Dynamic characteristics of a hydrostatic journal bearing

The results of experimental investigations into the performance of a six-pocket hydrostatic journal bearing subjected to a range of dynamic loads are presented. The bearing performance was studied in terms of the load-carrying capacity and oil-film stiffness. The experimental results show that the test bearing has a better load-carrying capacity under dynamic load than under static load and that the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of the bearing are only limited by its mechanical strength.     

Performance study of a hydrostatic air thrust bearing

In this paper we present the results of an extensive experimental investigation into the performance of a capillary-compensated hydrosatic six-pocket air thrust bearing under static loading and at different journal rotational speeds. The supply pressure ranged from 114 to 276 kPa and the applied load ranged from 53 to 623 N. Performance tests were conducted for a test bearing with different capillary restrictor diameters and pocket depths.Experimental stability maps indicate that deeper pocket depths enlarge the unstable region whilst smaller capillary restrictor diameters produce the same effect. Performance characteristics in the stable region show that, for a given supply pressure, increasing the applied load will reduce the operating clearance but at the same time will increase the bearing stiffness. Variation in the rotational speed of the shaft has little effect on the operating clearance of the bearing.     

Performance characteristics of a capillary-compensated hydrostatic journal bearing

Results are presented of an extensive experimental investigation into the performance of a six-pocket hydrostatic journal bearing with pockets of non-uniform depth subjected to a range of static loads. Lubricating oil was supplied, at pressures of up to 8.957 MN m^?2 (1300 Ibf in^?2), to capillarytype restrictors, connected to the six pockets in the bearing. The bearing had an $\text{L}\text{D}$ ratio of unity and operated with a journal rotation ranging from zero to 2000 rev min^?1.The measured load capacity and the stiffness characteristics indicated that bearings of this type had a significant load capacity which was limited by the bending of the shaft. The load capacity increased with speed at low supply pressures, but decreased slightly with increasing speed at higher supply pressures. The stiffness increased with eccentricity ratio except at low supply pressures. Film pressure surveys aided the elucidation of some of the bearing performance characteristics.     

倾斜轴颈轴向运动对粗糙表面径向滑动轴承润滑性能的影响研究

通常对轴-径向滑动轴承进行润滑分析时,均忽略多种因素综合作用下轴颈沿轴承轴线方向的运动状况,与轴-轴承系统中轴承的实际工作状况存在较大差异。以轴-轴承系统为研究对象,综合考虑轴颈轴向运动、表面形貌和轴颈倾斜,基于平均Reynolds方程,建立了耦合轴颈轴向运动的粗糙表面径向滑动轴承润滑模型,主要探讨分析轴颈轴向运动对粗糙表面倾斜轴颈轴承润滑特性的影响。结果表明：倾斜轴颈轴向运动对粗糙表面径向滑动轴承润滑特性影响显著;与不考虑滑动表面粗糙度相比,考虑滑动表面粗糙度时轴颈轴向运动对轴承润滑特性的影响程度有所降低;轴颈轴向速度越小,滑动表面粗糙度对轴承最大油膜压力、承载力和稳定工作力矩影响越大;轴颈轴向速度越小,粗糙度模式对轴承润滑特性影响越显著。因此,对粗糙表面倾斜轴颈径向滑动轴承进行润滑分析考虑轴颈轴向运动的影响是非常必要的。     

多缸内燃机曲轴轴承三维轴心轨迹的试验研究

以某四行程四缸内燃机为对象,在内燃机试验台架上进行多工况下的内燃机曲轴主轴承三维(即同时包括轴颈在轴承截面中的平面运动和轴线方向运动)轴心轨迹实际测量。轴颈在曲轴轴承中的位置采用电涡流传感器测量并通过后处理计算获得。结果表明,内燃机工作中,曲轴轴承轴颈存在沿轴线方向的运动;实际内燃机曲轴轴承的轴心轨迹为三维空间曲线;一个内燃机工作循环的曲轴轴承轴心轨迹曲线是不封闭曲线;曲轴轴承轴颈沿轴线方向存在较大的移动量,其数值大于轴承径向间隙;随内燃机转速和负荷增加,轴颈的轴向移动量增大;内燃机转速较低时,轴承轴颈的轴向运动在一个内燃机工作循环中的变化规律具有一定的周期性,变化周期数等于内燃机的气缸个数,而高转速情况下没有明显的变化规律性。     

