环周进汽型喷射器的效率分析

对环周进汽型喷射器的工作原理进行了深入分析,从可用能角度出发,建立了分析喷射器运行经济性的分析模型,计算得到了不同结构参数和运行参数下喷射器的效率,对喷射器效率的影响因素进行了分析,并将计算值与实验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,喷射器的效率随入口水温、引射系数和升压比的升高而增大,随蒸汽压力的变化存在最小值,计算和实验得到的各参数对喷射器效率的影响规律基本一致,为环周进汽型喷射器的设计和应用提供了理论基础。     

蒸汽喷射器喷射系数计算的热力学模型

对蒸汽喷射器的工作过程进行了深入分析,从热力学参数的角度出发,建立了蒸汽喷射器喷射系数计算的理想模型、动量守恒模型及动能守恒模型.采用IAPWS-IF97公式计算蒸汽热力参数,对喷嘴、混合段及扩散段的效率对单级蒸汽喷射器火用效率的影响作了分析.结果表明,动量守恒模型虽在数学上与理想模型有一定的差异,但若采用适当的效率系数可以取得与经验数据满意的一致性;而动能守恒模型虽然当所有效率等于1时能与理想模型相一致,却很难找到一组系数使之与经验值相吻合.实际中,采用动量守恒模型计算喷射系数及压缩压力,动能守恒模型分析喷射器的火用效率能取得令人满意的效果.     

油田注汽锅炉蒸汽参数的热力学分析

针对油田注汽锅炉能耗过高问题,运用"黑箱"模型分析方法,建立了注汽锅炉火用分析模型,对国内某油田注汽锅炉进行了火用效率和热效率计算。分析了蒸汽压力、蒸汽干度和蒸汽蒸发量3个影响油田注汽锅炉火用效率和热效率的影响因素及其变化规律。研究表明,火用效率和热效率随蒸汽压力、蒸汽干度的增大而降低,随蒸汽蒸发量的增大而升高。其中,蒸汽蒸发量对锅炉火用效率和热效率影响最大,蒸汽蒸发量每增大0.2 t/h,锅炉火用效率增大约为0.30%,热效率增大约为0.70%。     

跨临界二氧化碳热泵喷射循环实验

在跨临界CO₂热泵热水器系统中引入优化设计的喷射器,对系统进行实验研究,分析了制热系数、引射比、升压比、喷射器效率等参数随热水体积流量和出口温度及高压侧压力的变化趋势以及优化设计的喷射器对系统的影响。实验结果表明:随着热水体积流量减小或其出口温度增加,引射比将逐渐减小,而喷射器效率逐渐升高;在测试工况范围内升压比基本保持不变,系统COP_h最高将近3.5;系统高压侧的压力因优化喷射器的引入而明显降低,有利于系统的安全运行;跨临界二氧化碳热泵喷射循环系统存在一个最优运行压力,值得注意的是在最优运行压力下,热水出水温度虽未达到最高,但依旧超过55℃。系统稳定运行在最优高压侧压力下,不仅系统性能大幅度提高,而且保证了热水的出水温度。     

新型太阳能双喷射制冷系统的可用能效率分析

在特定工况下对新型的太阳能双喷射制冷系统进行了火用平衡分析,计算了火用效率、总火用损失及系统中各设备的火用损率和火用效率,探讨了发生器温度和蒸发温度对系统火用效率和火用损失的影响。结果表明,太阳能集热器的火用损最大,火用损率为91%,其次为气体喷射器,火用损率为5%。在其他条件一定时,系统存在一个最佳的发生器温度使系统的火用效率最高,总火用损失最小。当发生温度为75～120℃,蒸发温度为7～15℃,冷凝温度为35℃时,系统总能量效率为10%～18%,火用效率为0.3%～0.65%。     

油田注汽锅炉运行效率分析与节能优化

建立了稠油开发用注汽锅炉的热力学分析模型,对胜利油田现河采油厂燃油注汽锅炉的能(火用)效率进行了计算,对其运行状态进行了分析,比较探讨了排烟温度、空气过剩系数以及出口蒸汽干度对锅炉能(火用)效率的影响,并在此基础上对其运行参数进行了优化.     

油田注汽锅炉效率计算及节能潜力分析

针对河南油田注汽锅炉运行热效率已达87%,用传统的热力学第一定律已无节能潜力可挖的问题,运用热力学第二定律对油田注汽锅炉进行了 效率计算并对其影响因素进行的分析。测算分析表明,在注汽锅炉运行热效率已达87%时,其效率仅为42%,通过对锅炉 效率计算结果分析,找到了提高锅炉运行效率的有效途径。     

蒸汽喷射器算法优化及试验研究

在索科洛夫喷射器设计理论的基础上,结合IAPWA-IF97水和水蒸气物性参数计算模型,对蒸汽喷射器的设计算法进行了优化,并通过试验验证了算法的准确性,同时通过试验分析了喷射器关键几何尺寸及工艺运行参数对喷射系数的影响。优化算法能较大幅度地提升蒸汽喷射器的整体性能,有效减少动力蒸汽的消耗,大幅降低设备的运行成本,可以作为判定工程装置运行性能是否优化的准则。     

催化裂化余热锅炉系统火用分析

利用火用分析方法对催化裂化余热锅炉进行了综合火用效率分析,分析了余热锅炉系统在运行中的火用效率表达式;并且用此方法进行了实例计算与分析,得出了余热锅炉在实际运行中有效能利用情况,对余热锅炉火用效率的影响因素进行了定性分析,确定了火用损失的关键环节为排烟火用损失和温差传热火用损失;通过针对性的优化方案对余热锅炉进行改造,若使其排烟温度降至150℃时,余热锅炉系统火用效率将提高10.4%.     

