偏二氯乙烯的合成工艺

以1,1,2-三氯乙烷为原料,与氢氧化钠溶液发生皂化反应合成偏二氯乙烯。考察了反应温度、碱质量分数、三氯乙烷和氢氧化钠的摩尔配比等对收率的影响,得到优化的反应条件为:反应温度65℃~70℃,碱质量分数10%,三氯乙烷与氢氧化钠的摩尔配比为1.00∶1.02,皂化粗收率97%~98%。采用淡碱为碱源,皂化釜余的废水TOC质量分数小于1×10~(-4),符合盐水电解的要求,实现了皂化废水的资源化利用。     

1,1,2-三氯乙烷生产工艺的研究进展

1,1,2-三氯乙烷在化学工业中十分重要,可以用来作溶剂、萃取剂、杀虫剂,并且可以用于医学领域起麻醉作用,也可以是制作修正液的原料以及用来生成1,1-二氯乙烷。综述了氯乙烯氯化法、塔式合成法、1,2-二氯乙烷反应精馏法、利用烯烃混合废气法、共沸精馏法等1,1,2-三氯乙烷的生产方法。     

共沸精馏法回收有机废液中1,1,2-三氯乙烷

采用共沸精馏法对某化工厂有机废液中1,1,2-三氯乙烷的回收进行了研究。分别以甲醇和水作为共沸剂,运用Aspen Plus软件进行过程模拟,给出了最优的分离工艺:甲醇作为共沸剂时,用量占原料量的3%,回流比为8.47;水作为共沸剂时,用量占原料量的1.55%,回流比为9.16。回收1,1,2-三氯乙烷的纯度均能达到99.5%以上,回收率达到93%以上。但甲醇作为共沸剂时,理论塔板数少,且回流比和能耗更低。运用填料塔对1,1,2-三氯乙烷的回收进行实验研究,结果与模拟结果吻合较好。     

1,1,2-三氯乙烷裂解反应体系热力学分析

为探索温度对1,1,2-三氯乙烷裂解反应体系的影响,对该体系进行了热力学模拟计算。采用Aspen Plus V11中的反应器模块RGibbs并结合灵敏度模型分析工具,分别计算了单组分、无聚合反应以及发生聚合反应3种条件下各生成物在150～300℃下的平衡收率。热力学模拟结果表明：在标准状况下,1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱氯化氢生成偏二氯乙烯的主反应与生成顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、反-1,2-二氯乙烯的副反应均无法自发进行。主副反应均是吸热反应,当温度为150℃时,生成反-1,2-二氯乙烯和顺-1,2-二氯乙烯的副反应平衡转化率分别为最低和最高,1,1,2-三氯乙烷裂解反应的平衡转化率与温度成正比。当温度达到300℃时,平衡转化率均接近100%。通过Materials Studio的DMol-3模块对相关物质的热力学特性进行了验证。     

精制氯化钠水溶液的方法

专利申请范围用烧碱溶液将1,1,2—三氯乙烷脱盐酸,得到氯化钠水溶液,通过蒸馏除去其中的氯化碳氢化合物。在镍氧化物存在下,将氯化钠水溶液与次氯酸钠溶液接触并以此为特征的精制氯化钠水溶液的方法。发明的详细说明本发明是通过1,1,2—三氯乙烷脱盐酸反应,用得到的氯化钠溶液进行精制氯化钠溶液。本发明的目的在于高度地减少 C.O.D的值,从而精制氯化钠溶液。近年来,氯化碳氢化合物的制造技术是惊人的,大量使用了1,1,2—三氯乙烷、     

由糠醛制备1,1,2-乙烷三羧酸

提出了一种合成 1,1,2 乙烷三羧酸的新方法。以糠醛为原料 ,先制得顺丁烯二酸 ,用顺丁烯二酸与三氯锗烷在酸性条件下加成 ,然后水解得到 1,1,2 乙烷三羧酸 ,收率为 71%。     

