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值等指标的测定。感官评定结果显示,风干第14d的实验组与风干第21d对照组品质最优;理化指标测定结果表明:风干至第14d,实验组的水分含量、水分活度分别降至45.9%和0.806,游离脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸分别达到3.63g/100g脂肪及2.033g/100g脂肪,过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值分别升高至0.0326g/100g脂肪及0.7892mg/100g脂肪,各指标均接近风干第21d对照组;综合感官指标及主要理化指标得出,实验组风干第14d达到成熟,较对照组缩短成熟期一周。      

风鸭加工过程中肌内和皮下脂肪水解特性研究

研究了控温控湿现代化工艺加工中风鸭肌内和皮下脂肪的甘油酯、磷脂、游离脂肪酸、理化指标的变化规律及内在相关性。采用三氯甲烷-甲醇溶液提取脂肪,固相萃取法分离脂肪,通过毛细管气相色谱分析游离脂肪酸的含量。结果显示:肌内脂肪中磷脂和游离脂肪酸含量比皮下脂肪变化显著,肌内脂肪水解是风鸭脂类物质变化的主体;肌内游离脂肪酸尤其油酸(18∶1)和亚油酸(18∶2)主要来自于肌内磷脂的降解,而皮下甘油酯和磷脂对皮下游离脂肪酸积累都有一定的贡献;棕榈酸(16∶0)、硬脂酸(18∶0)、油酸(18∶1)和亚油酸(18∶2)是风鸭游离脂肪酸主体成分。     

禽肉发酵枣肠的制备及其成熟过程中品质分析

以鹅脯肉、鸡脯肉、鸭脯肉和猪背膘为原料,选取植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）、木糖葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus xylosus）和戊糖片球菌（Pediococcus pentosaceus）作为发酵剂（菌种配比为1∶1∶1）,开发发酵枣肠。通过单因素和L₉（3⁴）正交实验,确定了在添加鹅脯肉40%、猪背膘10%的基础上,最优工艺参数为:发酵剂添加量10⁷cfu/g,发酵时间20 h,发酵温度20℃,鸡脯肉和鸭脯肉添加比例2∶1（添加量50%）。发酵枣肠成熟过程中,水分含量由66.03%降至24.76%,非蛋白氮（Non-protein nitrogen,NPN）含量由0.13%升至0.35%,游离氨基酸含量（Free amino acids,FAA）由842.00 mg/kg升至1878.33 mg/kg。由此开发具有良好品质和风味的禽肉发酵枣肠,同时缩短了产品的成熟时间。      

Changes of intramuscular phospholipids and free fatty acids during the processing of Nanjing dry-cured duck

In this study, changes of intramuscular phospholipids and free fatty acids were tracked during the processing of Nanjing dry-cured duck. Phospholipids were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV and evaporative light scattering detectors. The types and quantities of free fatty acids and fatty acids derived from phospholipids were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The results showed that raw duck meat had high quantities of phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine (37.95% and 54.07% of total phospholipids, respectively), which contained high percentages of polysaturated fatty acids. The percentages of total phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine decreased during processing, with a concomitant increase in quantities of free fatty acids. The lipolysis of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylethanolamine is the main contributor to the increase of free fatty acids.     

Time-related changes in intramuscular lipids of French dry-cured ham

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in intramuscular lipids during the processing of French dry-cured hams. In the fresh biceps femoris muscle, the lipid content was on average, 105 mg/g DM with a large individual variation. Glycerides accounted for about 75% of total lipids. During processing for 273 days, phospholipid content decreased markedly whereas free fatty acid content rose from 1·9 mg/g DM to 9·4 mg/g DM. Little change affected the fatty acid composition of both glycerides and phospholipids during processing. After a decrease in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids during the first 2 months, free fatty acid composition remained stable. The results suggest that lipid alteration during dry-curing of hams is due to lipolysis and that lipid oxidation is limited.     

Preparation of doughnuts using partially hydrogenated peanut oil and alternative products with reduced content of trans-fatty acids

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) should be avoided in the nutrition due to health concerns. Despite that there are several frying fats available on the market with reduced content of TFA this has to be implemented for the production of doughnuts in many bakeries. In this frying experiment the commonly used fat consisting of partially hydrogenated peanut oil (PHPO) and fats with a reduced content of TFA below 2 g/100 g were assessed at the same time for their oxidative stability, technological and sensorial performance for the production of doughnuts. Some of the TFA free products provided even better heat stability compared to PHPO and in addition also technological requirements were covered. However, the sensory assessment of the fats in the frying trial showed significant differences between the products. While a TFA free fat showed best assessment results during the whole course of the frying test others produced significant off-flavours. Surprisingly, for the reduction of TFA these fatty acids were not exchanged by saturated fatty acids. The best product showed a moderate content of 37 g/100 g saturated fatty acids and 55 g/100 g mono unsaturated fatty acids and a low content of about 8 g/100 g poly unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid).     