基于(火用)的管式降膜蒸发器液位优化设定

在降膜蒸发器中,物料液位直接影响蒸发器分离室压力和出料温度从而影响加热蒸汽消耗,对蒸发器的优化操作十分重要。但实际生产中液位的设定值通常是一个较大的范围,难以优化运用。针对此问题提出了一种基于(火用)分析的管式降膜蒸发器液位优化设定方法。深入分析了液位高度对蒸发过程各参数的影响,基于实际生产数据,拟合得到了液位与其他参数间的关系模型。结合蒸发器物料平衡关系以及(火用)分析方法,建立了最大化(火用)效率的能耗优化模型。对优化模型求解得到了蒸发器(火用)效率随液位高度变化的关系曲线,最后计算了不同工况条件下的最优液位,为优化实际生产操作提供了参考。     

蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况特性模拟与分析

采用改进热力学,建立了蒸汽喷射压缩器变工况特性数值计算模型。结合水蒸气物性程序,对热压缩海水淡化系统中的蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况性能进行了计算,分析了工作蒸汽压力、引射压力、混合蒸汽压力的变化对引射系数的影响。计算结果表明,当压缩蒸汽的压力高于设计值时,引射系数随压缩压力的增大而减小,而当压缩低于设计值时,引射系数保持不变;提高引射蒸汽压力会引起引射系数的增大;主动蒸汽压力偏离设计值时,主动蒸汽压力的降低（低于设计值）或提高均会引起喷射器性能的降低。     

Thermodynamic Analysis on a Lignite-Fired Power System Integrated with a Steam Dryer: Investigation on Energy Supply System of the Dryer

Lignite is becoming a competitive fuel for power generation with high security of supply and a low price. But a power plant firing lignite directly always has some weaknesses, including low thermal efficiency and high construction investment. Predrying lignite before feeding it to the boiler is a potential method to tackle these weaknesses, and low-pressure steam extracted from steam turbines is considered a competitive heat source for the drying process. In a lignite-fired power system integrated with a steam dryer, the steam extraction is led to the dryer via a connection pipe and depressurization valve. To obtain a stable drying temperature at a variable load of power, steam extraction is often used by the dryer after depressurization, which indeed causes exergy loss. To reduce the exergy loss, the steam extraction was proposed to be supplied to the dryer via a compressor or ejector. Thermodynamic models were developed to calculate the net efficiency of a power system with different energy supply systems. The energy saving boundary—that is, the net efficiency of power system could be increased in some ranges of drying temperature by some energy supply system of dryer—was obtained. Furthermore, the exergy efficiencies were calculated.     

蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况特性分析

蒸汽喷射压缩器工作特性对系统性能产生很大的影响。文中采用气体动力函数法,建立了蒸汽喷射压缩器变工况特性数值计算模型,对热压缩海水淡化系统中的蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况性能进行了计算,分析了工作蒸汽压力、引射压力、混合蒸汽压力对喷射系数的影响。计算结果表明,当压缩蒸汽的压力低于一定值时,喷射系数保持不变;喷射压缩器特性对蒸发压力的变化最为敏感,引射压力的微小变化将导致喷射器性能的明显变化;而提高工作蒸汽压力,在一定范围内可以提高喷射器的性能,但超过一定数值后反而会引起喷射器性能的降低。与试验结果对比表明,采用该方法能够正确地预测喷射压缩器的工作性能。     

Thermal analysis of ME—TVC+MEE desalination systems

Thermal analysis of three different configurations of a multi-effect thermal vapor compression desalting system is presented: conventional ME—TVC,ME—TVC with regenerative feed heaters (ME—TVC,FH) and ME—TVC coupled with a conventional MEE system (ME—TVC+MEE). The analysis is based on the First and Second Law of Thermodynamics. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the impact of motive steam pressure, temperature difference per effect, top brine temperature, feed seawater temperature and motive steam flow rate on the system's performance for each configuration. The exergy analysis showed that irreversibilities in the steam ejector and evaporators are the main sources of exergy destruction in the three configurations. When steam is supplied directly from the boiler to all configurations, results showed that the first effect was responsible for about 50% of the total effect exergy destruction. The study also showed that the decrease in exergy destruction is more pronounced than the decrease in the gain ratio at lower values of motive steam pressure. Lowering the temperature difference across the effects, by increasing the surface area, decreases the specific heat consumption. On the other hand, exergy losses are small at low temperature differences and low top brine temperature. The analysis showed that the third configuration (ME—TVC+MEE) has two main features compared to ME—TVC and ME—TVC, FH. First it has a lower compression ratio, which makes the motive steam capable of compressing larger amounts of the entrained vapor; as a result, the amount of motive steam is reduced. Second, the configuration can be used for large-scale production.     

