冰机油的回收方法

介绍了一种简易的回收冰机油的方法，该法再生机油质量较好，油的粘度、闪点、酸值及杂质含量均可满足冰机要求。     

稻壳直接液化及催化裂解制备液体燃油

利用软化液软化新鲜稻壳和粉碎稻壳,判断软化是否更有利于后续实验。在稻壳直接液化初级生物油的基础上,利用甘油辅助蒸馏技术,将生物油分成轻组分和酚类组分,将轻组分依次进行催化酯化、催化裂解,分别测定了产物的酸值、羟值、粘度,并且探讨了催化剂回收次数。结果表明:稻壳软化后不利于后续实验,可以直接使用;催化酯化反应最佳温度为80℃,反应时间为2h,酸值从3.65mgKOH/g降到1.82mgKOH/g;催化裂解反应用HZSM-5作为催化剂时,产物的综合性能较好,酸值最低(2.24mgKOH/g),羟值最高(131.27),粘度中等(1.8mPa.s)。催化剂使用2次后,性能下降较多,必须再生。     

RP-3改性航空燃料的制备及其性能评价

以RP-3航空煤油、0#柴油和-10#柴油为基础油制备改性航空燃料。根据喷气燃料的组分需求、馏程范围及基本指标要求,对3种基础油进行常压蒸馏切割馏分,选取所需馏分按比例进行复配得到改性航空燃料,并对其基本的理化性能进行测定,同时针对改性后较差的性能指标进行了添加剂实验以提高其性能。与RP-3相比,改性航空燃料的密度增加了2%~5%,热值增加了10~470J.kg-1,闪点提高了2~8℃,铜、银片腐蚀均达到1级,而冰点有所下降,添加防冰剂后达到燃料使用要求。经过小型发动机台架燃烧试验发现,改性航空燃料的雾化性能和污染排放指标均不同程度的改善,但点火熄火性能略有下降。     

活性白土净化废汽轮机油

对废汽轮机油进行了再生研究。选用吸附能力比较强的活性白土为原料,采用实验室自制的经过引入无机高分子以后的改性活性白土为主要吸附剂,利用再生后油的透过率的变化,对再生条件进行了研究。再生条件温度55～65 ℃;搅拌时间20～30 min,根据汽轮机油劣化的程度不同,通过实验确定所加的吸附剂量一般为5%～20%。再生后的油送检测单位检验,再生前后对比水溶性酸碱pH4.9/5.8,酸值0.0596/0.0057 mg KOH/g,破乳化度(搅拌法)50/1 min。结论再生效果较好,达到新油标准。再生后废油的回收率可达85%左右。     

高氧化安定性植物基润滑油的制备与性能研究

以废弃大豆油为原料,通过水解、酯化和环氧化的化学改性手段制备得到三种环氧多元醇酯类润滑油基础油。采用差示扫描量热仪(PDSC)和旋转氧弹仪(RPVOT)分别对改性产物的抗热氧化能力进行了评价,同时还对改性产物的粘度、酸值、闪点、铜片腐蚀等理化性能进行了考察。结果表明,以废弃大豆油为原料化学改性制备得到的环氧多元醇酯类油具有更宽的粘度范围、较为优异的氧化安定性、良好的粘温性能、抗腐蚀性能及较高的闪点,是一类性能优良且环保的润滑油基础油。     

高氧化安定性植物基润滑油的制备与性能研究

以废弃大豆油为原料,通过水解、酯化和环氧化的化学改性手段制备得到三种环氧多元醇酯类润滑油基础油。采用差示扫描量热仪(PDSC)和旋转氧弹仪(RPVOT)分别对改性产物的抗热氧化能力进行了评价,同时还对改性产物的粘度、酸值、闪点、铜片腐蚀等理化性能进行了考察。结果表明,以废弃大豆油为原料化学改性制备得到的环氧多元醇酯类油具有更宽的粘度范围、较为优异的氧化安定性、良好的粘温性能、抗腐蚀性能及较高的闪点,是一类性能优良且环保的润滑油基础油。     

新橡胶软化油的应用

炼油厂有一种副产品油，过去只用于油墨行业中。济南三星橡胶有限责任公司为降低生产成本，将这种油作为软化剂，代替多年使用的机械油或软化重油用，取得了良好的经济效益。这种新软化油的主要技术指标为：４０℃运动粘度　３５．５厘沲；开口式闪点＞１６０℃；凝固点＜－１０℃；苯胺点　４０．２℃；酸值　１．４４ｍｇＫＯＨ／ｇ。该公司在农用胎面胶配方中，用１２份新软化油代替原使用的１０份机械油，胶料硫化后的性能与原生产胶料基本相似。使用新软化油硫化胶性能：断裂强度　１６．５ＭＰａ，扯断伸长率４６０％；硬度（邵尔Ａ型…     