粉檀麝香的合成研究

用均匀设计对粉檀麝香中间体 1,1,2 ,3,3,5 -六甲基茚满 (HMI)合成实验条件进行优化 ,使HMI的收率提高 7% ,达到了 5 7%。进而对HMI用乙酰氯进行酰化合成出合格的粉檀麝香产品 ,其总收率可达 48.1%     

Fe/ZrO2催化剂气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱氯化氢性能

采用浸渍法制备系列不同负载量的Fe/ZrO2催化剂,用于气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱氯化氢性能的研究。结果表明,反应温度为350℃时,负载Fe质量分数为1%的1Fe/ZrO2催化剂催化活性最好,1,1,2-三氯乙烷转化率约95.0%,顺式1,2-二氯乙烯选择性为91.0%,反应50h性能稳定不失活,1,1,2-三氯乙烷转化率约92.0%,顺式1,2-二氯乙烯选择性约90.0%。单一ZrO2载体上的脱氯反应初始转化率为90.0%,经过1h反应即快速失活。ZrO2催化剂失活归因于ZrO2表面酸性较强导致积炭。对于Fe/ZrO2催化剂,Fe物种不但提供新的活性位点,而且降低了催化剂的表面强酸性中心,使催化剂催化活性更高,稳定性更好。     

一种合成原二氯乙酸三乙酯的新方法

报道了以三氟三氯乙烷和乙醇钠乙醇溶液为原料,在高压釜中合成标题化合物的新方法。通过单因素实验确定了该方法的较优合成条件为:三氟三氯乙烷和乙醇钠的物质的量比为1∶5.5,反应温度为140℃,反应时间为9 h,此时目标产物的收率可达77.7%。该合成方法操作简单,反应条件较为温和。     

1,1,2-三氯乙烷催化裂解制偏二氯乙烯工艺开发

利用浸渍法制备了γ-Al_2O_3负载金属盐催化剂,考察了活性组分、温度、负载率对1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱氯化氢反应的影响。在γ-Al_2O_3负载2%Cs F、180℃、0.5 MPa优化条件下,1,1,2-三氯乙烷转化率达30%,偏二氯乙烯选择性达90%。用气-液-固三相反应器考察了沸腾鼓泡状态、添加阻聚剂苯醌对不同温度下Cs F-γ-Al_2O_3液相催化1,1,2-三氯乙烷制偏二氯乙烯的寿命的影响。结果表明,在113℃、0.1 MPa下,Cs F-γ-Al_2O_3对偏二氯乙烯的选择性高达85%,寿命长达230 h。用高温凝胶色谱(GPC)和红外光谱(IR)对Cs F-γ-Al_2O_3表面吸附物种进行表征,结果显示,苯醌由于其对偏二氯乙烯的阻聚作用而能延长催化剂寿命。     

一方圆玺 一朝国事

一方圆玺,不知见证了多少的历史风云!     

A SIMULATION OF A MOTIONLESS MIXER

Continuous laminar mixing in segmented twisted-tape motionless mixers is considered. A solution to the steady isothermal creeping flow of a Newtonian fluid in a twisted-tape mixer has been obtained via two-dimensional numerical procedures. The developed flow within a section of the mixer has been solved in a helical coordinate system by an iterative scheme. The resulting solution is rigorously correct in the absence of entrance and exit flows at the junction between sections. An algorithm is presented for the modelling of these junction flows via two-dimensional procedures. Simulated cross-sectional mixing patterns have been generated for comparison with experimental results

The performance of twisted-tape mixers is simulated for various designs, beginning with the particular geometry of the Kcnics Static Mixer, and for different operating conditions Results suggest that the rate of mixing as a function of the total twist per section is optimized with respect to pressure drop when sections contain 80 degrees of twist. The capability for rational improvement in other design and operating parameters is illustrated. The mechanisms of laminar mixing are discussed and quantified; of primary importance is the tendency for interfacial area to assume an orientation within each section which is favorable to mixing in subsequent sections.     

