改革开放40年节能成效举世瞩目

改革开放40年,我国节能在经历了从解决能源供需不平衡矛盾转向追求能源经济效益、成为绿色低碳的可持续发展模式、肩负着能源消费革命使命三次大转变的同时,取得了以低能源消费增速支撑国民经济的快速增长、推动全社会技术进步、创新政府节能管理模式等卓越成效。节能和提高能源效率已成为我国中长期能源发展战略的第一战略,我国节能的全球影响力也不断提升。面临新挑战,应继续发挥节能"指挥棒"的作用,以政府规制和市场信号共同引导全社会节能,鼓励创新节能手段和措施,常抓不懈地落实节能优先战略,推动经济社会的高质量发展。     

国内碳交易市场发展现状——碳交易知识之三

正2009年11月,中国政府对外承诺:到2020年,我国单位GDP碳排放较2005年下降40%-45%。目前,减少碳排放的手段有政策、技术和经济等方面,如煤炭消费总量控制就是政策手段,推广节能技术就是技术手段,而建立碳市场、推广碳交易则是经济手段。在国内碳市场启动之前,我国就已积极推进国内碳交易平台建设。2008年8月5日,上海环境能源交易所和北京环境交易所同一天挂牌成立;     

节能的要点是减少浪费

<正>节能的要点是减少浪费,消除能源从开发、加工、转换、输送、分配到终端消费各个环节的浪费上,在能源消费量不变的情况下实现经济的不断增长。     

合同能源管理(EMC)项目风险分析及应对策略

合同能源管理(EMC)是一种将能源节约与市场机制有效结合的节能模式。介绍了EMC的三种基本运作模式:节能量保证模式、节能效益分享模式和能源费用托管模式。目前我国节能服务产业迅速发展,政府制定并出台了多项政策支持和推进EMC机制的推广、应用。从政策风险、市场风险、融资风险、经营风险和信用风险等方面分析了EMC项目所面临的主要风险。提出了加强EMC项目风险管理的主要对策:进一步完善相关的法律、法规,加强经济激励手段,在资金方面为节能项目提供政策支持;扶持节能服务公司,提高技术实力,对发展较好的EMC管理机构加强指导,树立EMC管理模式典型;扩展融资渠道,搭建交易平台,设立专项风险投资基金,对进入节能服务领域的金融机构风险投资机构等进行鼓励;建立节能服务公司与节能企业的双向信用档案,完善评价标准。     

论建立能源消费总量控制制度

控制全社会的能源消费总量是一种趋势,建立和推行能源消费总量控制制度是保障我国能源安全的必然要求。更是实现人与自然、环境、资源协调持续发展的内在要求,应当将能源消费总量纳入政府考核范围,积极稳妥地推进能源消费总量工作。在能源革命背景下要建立能源消费总量控制制度。要按照节能法律与政策的要求,积极稳妥地推进能源消费总量工作,推动节能减排。     

英国节能和应对气候变化政府监管体系与模式对我国的启示

英国长期以来一直在节能和应对气候变化领域进行尝试和实践,并在提高能源效率、优化能源结构、提高发展质量和效益等方面取得显著成效.经过多年努力,英国不仅已经建立起了推进节能和减少温室气体排放的法律体系、财税制度和各项政策工具,逐渐探索出一套基于市场经济原则的、有效的政府监管模式和规制手段,更在如何高效、准确、低成本执行政策,形成“政府、社会组织、企业”之间的良性互动方面积累了大量成功经验,可为我国完善节能减排政府监管模式、建设监管平台、创新监管手段提供借鉴.     

美国能源战略发展史对中国能源战略发展的启示

我国正处于经济结构转型阶段,能源消费逐年攀升,能源安全问题日益突出。美国作为世界上最发达的国家,其能源战略对整个世界都有借鉴作用。美国能源战略的特点为:通过提升能源利用率、鼓励能源多元化和倡导节能来实现能源自主和独立,同时减少对不稳定能源来源地的依赖,提高各方对全球经济、安全和环境的关注度。而能源立法主要用来保障能源战略的有效实施,美国能源立法主要将焦点集中在应对能源危机、鼓励能源多元化和发展新能源三个方面,以全面反映能源发展战略作为总体指导思想,采用综合性能源立法为主、专门性能源立法和配套性能源立法为辅的模式,并随着时代变迁不断发展。美国还建立了世界上数量最大的政府应急原油储备。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家和最大的能源消费国,可以借鉴美国经验,改变能源消费结构,实现能源多元化,大力发展核能和可再生能源,寻找长期、稳定的能源进口地区,适时更新能源立法保障能源战略的有效实施,增加基础性重要法律解决能源安全问题,建立能源储备机制应对国际能源危机,积极提升在全球能源领域的主导性。     