某型野战油料化验箱的检测原理及实际应用

为适应未来战场中油料质量高效、快速检测的保障要求,某型野战油料化验箱通过创新设计,克服了目前航空油料检测的局限性,大大提高了航空油料检测能力,促进了油料综合保障能力的提升。通过将该化验箱测定的三种常用油品新油的粘度、闪点、酸值数据与化验室常规仪器按标准方法测定的数据进行比较分析,验证了该化验箱检测的可靠性。     

废油的再生及微乳化

对工业生产中产生的废油进行了再生和微乳化处理研究.选用活性白土作为吸附剂,通过再生油的光透过率的变化,确定最佳再生条件为:温度50～65 ℃,搅拌时间30～60 min,白土用量13%～16%;选择油酸作表面活性剂,通过闪点、燃烧热、NO排放量等检测,确定甲醇所占比例为20%(质量比)时为最佳微乳化配比.再生后废油的回收率可达90%;所制得的微乳柴油在相同条件下燃烧热值与0#柴油相当,且其燃烧后排放的气体中NO含量可降低30%左右.     

彩南油田含油污泥萃取处理技术

针对彩南油田含油污泥进行萃取处理技术研究。结果表明:合成的复合型萃取剂D,在温度为35℃,萃取剂/含油污泥体积比为1.5:1时,除油率达到96.4%,剩余污泥含油为1.42%,萃取剂回收率大于95%,有效循环使用次数达到7次,循环使用效果理想。该萃取剂馏程范围150～181℃,与彩南污油泥中原油馏程差异大,易于萃取剂与原油通过蒸馏分离。并且闪点大于45℃,便于安全运输及工业化应用。     

短程蒸馏条件对废润滑油再生馏分色度的影响

通过调节刮膜式分子蒸馏操作参数,考察了不同类型废油再生产品透光率的变化。实验结果表明,温度升高,一级再生油的透光率下降,二级再生油的透光率上升,废内燃机油的操作温度应控制在225℃左右,废液压油的操作温度应控制在210℃左右,废混合油的操作温度应控制在215℃左右为最佳;真空度升高,一级再生油的透光率上升,二级再生油的透光率下降,废内燃机油的真空度应控制在12Pa左右,废液压油的真空度应控制在18Pa左右,废混合油的真空度应控制在16Pa左右为最佳;进料流量增加,一级、二级再生油的透光率均缓慢下降,因此应尽量维持较低流量。     

温度压力在废油再生分子蒸馏中的影响研究

通过单因素控制法进行分子蒸馏实验,利用油液检测设备得到不同温度压力下的再生油液部分理化指标。从色度8号的废油中得到色度4.5号的再生油液,根据方差分析和回归分析确定在210~240℃、30~90 Pa,再生油液运动粘度(y)和凝点(SP)与温度(T)、压力(P)的关系为SP=-23.594+0.018 6T-0.058 6T/P和y=19.181+0.038 9T-0.029P-0.208T/P。     

Physicochemical characteristics and thermal stability of Jordanian jojoba oil

Viscosity, flash point, refractive index, viscosity index, specific gravity, aniline point, foam testing, color stability, ash content, water content, saponification value, iodine value, and other properties were investigated for Jordanian jojoba oil. Results showed that jojoba oil has low ash and water contents and high flash point and viscosity index. Viscosity and specific gravity changed only slightly with temperatures. As an additive, jojoba oil improved the viscosity index of lubricants from 100 to 130. When subjected to heating and cooling from 40 to 200°C, the chemical structure, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index remained almost constant. Thus, jojoba oil was highly stable in this temperature range.     

Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from the crude fish oil from the soapstock of marine fish

The soapstock of a mixture of marine fish was used as the raw material to produce the biodiesel in this study. The soapstock was collected from discarded fish products. Crude fish oil was squeezed from the soapstock of the fish and refined by a series of processes. The refined fish oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed. The experimental results showed that oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were the two major components of the marine fish-oil biodiesel. The biodiesel from the mixed marine fish oil contained a significantly greater amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids than did the biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In addition, the marine fish-oil biodiesel contained as high as 37.07 wt.% saturated fatty acids and 37.3 wt.% long chain fatty acids in the range between C20 and C22. Moreover, the marine fish-oil biodiesel appeared to have a larger acid number, a greater increase in the rate of peroxidization with the increase in the time that it was stored, greater kinematic viscosity, higher heating value, higher cetane index, more carbon residue, and a lower peroxide value, flash point, and distillation temperature than those of waste cooking-oil biodiesel.     

