A class of generalized models for shadowed fading channels

The commonly used models for shadowed fading channels arise by compounding the Nakagami distribution with others such as the log-normal and gamma distributions. A distribution that is more flexible than the Nakagami distribution is the well known Weibull distribution. In this paper, we derive a collection of generalized models for shadowed fading channels by compounding the Weibull distribution with other distributions belong to some fifteen flexible families. We also illustrate the superior performance of these models over the standard Nakagami models.     

A Class of VeCa Distributions for the Statistical Modeling of Fast Fading

Vellis and Capsalis [Wireless Personal Communication, Vol. 15 pp. 207–219, 2000] pioneered the concept of VeCa distribution to study the statistical behavior of the received signal when a user is present near the transmitting handset antenna. In this note, we derive a comprehensive class of formulas for the VeCa distribution to help better statistical modeling of fast fading in the presence of a user. The corresponding estimation procedures are also derived by the method of moments.     

Compound statistical models for shadowed fading channels

The commonly used distribution for shadowed fading channels, the Nakagami-lognormal distribution, arises by compounding the Nakagami and log-normal distributions. This distribution, however, does not have a closed form and recently this led Shankar [Outage probabilities in shadowed fading channels using a compound statistical model. IEE Proc Commun 2005; 152:828–32; Error rates in generalized shadowed fading channels. Wireless Personal Commun 2004; 28:233–8; A compound scattering pdf for the ultrasonic echo envelope and its relationship to K and Nakagami distributions. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Frequency Control 2003; 50:339–43.] to propose an alternative form obtained by compounding the Nakagami and gamma distributions. In this note, we derive a comprehensive collection of models for shadowed fading channels obtained by compounding the Nakagami distribution with 16 flexible families. The calculations involve use of several special functions and their properties. We feel that this work could serve as a useful reference for statistical modeling of shadowed fading channels.     

On the statistics of multipath fading using a direct sequence CDMA signal at 2 GHz,in microcellular and indoor environment

This paper describes the results of field tests consisting of received signal variations and multipath returns seen by a mobile receiver using direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) waveforms. The experimental data for outdoor (microcellular environment) reveals that the instantaneous received power lost due to fading (sometimes called the fade margin) increases dramatically as the signaling bandwidth decreases below 11 MHz. It also shows that for most outdoor locations the significant multipath was confined primarily to 1s of excess delay with average delay of less than 200 ns. A broader-band CDMA system, having a bandwidth exceeding 10 MHz, could resolve the multipath components and could use a RAKE receiver to further reduce the transmitted power. However, a narrower-band CDMA system could not resolve these multipath components and thereby would suffer signal fading which would have to be compensated by 15 dB or more signal amplification. As a result, a narrower-band CDMA system would interfere with its other users and reduce its user capacity if no other forms of diversity are used. Our results also reveal that at some locations, returns with delays of more than 1s can be seen by the receiver with enough energy that could be collected using a RAKE receiver. However, these locations were found to be confined to a very low probability of existence within a prescribed cell (3-mile radius).     

A multi-criteria comparative analysis of different Rayleigh fading channel simulators

In this paper, an in-depth comparative analysis of the most accepted and approved Rayleigh fading channel simulators is presented. Our study addresses the three common methods for generating time-correlated Rayleigh fading processes: the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) method, the filtering white Gaussian noise (FWGN) method and the sum-of-sinusoids (SOS) method. Totally seven models, including the recently proposed models, are analyzed and compared with Clarke's reference model. We use four quantitative measures for judicious assessment of the quality of generated processes in terms of both first-order and second-order statistics. Additionally, these measures cover analysis in time domain as well as in frequency domain. An evaluation of the computational effort is also depicted. The simulation results suggest that the recently published Wang's model is very attractive and it outperforms all SOS-based models. We conclude that Zheng and Xiao's first model remains the best choice among Zheng and Xiao's family models. Several other important remarks and conclusions about the accuracy and the capability of the different Rayleigh fading simulators are driven from this study.     