我国对分布式能源的有关政策

<正>分布式能源具有保护环境、节约能源、减少排放等优点,但是这些都是对外部的影响,这些优点很难在市场中体现,而分布式能源的投资吸引力相对较弱,需要政府制定相关的优惠政策予以扶持。我国对分布式能源的有关政策如下:1.分布式能源鼓励政策的准入条件分布式能源的鼓励政策应遵循统筹兼顾资源开发、能源需求、环境保护和经济效益,以节能减排为目标,以满足用户供电可靠性为宗旨,以提高能源效率为中心,因地制宜,规范发展的原则。准入条件应包括以下三个方面:一是鼓励清洁     

美国联邦和州政府的节能政策

美国已建立了一个长期运行且行之有效的节能管理框架体系。该体系赋予联邦政府或其他国家级部门管理能源需求和供应的权力,但也可以根据州一级或地方政府具体情况进行调整。本文论述了美国节能政策对能源消费趋势的影响,以及美国各级政府所应用的节能政策类型,同时介绍了当不同层级政府制定节能政策出现冲突时的解决方法。尽管节能工作极具复杂性和挑战性,特别是节能能否顺利开展还取决于人的主观意识,但实践证明美国节能政策系统的运行还是成功的。研究美国节能政策系统的运行过程,可为中国地方政府有效管理用能企业和用能设备提供经验和方法。     

我国能源发展的风险影响因素与预警系统分析

本文从3个角度分析了我国能源发展中存在的风险;以能源资源储量、能源生产效率、可再生能源开发、政治能源外交、国际能源交易等为主的能源供给角度;以经济增长方式、能源利用效率、节能政策与节能设备等为主的能源利用角度;以能源环境污染、清洁替代能源等为主的环境保护角度。在此基础上,讨论了以能源供需平衡和价格波动、单位产值能耗、能源需求增长速度等为指标的预警系统构建思路。     

促进供暖能源转型的经济激励政策国际经验研究

在国内,补贴政策是促进清洁取暖发展的关键手段。目前,清洁取暖补贴政策尚缺乏针对性、精准性设计,清洁取暖市场化机制尚未建立,影响清洁取暖的可持续发展。为此,通过梳理英国、德国、丹麦等国家在供暖领域的能源转型方向、经济激励政策,分析政策实施效果,总结政策设计与实施经验,为国内清洁取暖的补助政策设计以及实施提供启发与借鉴。结果表明:基于市场化机制的经济激励政策在英国等国家供热能源转型中发挥了关键作用;以精准的补助政策设计确保政策科学有效;在经济激励政策之外,其他配套政策的设计协同促进政策效益最大化;在政策实施过程中,系统的监测与评估体系确保政策执行效果的有效监测,为政策调整提供有力证据;在有效的经济激励政策支持下,英国、德国、丹麦等国家供热能源转型成效显著。     

关于鼓励节能建筑的财税政策建议

建筑节能是重要的节能领域,对实现我国的节能减排目标有重大影响。节能建筑的节能减排效果突出,且公益性很强,但由于比较复杂,目前我国尚未出台鼓励节能建筑的财税政策。在深入调研分析的基础上,本文提出了减征消费者契税和开发商营业税等鼓励节能建筑的财税激励政策方案和基于建筑能效标识的财税激励政策实施体系,并对政策的成本效益进行了分析。     

Has energy conservation been an effective policy for Thailand? An input–output structural decomposition analysis from 1995 to 2010

Thailand has depended heavily on imported fossil fuels since the 1990s, which hindered the nation's economic development because it created uncertainty in the nation's fuel supply. An energy conservation policy was implemented in 1995 to require industries to reduce their energy intensity (EI) and consumption immediately. This study investigates the effectiveness of the policy between 1995 and 2010 using the hybrid input–output approach. Surprisingly, EI improvement was observed in only a few sectors, such as transportation, non-metallic, paper, and textile. An embodied energy decomposition analysis revealed that while households were the largest energy consumer in 1995, energy consumption in exports exceeded that of households in 2000, 2005 and 2010. In addition, structural decomposition analysis revealed the final demand effect was the strongest factor in determining the efficacy of energy conservation, whereas the energy efficiency effect was not an effective factor as expected for decreasing energy consumption. Policy barriers and conflicting economic plans were factors that affected the outcome of these energy policies.     

Energy consumption and economic growth: The case of oil exporting countries

This paper examines the causal relationship between the per capita energy consumption and the per capita GDP in a panel of 11 selected oil exporting countries by using panel unit-root tests and panel cointegration analysis. The results show a unidirectional strong causality from economic growth to energy consumption for the oil exporting countries. The findings have practical policy implications for decision makers in the area of macroeconomic planning. In most major oil exporting countries, government policies keep domestic prices bellow free market level, resulting in high levels of domestic energy consumption. The results imply that the energy conservation through reforming energy price policies has no damaging repercussions on economic growth for this group of countries.     