A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF A MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR CONTAINING A SLUDGE DISINTEGRATION SYSTEM

The activated sludge process is widely used to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. A significant drawback of this process is the production of “sludge”, the disposal of which can comprise a significant proportion of the total operating costs of a wastewater treatment plant. We analyze the steady-state operation of a membrane bioreactor system (MBR) incorporating a sludge disintegration unit (SDU) to reduce sludge production. We provide a qualitative understanding of the model by finding analytically the steady-state solutions of the model and determining its stability as a function of the residence time. In practice a target value of the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) content within the membrane reactor is specified. Applying the mathematical technique of singularity theory we show that if the sludge disintegration factor is sufficiently high then the MLSS content is guaranteed to be below the target value. This model prediction, of key interest from a practical perspective, was not identified in the original investigation of this model, which relied upon numerical integration of the governing equations.     

千碉之国·丹巴

丹巴县是四川省甘孜州的东大门.被誉为"深藏在横断山脉中的世外桃源",是嘉绒藏族风情文化的中心,属岷山、邛崃山区,是川西高山峡谷的一部分.文化底蕴厚重,民俗风情浓郁,区内遍布的古碉是藏族先民的建筑艺术杰作,具有悠久灿烂的历史.     

一种新型传动结构的斜坡辊道

浮法玻璃厂联合车间受工艺限制,往往将2楼熔制成形车间和1楼包装车间用斜坡辊道连接起来。而2楼与斜坡之间衔接的凸弧辊道、1楼与斜坡之间衔接的凹弧辊道,其结构形式往往成为设计及安装调试的难点。传统的弧段结构采用锥齿轮箱和同步带传动结构,与当前主流的通轴弧齿锥齿轮结构相比较为落后。本文对浮法玻璃车间斜坡辊道结构进行详细阐述,并提出了一种新的凸、凹弧辊道的传动结构。     

一起制氮设备的故障分析

在浮法玻璃生产过程中,氮气流量保持恒定,是保持锡槽工况稳定的重要条件,是生产优质浮法玻璃的重要前提条件之一.只有制氮设备的稳定运行,才能保证氮气供应.本文就制氮空压机运行中出现的故障现象、原因进行了分析,并提出了改进措施.     

四川省某酒业集团废水处理工程

介绍了采用EGSB＋CASS工艺处理酿酒废水的工程实例,废水COD浓度在12000mg／L左右时,经本工艺处理后出水COD浓度小于100mg／L,达到国家排放标准,为类似废水的处理提供借鉴经验。     

Guanosine-Mediated Anxiolytic-Like Effect: Interplay with Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors

Acute or chronic administration of guanosine (GUO) induces anxiolytic-like effects, for which the adenosine (ADO) system involvement has been postulated yet without a direct experimental evidence. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether adenosine receptors (ARs) are involved in the GUO-mediated anxiolytic-like effect, evaluated by three anxiety-related paradigms in rats. First, we confirmed that acute treatment with GUO exerts an anxiolytic-like effect. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of pretreatment with ADO or A₁R (CPA, CCPA) or A_2AR (CGS21680) agonists 10 min prior to GUO on a GUO-induced anxiolytic-like effect. All the combined treatments blocked the GUO anxiolytic-like effect, whereas when administered alone, each compound was ineffective as compared to the control group. Interestingly, the pretreatment with nonselective antagonist caffeine or selective A₁R (DPCPX) or A_2AR (ZM241385) antagonists did not modify the GUO-induced anxiolytic-like effect. Finally, binding assay performed in hippocampal membranes showed that [³H]GUO binding became saturable at 100–300 nM, suggesting the existence of a putative GUO binding site. In competition experiments, ADO showed a potency order similar to GUO in displacing [³H]GUO binding, whereas AR selective agonists, CPA and CGS21680, partially displaced [³H]GUO binding, but the sum of the two effects was able to displace [³H]GUO binding to the same extent of ADO alone. Overall, our results strengthen previous data supporting GUO-mediated anxiolytic-like effects, add new evidence that these effects are blocked by A₁R and A_2AR agonists and pave, although they do not elucidate the mechanism of GUO and ADO receptor interaction, for a better characterization of GUO binding sites in ARs.