Lipolytic and oxidative changes in Iberian dry-cured loin

This study was conducted using 61 Iberian pigs from four different genetic lines fattened under two different rearing systems. Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids (NL), polar lipids (PL) and free fatty acids (FFA) of the 61 fresh loins and their corresponding dry-cured loins and indices of lipid oxidation (hexanal, TBARS and rancid flavour) of the dry-cured loins were analyzed. Although the total amount of fatty acids from PL decreased most (89.77%), the fatty acid profile of FFA from dry-cured loin was more similar to that of NL from fresh loins. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the most abundant FFA type (260mg/100g muscle dry matter) followed by saturated fatty acid (SFA) (256mg/100g muscle dry matter) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (148mg/100g muscle dry matter). Neither genetic line nor rearing system showed any significant (P>0.05) effect on the decrease of fatty acids in the lipid fractions studied. The important decrease in PUFA from NL (43.70%) and PL (89%) was not reflected in higher oxidative indices in dry-cured loin. Neither PCA nor Pearson's correlation showed any clear relationships between lipolytic changes and oxidative indices.     

即烹扇贝冷冻预制菜的质构特性及营养品质评价分析

目的 探讨即烹扇贝冷冻预制菜的质构特性和营养价值。方法 采用不同熟化方式对3种扇贝冷冻预制菜(蒸蒜蓉扇贝、香煎扇贝、烤扇贝)进行处理, 分析熟化后的质构、色差、微观结构、基本营养成分、氨基酸及脂肪酸组成与生扇贝及煮扇贝的差异, 采用相关性分析及主成分分析综合评价扇贝预制菜品质。结果 扇贝冷冻预制菜熟化后硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均显著性增加, 但蒸蒜蓉扇贝和烤扇贝的质构指标均低于煮扇贝和香煎扇贝, 后者肌肉纤维排列更紧密;香煎扇贝、烤扇贝和蒸蒜蓉扇贝的白度值均显著低于煮扇贝和生扇贝; 熟化后扇贝均具有高蛋白低脂肪的特点, 蛋白质含量为20.68~29.79 g/100 g, 粗脂肪含量为0.50~2.26 g/100 g; 氨基酸组成合理, 脂肪酸组成丰富, 必需氨基酸含量在22.05~31.07 g/100g, 烤扇贝具有较高的二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量; 主成分分析营养价值由高到低为香煎扇贝>烤扇贝>蒜蓉扇贝>煮扇贝>生扇贝。结论 即烹扇贝冷冻预制菜熟化后营养全面, 香煎扇贝质构及营养价值综合评价较高, 本研究为后续开发扇贝产品提供了理论数据。     

Changes on physico-chemical,textural, lipolysis and volatile compounds during the manufacture of dry-cured foal “cecina”

The changes in the physico-chemical and textural properties, lipolysis and volatile compounds during the manufacture of dry-cured foal “cecina” were studied. The pH increased during the last stages of processing but gradually declined over the curing period. TBARS values, hardness and chewiness increased with processing time from 0.14, 2.74 and 0.83 to 3.49 mg malonaldehyde/kg, 20.33 kg and 5.05 kg ∗ mm, respectively. Ripening time also affected the colour parameters: lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) (P < 0.001). The total average content of free fatty acid (FFA) increased significantly from 433.7 mg/100 g of fat in the raw pieces to 2655.5 mg/100 g of fat at the end of the drying–ripening stage. The main FFA at the end of the manufacturing process was palmitic acid (C_16:0), followed by oleic (C_18:1cis9), stearic (C_18:0) and linoleic (C_{18:2n − 6}). A total of fifty five volatile compounds were identified during the manufacture of dry-cured foal “cecina”, including esters, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, branched hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, furans, ketones. Aldehydes reached their maximum level at the end of the post-salting stage. In the final product, esters became the dominant chemical compounds.     