Energy consumption,prices and economic growth in three SSA countries: A comparative study

In this paper we examine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in three sub-Saharan African countries, namely South Africa, Kenya and Congo (DRC). We incorporate prices as an intermittent variable in a bivariate setting between energy consumption and economic growth—thereby creating a simple trivariate framework. Using the ARDL-bounds testing procedure, we find that the causality between energy consumption and economic growth varies significantly across the countries under study. The results show that for South Africa and Kenya there is a unidirectional causal flow from energy consumption to economic growth. However, for Congo (DRC) it is economic growth that drives energy consumption. These findings have important policy implications insofar as energy conservation policies are concerned. In the case of Congo (DRC), for example, the implementation of energy conservation policies may not significantly affect economic growth because the country's economy is not entirely energy dependent. However, for South Africa and Kenya there is a need for more energy supply augmentations in order to cope with the long-run energy demand. In the short-run, however, the two countries should explore more efficient and cost-effective sources of energy in order to address the energy dependency problem.     

国内外节能政策的回顾及强化我国节能政策的建议

党的十六大提出的社会经济发展目标对我国未来的能源发展提出了新的挑战,节能工作任务严峻。本文首先回顾了我国节能政策的演变历程和主要的节能经济政策措施,同时分析了国外推动节能工作的主要做法及节能激励政策,并根据我国国情提出了进一步明确节能优先战略、强化政府在节能工作中的宏观调控职能和表率作用、加大能效标准标识工作力度以及建立节能专项基金、完善减免税政策和研究制定燃油税及能源环境税政策等政策建议。     

An economic appraisal of local energy conservation schemes

This paper presents an economic appraisal of some work carried out in the homes of low-income families by local energy conservation schemes under the auspices of Neighbourhood Energy Action. Low-income families with their proportionately high expenditure on fuel and relatively low energy efficient homes are hard hit by energy pricing policies and unable to respond to government measures which seek to encourage energy conservation. Local energy conservation schemes may be seen as attempting to fill this gap left by general government policy. This paper concentrates on the economic appraisal from the perspective of the client households of the schemes and a model is developed of the benefits of energy conservation work. In connection with the latter, it is argued that it is crucially important to distinguish carefully between delivered energy and energy service.     

Energy conservation and circular economy in China's process industries

Since energy consumption in process industries accounts for a great proportion of China's total energy consumption, energy conservation becomes the practical choice to reduce the conflict between energy demand and energy supply in China, and therefore, promoting energy conservation is the long-term solution to China's energy and environment problems from the source. In this paper, based on the introduction of the concept of energy consumption status in China's key energy-consuming process industries, the main technical bottlenecks and resource-environment problems were analyzed with special emphasis on energy utilization efficiency, energy consumption mode, and waste emission. As for the measures to resolve these problems, at the policy level, policies and programs of Chinese government related to energy conservation were introduced in combination with China's circular economy structure. At the technical level, the key technologies and research progress to improve energy utilization efficiency, reducing energy consumption, as well as utilizing the resource of discharged wastes were reviewed. Finally, three typical cases of the development of circular economy at three levels, namely the chemical industry, metallurgical industry, and electric power industry, were studied for the enforcement of circular economy and energy conservation in China's process industries.     

近期我国能源供需形势及趋势展望

2007年上半年,在经济强劲增长的拉动下,能源需求以较快的速度增长,但在各种因素的共同作用下能源供需基本平衡。预计下半年能源生产和消费快速增长的势头难以转变,通过努力,供求依然可实现总体平衡,但节能减排、能源安全和气候变化压力巨大。为此,我们建议,继续加强宏观调控政策,抑制不合理的能源需求,使能源供应与环境协调发展;积极推进电力结构调整,利用价格的杠杆作用合理用电和节电;加强对煤炭行业的调控力度,保障其可持续发展;稳步推行天然气价格改革,促进我国天然气健康快速发展;通过进出口税收政策,合理配置和利用国内外能源资源。     

Designing effective and efficient incentive policies for renewable energy in generation expansion planning

We present a bilevel optimization approach to designing effective and efficient incentive policies for stimulating investment in renewable energy. The effectiveness of an incentive policy is its capability to achieve a goal that would not be achievable without it. Renewable portfolio standards are used in this paper as the policy goal. The efficiency of an incentive policy is measured by the amount of policy intervention, such as taxes collected or subsidies paid, to achieve the policy goal. We obtain the most effective and efficient incentive policies in the context of generation expansion planning, in which a centralized planner makes investment decisions for the energy system to serve projected demand of electricity. A case study is conducted on integrated coal transportation and electricity transmission networks representing the contiguous United States. The numerical analysis from the case study provides insights on the comparison of various incentive policies. The sensitivity of the incentive policies with respect to coal production cost, wind energy investment cost, and transmission capacity is also studied.