A class of generalized models for shadowed fading channels

The commonly used models for shadowed fading channels arise by compounding the Nakagami distribution with others such as the log-normal and gamma distributions. A distribution that is more flexible than the Nakagami distribution is the well known Weibull distribution. In this paper, we derive a collection of generalized models for shadowed fading channels by compounding the Weibull distribution with other distributions belong to some fifteen flexible families. We also illustrate the superior performance of these models over the standard Nakagami models.     

A Class of VeCa Distributions for the Statistical Modeling of Fast Fading

Vellis and Capsalis [Wireless Personal Communication, Vol. 15 pp. 207–219, 2000] pioneered the concept of VeCa distribution to study the statistical behavior of the received signal when a user is present near the transmitting handset antenna. In this note, we derive a comprehensive class of formulas for the VeCa distribution to help better statistical modeling of fast fading in the presence of a user. The corresponding estimation procedures are also derived by the method of moments.     

Compound statistical models for shadowed fading channels

The commonly used distribution for shadowed fading channels, the Nakagami-lognormal distribution, arises by compounding the Nakagami and log-normal distributions. This distribution, however, does not have a closed form and recently this led Shankar [Outage probabilities in shadowed fading channels using a compound statistical model. IEE Proc Commun 2005; 152:828–32; Error rates in generalized shadowed fading channels. Wireless Personal Commun 2004; 28:233–8; A compound scattering pdf for the ultrasonic echo envelope and its relationship to K and Nakagami distributions. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Frequency Control 2003; 50:339–43.] to propose an alternative form obtained by compounding the Nakagami and gamma distributions. In this note, we derive a comprehensive collection of models for shadowed fading channels obtained by compounding the Nakagami distribution with 16 flexible families. The calculations involve use of several special functions and their properties. We feel that this work could serve as a useful reference for statistical modeling of shadowed fading channels.     

Evaluation of Nakagami fading behaviour based on measurements in urban scenarios

It is well known that the short-term fading conditions of the received envelope in wireless communications channels can be modelled by means of the Nakagami distribution. The value of the m parameter, also called shape factor, indicates the severity of multipath fading, and is a measure of channel quality, making its estimation necessary in many applications. In this letter, a range of possible values of the m parameter based on the analysis of a measurements campaign in urban scenarios is presented.     

On the statistics of multipath fading using a direct sequence CDMA signal at 2 GHz,in microcellular and indoor environment

This paper describes the results of field tests consisting of received signal variations and multipath returns seen by a mobile receiver using direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) waveforms. The experimental data for outdoor (microcellular environment) reveals that the instantaneous received power lost due to fading (sometimes called the fade margin) increases dramatically as the signaling bandwidth decreases below 11 MHz. It also shows that for most outdoor locations the significant multipath was confined primarily to 1s of excess delay with average delay of less than 200 ns. A broader-band CDMA system, having a bandwidth exceeding 10 MHz, could resolve the multipath components and could use a RAKE receiver to further reduce the transmitted power. However, a narrower-band CDMA system could not resolve these multipath components and thereby would suffer signal fading which would have to be compensated by 15 dB or more signal amplification. As a result, a narrower-band CDMA system would interfere with its other users and reduce its user capacity if no other forms of diversity are used. Our results also reveal that at some locations, returns with delays of more than 1s can be seen by the receiver with enough energy that could be collected using a RAKE receiver. However, these locations were found to be confined to a very low probability of existence within a prescribed cell (3-mile radius).     

A generalisation of the Rayleigh distribution with applications in wireless fading channels

The signal received in a mobile radio environment exhibits rapid signal level fluctuations which are generally Rayleigh‐distributed. These result from interference by multiple scattered radio paths between the base station and the mobile receptor. Fading‐shadowing effects in wireless channels are usually modelled by means of the Rayleigh–Lognormal distribution (RL), which has a complicated integral form. The K‐distribution (K) is similar to RL but it has a simpler form and its probability density function admits a closed form; however, due to the Bessel function, parameter estimates are not direct. Another possible approach is that of the Rayleigh‐inverse Gaussian distribution (RIG). In this paper, an alternative is presented, a generalisation of the Rayleigh distribution which is simpler than the RL, K and RIG distributions, and thus more suitable for the analysis and design of contemporary wireless communication systems. Closed‐form expressions for the bit error rate (BER) for differential phase‐shift keying (DPSK) and minimum shift keying (MSK) modulations with the proposed distribution are obtained. Theoretical results based on statistically well‐founded distance measurements validate the new distribution for the cases analysed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multi-criteria comparative analysis of different Rayleigh fading channel simulators

In this paper, an in-depth comparative analysis of the most accepted and approved Rayleigh fading channel simulators is presented. Our study addresses the three common methods for generating time-correlated Rayleigh fading processes: the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) method, the filtering white Gaussian noise (FWGN) method and the sum-of-sinusoids (SOS) method. Totally seven models, including the recently proposed models, are analyzed and compared with Clarke's reference model. We use four quantitative measures for judicious assessment of the quality of generated processes in terms of both first-order and second-order statistics. Additionally, these measures cover analysis in time domain as well as in frequency domain. An evaluation of the computational effort is also depicted. The simulation results suggest that the recently published Wang's model is very attractive and it outperforms all SOS-based models. We conclude that Zheng and Xiao's first model remains the best choice among Zheng and Xiao's family models. Several other important remarks and conclusions about the accuracy and the capability of the different Rayleigh fading simulators are driven from this study.     