Characteristics of fat,and saponin and tannin contents of 11 varieties of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed

Rambutan seed is discarded during fruit processing. However, the seed contains a considerable amount of crude fat. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine two anti-nutritional constituents, namely saponin and tannin, and to characterize the fat of the seeds of 11 varieties of rambutan fruit. Results showed that the range of crude fat content is fairly narrow (36.13–39.13 g/100 g dried seeds). The iodine value and free fatty acid content of the fat were 38.50–50.61 g I₂/100 g fat and 0.99–2.18% as oleic acid, respectively. Oleic (33.35–46.64%) and arachidic (26.03–33.27%) acids were the main fatty acids in the fat. HPLC analysis showed that the fat comprised mainly five unknown triacylglycerols (83.94–95.33%). The melting and crystallization curves showed that the fat exhibited four to nine non-distinct peaks. The complete melting and crystallization onset temperatures of the fat were 24.8–50.6°C and 24.1–39.4°C, respectively, while the melting and crystallization enthalpies of the fat ranged from 71.2 to 141.7 J/g and from 60.4 to 88.9 J/g, respectively. At 0°C, the solid fat index of the fat ranged between 87.4% and 91.6% and the fats of some varieties melted completely at human body temperature. The saponin and tannin contents of the seed were 14.27–18.96 mg soya saponin/100 g and 4.40–26.68 mg catechin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Findings showed that rambutan seed fat has potential to be used in various sectors of food industry.     

Hass Avocado Composition and Potential Health Effects

Hass avocados, the most common commercial avocado cultivars in the world, contain a variety of essential nutrients and important phytochemicals. Although the official avocado serving is one-fifth of a fruit (30 g), according to NHANES analysis the average consumption is one-half an avocado (68 g), which provides a nutrient and phytochemical dense food consisting of the following: dietary fiber (4.6 g), total sugar (0.2 g), potassium (345 mg), sodium (5.5 mg), magnesium (19.5 mg), vitamin A (43 μg), vitamin C (6.0 mg), vitamin E (1.3 mg), vitamin K₁ (14 μg), folate (60 mg), vitamin B-6 (0.2 mg), niacin (1.3 mg), pantothenic acid (1.0 mg), riboflavin (0.1 mg), choline (10 mg), lutein/zeaxanthin (185 μg), phytosterols (57 mg), and high-monounsaturated fatty acids (6.7 g) and 114 kcals or 1.7 kcal/g. The avocado oil consists of 71% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and 16% saturated fatty acids (SFA), which helps to promote healthy blood lipid profiles and enhance the bioavailability of fat soluble vitamins and phytochemicals from the avocado or other fruits and vegetables, naturally low in fat, which are consumed with avocados. There are eight preliminary clinical studies showing that avocado consumption helps support cardiovascular health. Exploratory studies suggest that avocados may support weight management and healthy aging.     

卤猪肉加工过程中游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸及核苷酸变化分析

利用气相色谱质谱联用和高效液相色谱法检测分析了卤猪肉加工过程中游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸及核苷酸的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,总游离脂肪酸有效峰面积呈下降趋势,饱和脂肪酸也呈现下降的变化趋势,不饱和脂肪酸含量先增加后减少,在高温煮制1 h时达到最大值。总游离氨基酸的含量在卤猪肉加工过程中变化明显,在原料肉中总游离氨基酸含量为244.39 mg/100 g,其它样品中含量都显著(p0.05)高于原料肉,在二次煮制完成后达到最大值,为349.32 mg/100 g。谷氨酸在成品中的含量达到119.02mg/100 g,占总游离氨基酸的34.12%。呈味核苷酸检测结果显示,在加工过程中5'-IMP和5'-GMP的含量呈现下降趋势。由于加热导致核苷酸热降解,其降解产物肌苷的含量呈现上升趋势,在成品中检测到其含量显著(p0.05)高于原料肉中的含量。本研究结果为改进卤猪肉的生产工艺、提高产品品质提供了理论参考。     

Lipolytic and proteolytic properties of dry-cured boneless hams ripened in modified atmospheres

We studied proteolytic and lipolytic properties of dry-cured boneless ham (porcine quadriceps femoris) made with chilled (10°C, 48 h) or frozen/thawed meat (frozen at -20°C frozen for 90 days and followed by thawing at 10°C for 48 h) were determined. Dry-cured meats were stored in modified atmosphere packages (100% N(2) and a mixture of 75% N(2)+25% CO(2)) at 15°C with the intention of reducing ripening space. Results showed that dry-cured hams made with frozen/thawed raw meat had more salt, volatile fatty acids and free fatty acid content after salting and smoking. Whereas, samples prepared with chilled meats contained more nitrogenous compounds (water-soluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and free amino acids). Volatile and free fatty acid contents in all samples significantly increased with storage. Acetic acid was the predominant volatile fatty acid. To confirm lipolytic activity in dry-cured ham stored in modified atmospheres, we calculated the lipolytic coefficient. The lipolytic coefficients of all samples were positive values and significantly (P<0.05) increased with storage indicating lipolysis in samples were still active. Furthermore, nitrogenous compounds in dry-cured ham significantly (P<0.05) increased with storage indicating proteolysis in samples were not affected by modified atmosphere storage. Aerobic, anaerobic and lactic acid bacteria counts in dry-cured meats were stable to modified atmospheres storage for 20 weeks at 15°C. Flavor, texture and color score in sensory evaluation for dry-cured ham made with chilled meat were significantly higher than that made with frozen/thawed meat. All samples had high overall acceptance scores in sensory evaluation. Results in this study suggested that dry-cured boneless ham stored in modified atmospheres for 20 weeks at 15°C was another feasibility to ripen the meat without affecting lipolysis, proteolysis, microbiology and sensory quality.     