Fuel properties of tallow and soybean oil esters

Fuel properties of beef tallow, soybean oil, their esters, and blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were determined. Fuel properties tested were viscosity, specific gravity, API gravity, distillation ranges, calculated cetane index, energy content, flash point, water content, sulfur content, carbon residue, particulate matter, acid value, copper-strip corrosion test, ash content, melting point, cloud point, and pour point. Gas-chromatographic analyses of tallow, soybean oil, and their esters were performed to determine their major constituents. Viscosities of soybean oil and tallow were significantly reduced by esterification. Other fuel properties of the esters and their blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were similar to the properties of No. 2 diesel fuel.     

废润滑油再生分子蒸馏窄分技术应用研究

针对废润滑油再生过程设计了多级分子蒸馏新工艺,进行了基础油馏分的窄分技术研究.以汽修厂废内燃机油为实验材料进行了工艺验证,并在沙特石化产品公司废润滑油处理量3万t/a的再生厂中成功运用.分析结果显示,三级分子蒸馏馏分代表性指标分别符合MVI100、MVI250和MVI350基础油技术标准,总体收率92.1%.实践表明,废润滑油再生分子蒸馏窄分工艺可靠,能够得到多种优质的基础油产品,且具有较高的得率,为进一步完善分子蒸馏技术在废润滑油再生中的工业化应用提供了基础.     

1-C_(10)/1-C_(14)混合烯烃齐聚制备高性能润滑油基础油

1-C_(10)烯和1-C_(14)烯混合烯烃在AlCl_3催化剂作用下发生齐聚反应合成了高性能的聚α-烯烃基础油(PAO)。对齐聚产物进行了核磁共振氢谱表征,讨论1-C_(10)烯和1-C_(14)烯齐聚产物的分子结构。考察了反应温度(25℃、50℃)、原料不同混合比对齐聚产物性能(υ100℃、VI、凝点)的影响,产物粘度、凝点的测定均按照国家标准的石油和石油产品试验方法。结果表明:该混合物具有中等粘度(υ100℃=12.02~28.01 mm~2/s)、较高粘度指数(VI=123~175)、较低凝点(PP=-25~-58℃),可作为高性能润滑油基础油。     

Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil

Present work reports an optimized protocol for the production of biodiesel through alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil. The reaction variables used were methanol/oil molar ratio (3:1-21:1), catalyst concentration (0.25-1.50%), temperature (35-65 °C), mixing intensity (180-600 rpm) and catalyst type. The evaluation of the transesterification process was followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) at different reaction times. The biodiesel with best yield and quality was produced at methanol/oil molar ratio, 6:1; potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration, 1.0%; mixing intensity, 600 rpm and reaction temperature 65 °C. The yield of the biodiesel produced under optimal condition was 95-96%. It was noted that greater or lower the concentration of KOH or methanol than the optimal values, the reaction either did not fully occur or lead to soap formation.The quality of the biodiesel produced was evaluated by the determinations of important properties such as density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, higher heating value, acid value, flash point, pour point, cloud point, combustion point, cold filter plugging point, cetane index, ash content, sulphur content, water content, copper strip corrosion value, distillation temperature and fatty acid composition. The produced biodiesel was found to exhibit fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the latest American Standards for Testing Material (ASTM) and European EN standards.     

长碳链二元酸酯的合成及其物化性能

以杂多酸为催化剂、不同链长的二元酸为原料,合成了系列长碳链二元酸二元酯,考察了影响合成反应的因素及碳链长度对合成酯物化性能的影响. 结果表明,在回流温度160℃、醇/酸摩尔比3:1、催化剂用量为总质量1%、反应时间120 min、带水剂用量为总质量10%的条件下,酯化率达98%以上. 合成的酯具有良好的物化性能,其倾点最低为-74℃,闪点最高为258℃,粘度指数最大为187,优于现有商业化酯类润滑油基础油,达到现有航空润滑油基础油的标准. 随着碳链增长,合成酯粘度增大,增加醇碳链长度对粘度的影响大于增加酸碳链长度的影响.     

轧钢含油污泥湿式减压蒸馏处理工艺优化

使用湿式减压蒸馏法分离轧钢含油污泥的油分和残渣。采用二次通用旋转组合设计实验，研究了温度、真空度和水蒸气流量对分离效果的影响。结果表明，相比于简单蒸馏，湿式减压蒸馏能显著减轻对油分的破坏，提高油分回收率。在实验参数范围内，当蒸馏温度为321.4℃、真空度为90 kPa、水蒸气流量为1 ml·min⁻¹时，获得最大油分回收率（57.2%）。回收油分时，过高的温度和水蒸气分压会破坏油分，前者促进油分胶质组分向芳香烃和饱和烃转化，后者则会促进脂类水解，并与Fe₂O₃作用氧化重质油组分，促进胶质组分向芳香烃转化。而对于蒸馏残渣中难以分离的沥青质等大分子有机物，可通过提高温度和水蒸气流量，特别是可以提高温度，促使其分解炭化，以获得较低的残渣含油率，便于残渣中铁金属元素的回收利用。