一种新的快衰落信道频域跟踪算法

该文研究了第三代移动通信系统中用户移动速度在150km/h以上时,无线信道的快衰落特性,并且在3GPP系统的协议框架下提出了一种新的基于频域的信道跟踪方法(FBP),利用快衰落信道频域上的相对稳定性,解决了由于信道参数变化的速度超过自适应算法收敛速度,而造成的在时域上无法进行信道跟踪的问题,文章给出了该算法的模拟结果,并与另一种对衰落信道的参数进行基于小波的信道跟踪算法(WBP)进行了比较,该文提出的算法具有更好的性能和更低的算法复杂度。     

短波信道时间选择性衰落特性的实验研究

分析了大圆距离约770 km的斜向探测电路的实测数据,统计了信号幅度衰落的累积分布、衰落深度、衰落率、基本相关时间、基本不相关时间和多普勒展宽共六个常用于描述短波信道时间选择性衰落特性的参数,还进行了不同积累时间频谱的分析。结果表明:不同传播模式,多普勒域幅度衰落66%较为符合正态分布,时域幅度衰落73%较为符合维布尔分布;电离层稳定时,幅度衰落自相关的特征值较大,而且自相关半径较为接近基本不相关时间;有效积累时间内,积累时间越长,多普勒分辨力越高,信号更加锐化;积累时间大于有效积累时间时,相干性变差,积累效果恶化。     

具有均匀差分分布的一类置换

本文研究了置换的差分分布，证明了如果一个置换的坐标函数的每个线性组合都有非零线性结构，则该置换具有均匀差分分布的充要条件，是它的坐标函数的每个非零线性组合都是只有一个恒变线性结构的部分ｂｅｎｔ函数，并且它的坐标函数的不同非零线性组合所具有的非零线性结构互不相同。还证明了如果一个偶数维置换的坐标函数的每个线性组合都有非零线性结构，则该置换一定不具有均匀差分分布。本文还研究了Ｋ．Ｎｙｂｅｒｇ构造的能够达到最大非线性度的置换，证明了这些置换都具有均匀差分分布，从而解决了具有均匀差分分布的置换的存在性问题。     

MC-CDMA调制在散射通信信道下的性能分析

为提高对流层散射通信系统容量和抗干扰能力,对散射信道下的多载波扩频方案进行研究.基于所建立的Rayleigh 分布对流层散射信道模型,分析了频域扩频多载波技术MC-CDMA的系统性能,对典型散射信道下的系统误码率进行了分析与仿真.结果表明:MC-CDMA可有效提升散射通信系统容量,单用户时系统误码率性能较好,随着用户数和散射信道多普勒频移的增大,系统误码率随之增大,需采用多址干扰控制和子载波干扰消除技术来改善系统误码率性能.     

对数正态分布衰落下的光OFDM水下可见光通信空间分集系统

水下可见光通信(UVLC)是实现高速宽带信息传输的有效方案,但由于受到信道中吸收、散射和湍流的不利影响而面临着许多困难。针对水下湍流信道中多径和衰落带来的影响,提出了一种光正交频分复用(O-OFDM)等增益合并的分集方案,根据广义的朗伯定律得到信道增益,通过对数正态分布模拟信号衰落。采用蒙特卡洛方法对正交幅度调制(QAM)的非对称削波光正交频分复用(ACOOFDM)和直流偏置光正交频分复用(DCO-OFDM)两种分集系统进行建模仿真,分析高斯信道和弱湍流信道下系统的误比特率,探讨不同分集数目和闪烁系数情况下的分集增益。研究结果验证了分集是降低湍流影响的有效手段,有利于改善水下信息传输性能,为弱湍流信道下正交频分复用可见光通信系统的设计、预测和评估提供参考。     

Performance of MRC receiver over Hoyt/lognormal composite fading channel

In this article, mixture gamma (MG) distribution is used for analysing the performance of L-Hoyt/lognormal composite fading channel. To overcome small-scale fading effect, micro-diversity using maximum ratio combining (MRC) is used at the receiver. Due to mathematical complexity, performance analysis of composite (L-Hoyt/lognormal) fading models is not present in closed form. The analytical expressions for the performance measure are derived in the form of received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The impact of system parameters on the energy detector (ED) performance is studied in terms of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Further, the detection threshold parameter is optimised by minimising the total probability of error for L-Hoyt/lognormal channel. The accuracy of the proposed closed-form expressions is validated by comparing all the results with the Monte-Carlo/exact simulations.     