Exergy analysis of two-stage steam-water jet injector

Exergy analysis is used as a tool to evaluate exergy losses in the steam-water jet injector so as to improve its overall performance. What this article addresses here is mainly about a parametric study on the injector under various operating conditions, such as different inlet water temperature, inlet steam pressure, pressure ratio, entrainment ratio and flowrate ratio. In addition, the irreversible losses in the component parts of the two-stage injector were analyzed in detail. The results show that the operating parameters have great effects on exergy efficiency of the injector. The average exergy efficiency of the two-stage injector is 21% more than that of the single-stage one. Moreover, calculations based on experimental data indicate that the highest exergy losses due to irreversibility occur in the first-stage mixing chamber. In light of this comparison, the exergy losses occurring in the system are proportional to the exergy efficiency obtained by applying the system.     

主喷嘴直径对蒸汽喷射器性能的影响

利用FLUENT软件对蒸汽喷射器复杂的内部流场进行数值模拟计算,并对喷射器内部流体流动过程中压力、速度等参数的变化规律进行分析研究,重点讨论了混合蒸汽压力和主喷嘴出口直径的变化对蒸汽喷射器引射性能的影响。结果表明：蒸汽喷射器存在一个临界出口压力,主喷嘴出口直径存在一个最优范围,此时喷射器的引射性能达到最佳,而且激波的耗散损失较小。     

蒸汽喷射器用双喷嘴结构性能的数值研究

运用CFD数值模拟的方法研究了第二喷嘴进出口截面大小对喷射效率的影响,并对比研究了不同工作流体压力下普通喷嘴结构和双喷嘴结构对蒸汽喷射器操作性能的影响。计算结果表明,在相同的操作条件下,双喷嘴结构能有效地提高喷射器的喷射系数。同时,第二喷嘴进出口截面以及第二喷嘴出口长度存在一最佳值,对应于最大喷射系数。并且这种喷嘴结构能有效改善由于工作流体压力降低而造成的设备操作性能恶化,提高蒸汽喷射器运行的稳定性。     

一种新型多喷嘴汽-液喷射器的性能

目前汽-液喷射技术中关于湿蒸汽的研究较少,然而在实际工业中,相当一部分低压蒸汽是具有一定干度的湿蒸汽。为此,设计了以湿蒸汽为工作蒸汽的实验台,并采用一种多喷嘴结构的汽-液喷射器作为实验元件,分析了蒸汽压力、蒸汽干度及喷射器背压对其性能的影响。实验结果表明：蒸汽干度使蒸汽质量流量随蒸汽压力变化的曲线平移。喷射系数随蒸汽干度的增大而增大。蒸汽压力较低时,喷射系数和过冷水流量随蒸汽压力的升高而增大,随着蒸汽压力的升高,当汽羽的长度大于喷射器的喉嘴距时,过冷水发生壅塞,喷射系数开始减小,而过冷水流量的减小延迟。总体上,喷射系数随背压的升高而减小,在背压不同的范围内,喷射系数下降的速度有所不同。     

Factorial design of experiment (DOE) for parametric exergetic investigation of a steam methane reforming process for hydrogen production

Hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in future energy systems. The efficient production of hydrogen at a minimum cost and in an environmentally acceptable manner is crucial for the development of a hydrogen-including economy. The exergy analysis is a powerful tool to quantify sustainable development potential. An important aspect of sustainable development is minimizing irreversibility. The purpose of this study is to perform the exergy analysis of a steam methane reforming (SMR) process for hydrogen production. As a first step, an exergy analysis of an existing process is shown to be an efficient tool to critically examine the process energy use and to test for possible savings in primary energy consumption. The results of this investigation prove that the exergetic efficiency of the SMR process is 65.47%, and the majority of destroyed exergy is localized in the reformer with a 65.81% contribution to the whole process destroyed exergy. Next, an exergetic parametric study of the SMR has been carried out with a factorial design of experiment (DOE) method. The influence of the reformer operating temperature and pressure and of the steam to carbon ratio (S/C) on the process exergetic efficiency has been studied. A second-order polynomial mathematical model has been obtained through correlating the exergetic efficiencies with the reformer operating parameters. The results of this study show that the rational choice of these parameters can improve the process exergetic performance.     

蒸汽喷射器混合室两相流动的数值模拟

应用适用于跨声速流动的湿蒸汽两相流模型对蒸汽喷射器内流体的流动进行了数值模拟研究。重点研究了蒸汽喷射器混合室内流体的流动过程,并比较了采用湿蒸汽模型和理想气体模型计算结果差异。研究结果表明,湿蒸汽模型中,蒸汽喷射器引射系数略高于理想气体模型的,混合室内喷嘴出口和引射蒸汽入口附近激波产生的局部高压明显小于理想气体模型的,工作蒸汽速度、温度的降低也要比理想气体模型的小。