短波信道时间选择性衰落特性的实验研究

分析了大圆距离约770 km的斜向探测电路的实测数据,统计了信号幅度衰落的累积分布、衰落深度、衰落率、基本相关时间、基本不相关时间和多普勒展宽共六个常用于描述短波信道时间选择性衰落特性的参数,还进行了不同积累时间频谱的分析。结果表明:不同传播模式,多普勒域幅度衰落66%较为符合正态分布,时域幅度衰落73%较为符合维布尔分布;电离层稳定时,幅度衰落自相关的特征值较大,而且自相关半径较为接近基本不相关时间;有效积累时间内,积累时间越长,多普勒分辨力越高,信号更加锐化;积累时间大于有效积累时间时,相干性变差,积累效果恶化。     

具有均匀差分分布的一类置换

本文研究了置换的差分分布，证明了如果一个置换的坐标函数的每个线性组合都有非零线性结构，则该置换具有均匀差分分布的充要条件，是它的坐标函数的每个非零线性组合都是只有一个恒变线性结构的部分ｂｅｎｔ函数，并且它的坐标函数的不同非零线性组合所具有的非零线性结构互不相同。还证明了如果一个偶数维置换的坐标函数的每个线性组合都有非零线性结构，则该置换一定不具有均匀差分分布。本文还研究了Ｋ．Ｎｙｂｅｒｇ构造的能够达到最大非线性度的置换，证明了这些置换都具有均匀差分分布，从而解决了具有均匀差分分布的置换的存在性问题。     

Analysis of microdiversity and dual channel macrodiversity in shadowed fading channels using a compound fading model

Wireless channels are affected by short-term fading and long-term fading (shadowing). A compound fading model was proposed for the modeling of shadowed fading channels which resulted in a closed form solution for the probability density function (pdf) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This model is applied to a case where both micro- and macro-diversity schemes are implemented to mitigate short-term fading and shadowing, respectively. Using the compound fading model, it is shown that the pdf of the signal-to-noise ratio after the implementation of maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the micro level and selection combining (SC) at the macro level can be expressed in analytical form. Even when branch correlation exists, the pdf still can be expressed in analytical form. Thus, the compound pdf model offers significant improvement over approaches which use lognormal pdf for shadowing. The performance of a coherent binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modem is evaluated using this approach. The results demonstrate the simplicity and usefulness of the compound pdf in the performance analyses of shadowed fading channels even when branch correlation exists at the base station or correlation exists between base stations.     

一种适于衰落信道的ZPOFDM参数盲估计算法

提出了一种基于循环累积量的ZPOFDM参数盲估计算法,完成了衰落信道下ZPOFDM包括符号周期、零前缀长度,子载波数等多个参数的估计.文章推导与分析了ZPOFDM信号二阶循环累积量表达式,指出其截面的谱线特征,给出了算法步骤,并对估计性能进行了详细讨论.实验结果表明,在频率选择性衰落信道下,较已有方法,本文算法估计特征...     

Artificial neural network based simulation of correlated short-term fading

This paper presents a novel method for simulation of two correlated short-term fading envelopes in mobile radio channel. Proposed method is enabled by artificial neural network principles. The main idea was to base the simulation approach solely on the measurement results. In order to obtain an adequate measured data set, extensive electric field strength measurements were carried out in an indoor environment, in a nonline-of-sight scenario. For verification of the proposed method, performance comparisons were made against the contemporary coloring matrix based method. According to comprehensive quantitative and qualitative statistical analysis it seems that the proposed method is in better agreement with the short-term fading phenomenon experienced in real propagation environment.     

一种COFDM系统抗频率选择性衰落的方法

在频率选择性衰落信道中,宽带OFDM信号的部分子载波可能受到衰落的影响,造成调制到子载波上的数据位出现误码。提出一种COFDM系统对抗频率选择性衰落的方法,在发送端通过对受衰落子载波的预处理结合LDPC差错控制编码;在接收端,对受衰落子载波的预处理进行逆映射和差错控制译码,通过对错误图样的统计即可得到受衰落子载波信息。文中方法运算简单、复杂度低、系统额外开销小。     

A comparative study of higher-order differential phase shift keying schemes over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels

Double differential phase shift keying (DDPSK) is known to be immune to Doppler shift, a property that is valuable in mobile communication systems. The present paper is about DDPSK and analyzes its two variations, the adjacent DDPSK and the nonadjacent DDPSK. The performance is evaluated for the case of slow Rayleigh fading with and without frequency offset using the three receiver structures: the IQ demodulator, the autocorrelation demodulator, and the multiphase autocorrelation demodulator. In additive white Gaussian noise channels (AWGN), the performance of both schemes is evaluated in the presence of a frequency offset with the above demodulators. The obtained analytical results are verified via Monte Carlo simulations. The obvious disadvantage of DDPSK is its power requirements when compared to the conventional DPSK. In order to overcome this shortcoming, a demodulator structure is proposed in this paper. The performance of this demodulator is found to yield a lower probability of error when compared to the other demodulators for DDPSK as well as for DPSK. Results obtained using computer simulation of the proposed demodulator was found to be in good agreement with the analytical results derived in this paper.     

Effects of correlated fading on frequency-hop communications with Reed-Solomon coding

The transmission of frequency-hop spread-spectrum signals over a frequency-selective fading channel results in correlation between the amplitudes of signals that occupy different frequency slots. This correlation produces dependent errors among symbols transmitted at different frequencies. For a system that employs block coding, this dependence results in dependent errors, even if the code symbols are interleaved over the dwell intervals. Using an appropriate mathematical model for wideband frequency-selective fading channel, we present analytical results on the code-word error probability for a simple coding scheme and simulation results for more complex codes.     

一种改进的RLS自适应滤波器算法

本文首先简单地介绍了快速ＲＬＳ（ＦＲＬＳ）算法，并提出了稳定快速的基于ＦＲＬＳ算法的修正ＦＮＴＦ算法——ＣＦＮＴＦ算法。最后对其进行计算机仿真。     

一种在Rayleigh信道中计算级联码性能的理论方法

本文结合单级编码的性能与信道调制特性,提出一种从理论上计算级联码在Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ信道误比特率的方法。将计算机仿真需要做的繁琐工作瞬间完成,节省了大量的人力和机时。由此方法得到的计算结果显示出级联码优异的性能,将为级联码的研究提供有力的帮助。     

Performance of M-MRC receivers over TWDP fading channels

An expression of characteristic function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for two waves with diffused power (TWDP) fading channel is derived. Using this expression, the expression for the probability density function (PDF) of the output SNR of maximal ratio combining (MRC) receiver is obtained. Expressions for the performance matrix of MRC receiver over TWDP fading channels are also deduced. PDF based approach is followed to derive expressions of outage probability and average symbol error rate for coherent and non-coherent m-ary modulation schemes. Effects of the number of branches M and the fading parameters K and Δ on the system performance are studied. The results obtained are verified by Monte Carlo simulation.     

一种适用于瑞利衰落信道的有效的OFDM时频同步体制

对已有的一种时频同步方法加以改进,提出了一种适用于无线瑞利衰落信道的OFDM时频同步方法。这种方法利用一个OFDM导频符号可同时实现符号同步和频率同步,因此适用于无线传输中的快速同步。所采用的频偏估计方法与原有的方法相同,但是提高了符号估计的精度。     

一种频率选择性衰落信道下的盲自适应去相关Rake接收机

多用户检测是DS－CDMA系统中的一项关键技术,而Rake接收是解决多径效应的一种有效方法,本文将基于Kalman滤波的多用户检测器与Rake接收相结合,提出了一种频率选择性衰落信道下的盲自适应去相关Rake接收机,研究结果表明,这种接收机具有较强的抑制多址干扰和克服“远－近”效应能力,并且能快速收敛。     

Performance analysis of system with selection combining over correlated Weibull fading channels in the presence of cochannel interference

Selection diversity based on the signal to interference ratio (SIR) is a very efficient technique that reduces fading and channel interference influence. In this paper, system performances of selection combining and correlated Weibull channels are analyzed. Fading between the diversity branches and between interferers is correlated and Weibull distributed. Very useful closed-form expressions are obtained for the output SIR's probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function which is main contribution of this paper. Outage probability, the average output SIR, and the average error probability for coherent, noncoherent modulation are derived. Numerical results presented in this paper point out the effects of fading severity and correlation on the system performances.