Analysis of microdiversity and dual channel macrodiversity in shadowed fading channels using a compound fading model

Wireless channels are affected by short-term fading and long-term fading (shadowing). A compound fading model was proposed for the modeling of shadowed fading channels which resulted in a closed form solution for the probability density function (pdf) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This model is applied to a case where both micro- and macro-diversity schemes are implemented to mitigate short-term fading and shadowing, respectively. Using the compound fading model, it is shown that the pdf of the signal-to-noise ratio after the implementation of maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the micro level and selection combining (SC) at the macro level can be expressed in analytical form. Even when branch correlation exists, the pdf still can be expressed in analytical form. Thus, the compound pdf model offers significant improvement over approaches which use lognormal pdf for shadowing. The performance of a coherent binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modem is evaluated using this approach. The results demonstrate the simplicity and usefulness of the compound pdf in the performance analyses of shadowed fading channels even when branch correlation exists at the base station or correlation exists between base stations.     

Performance analysis of wireless communication system over nonidentical cascaded generalised gamma fading channels

Multiplicative fading statistics usually encountered in different radio propagation environments. In this context, we evaluate and analyse the performance of a wireless communication system over the nonidentical cascaded generalised Gamma Fading Channels, also known as generalised Bessel‐K fading channel. To this end, the closed‐form expressions for the amount of fading (AOF), the outage probability (OP), the average symbol error probability (SEP), and the channel capacity are derived. In addition approximate expressions for the average SEP with maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity are also provided. The low‐ and high‐power solutions for the channel capacity are also provided. Furthermore, simplified asymptotic average SEP expressions for MRC and selection combining (SC) are presented to gain the system performance with diversity. The proposed methodologies provide more flexibility to accommodate different radio propagation scenarios. To examine the accuracy of the proposed solutions, numerical and simulation results are compared and shown to fit for variety of fading parameters.     

一种适于衰落信道的ZPOFDM参数盲估计算法

提出了一种基于循环累积量的ZPOFDM参数盲估计算法,完成了衰落信道下ZPOFDM包括符号周期、零前缀长度,子载波数等多个参数的估计.文章推导与分析了ZPOFDM信号二阶循环累积量表达式,指出其截面的谱线特征,给出了算法步骤,并对估计性能进行了详细讨论.实验结果表明,在频率选择性衰落信道下,较已有方法,本文算法估计特征...     

An evolutionary spectrum approach to modeling non‐stationary fading channels

To evaluate mobile communication systems, it is important to develop accurate and concise fading channel models. However, fading encountered in mobile communication is usually non‐stationary, and the existing methods can only model quasi‐stationary or piecewise‐stationary fading instead of general non‐stationary fading. To address this, this paper proposes an evolutionary spectrum (ES)‐based approach to modeling non‐stationary fading channels. Our ES approach is more general than the existing piecewise‐stationary models and is capable of characterizing a general non‐stationary fading channel that has an arbitrary ES (or time‐varying power spectral density); our ES approach is parsimonious and is also able to generate stationary fading processes. As an example, we show how to apply our ES approach to generating stationary and non‐stationary correlated Nakagami‐m fading channel processes. Simulation results show that the ES of the channel gain process produced by our ES‐based channel model agrees well with the user‐specified ES, indicating the accuracy of our ES‐based channel model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Artificial neural network based simulation of correlated short-term fading

This paper presents a novel method for simulation of two correlated short-term fading envelopes in mobile radio channel. Proposed method is enabled by artificial neural network principles. The main idea was to base the simulation approach solely on the measurement results. In order to obtain an adequate measured data set, extensive electric field strength measurements were carried out in an indoor environment, in a nonline-of-sight scenario. For verification of the proposed method, performance comparisons were made against the contemporary coloring matrix based method. According to comprehensive quantitative and qualitative statistical analysis it seems that the proposed method is in better agreement with the short-term fading phenomenon experienced in real propagation environment.     

A semi-deterministic propagation model for predicting short-term fading statistics in urban environments based on the Nakagami-m distribution

In this paper, a semi-deterministic propagation model for predicting short-term fading statistics in urban environments is presented. An approach to include surface scattering into deterministic ray-optical propagation models in urban scenarios is derived. This approach considers the coherent and incoherent components of the scattered signal. A statistical characterisation of the received signal at the received position permits to model the short-term fading for a local area around the mobile position using the Nakagami-m distribution. The parameters of the Nakagami-m distribution are obtained taking into account the real environment from a digital map information of the urban area. Computer simulation results and experimental data are compared.     

一种COFDM系统抗频率选择性衰落的方法

在频率选择性衰落信道中,宽带OFDM信号的部分子载波可能受到衰落的影响,造成调制到子载波上的数据位出现误码。提出一种COFDM系统对抗频率选择性衰落的方法,在发送端通过对受衰落子载波的预处理结合LDPC差错控制编码;在接收端,对受衰落子载波的预处理进行逆映射和差错控制译码,通过对错误图样的统计即可得到受衰落子载波信息。文中方法运算简单、复杂度低、系统额外开销小。