Biochemical changes throughout the ripening of a traditional Spanish goat cheese variety (Babia-Laciana)

The physico-chemical characteristics, proteolysis (classical nitrogen fractions, caseins and their degradation products and free amino acids), and lipolysis (fat acidity and free fatty acids) were studied throughout the ripening of three batches of Babia-Laciana cheese, a Spanish traditional variety made from raw goats’ milk. The main compositional characteristics of this cheese at the end of the ripening are its high content of total solids (TS) (78.0±2.4 g 100 g⁻¹ of cheese) and fat (61.1±1.2 g 100 g⁻¹ of TS), the presence of residual lactose (1.6±0.8 g 100 g⁻¹ of TS) and its low content of sodium chloride (1.1±0.7 g 100 g⁻¹ of TS) and ash (2.8±0.5 g 100 g⁻¹ of TS). Its pH values (4.44±0.72) are extraordinarily low. The evolution and final values of the different nitrogen fractions show that this cheese undergoes a very slight proteolysis, a fact which was corroborated when the caseins and their degradation products were quantified: β-casein did not undergo any modification throughout ripening, while only 21% of the α_s-caseins were degraded. Free amino acids content increased by a factor of about 7 throughout ripening, resulting in a high content of γ-amino butyric acid and a low content of glutamic acid at the end of the process. Fat acidity increased very slightly, approximately 4.5 times, during ripening, reaching final values of 3.5±2.2 mg KOH g⁻¹ of fat. The total free fatty acids content showed a similar evolution to fat acidity. At the end of the ripening process, the main free fatty acid was C_18:1, followed by C₁₆ and C₁₀.     

EFFECT OF LIPASE ENZYME ON THE RIPENING OF WHITE PICKLED CHEESE

The effect of addition of pregastric lipase enzyme on the accelerated ripening of white pickled cheese was investigated. Commercial pregastric lipase was added to milk before rennet addition at a level of 0,5, 8, 11 g per 100 L of milk and cheeses were made from this milk. Total solids, fat, total nitrogen, salt, titratable acidity, pH and free fatty acids (C₂-C_18:1) were analysed in the samples during 1–90 days of ripening period at 15 days intervals. Total solids, fat, total nitrogen, salt, titratable acidity, and pH of cheeses slightly increased during the ripening period. Free fatty acids and volatile free fatty acid contents in cheeses made from pregastric lipase added milk were affected by pregastric lipase and their contents were increased significantly (P<0.01) during the ripening period. Particularly, when cheese had a high level (11 g per 100 L milk) pregastric lipase, the amounts of butyric, caproic and caprylic acids in white pickled cheese were quite high. The relative amounts of volatile free fatty acids varied with storage time and pregastric lipase levels.     

Proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening of a Spanish craft goat cheese (Armada variety)

The proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening process were investigated in four batches of Armada goat's milk cheese (an artisanal variety produced in the North of Spain), by determining the classical nitrogen fractions, caseins and their degradation products, free amino acids, as well as the acidity of the fat, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number and free fatty acids. Values obtained for the nitrogen fractions and for caseins and their degradation products show that this cheese undergoes very little protein degradation. A low free amino acids content was observed throughout the ripening process with a predominance of Pro followed by Leu+Ile, Glu acid, Phe, His+Lys and Val. The lipid degrada-tion was very intense from the second month of ripening, only comparable to that reported for cheeses ripened by moulds. The average free fatty acids content increased 20-fold during ripening, reaching final values of 44·5 g kg⁻¹. All the free fatty acids increased considerably during ripening, resulting in a predominance of saturated and unsaturated long-chain acids, followed by medium-chain acids, C₁₀ principally. Short-chain fatty acid content by the end of ripening was higher than that presented in other cheese varieties with a similar high degree of lipolysis. © 1997 SCI.