轴变形产生的轴颈倾斜对滑动轴承润滑影响的试验研究

针对各种机械装置使用最普遍、最基本的轴-滑动轴承摩擦副系统,设计研制了专用试验装置,对轴受载荷作用产生弯曲变形,导致轴颈在轴承孔中倾斜时滑动轴承的润滑性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,在轴-滑动轴承摩擦副系统中,轴受载荷作用产生变形将导致轴颈在轴承孔中倾斜;轴变形导致轴颈倾斜时,滑动轴承的油膜压力、油膜厚度和温度的分布状况及数值发生了明显变化。轴受载越大,其变形产生的轴颈倾斜越严重,对滑动轴承润滑性能的影响越明显;轴承半径间隙与轴承宽度比值越小,轴变形产生的轴颈倾斜对轴承油膜压力、油膜厚度和温度的数值及分布的影响越大。因此,滑动轴承设计中应该考虑轴受载荷作用产生的变形导致轴颈倾斜的影响,对于重要的机械设备,尤其应当考虑这种影响。     

Measurement of circumferential viscosity profile in stationary journal bearing by shear ultrasonic reflection

Viscosity is the most important property of a lubricant that can affect bearing performance. It controls the film thickness that is established during an operation. In this study, the ultrasonic method was used to measure the static viscosity profile around a journal bearing by using shear reflection coefficients at several locations around the journal bearing. This enables the viscosity profile to be established. The technique introduced was found to be successful and acceptable results were obtained from certain regions of the journal bearing flow. This study serves as a preliminary work for developing viscosity measurement in a rotating journal bearing.     

磁流体润滑滑动轴承的研制和性能研究

研制了磁流体润滑滑动轴承 ,建立了磁流体滑动轴承试验装置。对磁流体滑动轴承和传统滑动轴承进行了对比试验研究。通过大量试验的测试结果分析比较 ,发现磁流体滑动轴承能形成良好的全油膜润滑 ,产生的摩擦力比传统滑动轴承要小得多 ,因此推断出磁流体滑动轴承的承载能力和抗磨损能力大于同等条件下的传统滑动轴承。     

尺寸误差对转子系统摩擦功率的影响

针对滑动轴承转子系统存在的尺寸误差,建立了非线性油膜力模型,着重研究了滑动轴承与轴颈直径误差及其交互作用对系统动力学特性、承载能力和稳定性的影响,并利用稳定性临界转速对应的偏心率,定量分析了偏心率对滑动轴承转子系统摩擦功率损失的影响。图形曲线分析表明,各种尺寸变化对系统会产生不同程度的影响,摩擦功率随着偏心率的增大而减小,当偏心率在0.6948附近时摩擦功率达到最小。研究结果为减小系统功耗、合理设计系统参数提供了可靠的依据。     

弹性金属塑料瓦径向滑动轴承启动过程热弹流分析

研究了采用弹性金属塑料轴瓦时径向滑动轴承的瞬态润滑特性。建立了该轴承的三维热弹流模型，通过数值求解对比了启动过程中采用弹性金属塑料轴瓦和金属材料轴瓦时油膜和轴瓦的瞬态温度场分布、轴瓦的热弹变形量，以及转子轴心轨迹。结果表明，在启动初期弹性金属塑料瓦径向滑动轴承的瓦体温度要高于金属瓦，转子偏心率也要大于采用金属瓦时的偏心率；因润滑油在弹性金属塑料瓦径向滑动轴承轴瓦表面存在一定的滑移速度，随着油膜边界滑移作用的出现，采用弹性金属塑料瓦径向滑动轴承时的油膜温度最终低于采用金属瓦时的温度，且转子的偏心率也最终小于采用余属瓦的偏心率。     

计入轴变形导致轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑分析

分析讨论了轴 轴承摩擦副系统中,当轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时,径向滑动轴承的流体动力润滑特性。推 导了轴颈倾斜时的轴承油膜厚度表达式,计算了不同轴载荷情况下,轴承油膜压力、端泄流量和轴颈摩擦系数。计 算结果表明,轴颈倾斜时,轴承油膜压力分布、最大油膜压力、油膜厚度分布和最小油膜厚度等都有明显的变化。因 此,进行计入轴变形导致轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承润滑分析研究是非常必要的。     

Misaligned journal effects in liquid hydrostatic non-recessed journal bearings

The performance characteristics of a capillary-compensated hole-entry hybrid misaligned journal bearing have been studied theoretically. The journal of the bearing is allowed to tilt on an axial plane containing the load vector and on a plane perpendicular to an axial plane containing the load vector. The journal misalignment has been accounted for by defining a pair of misalignment parameters σ and δ. The finite element method has been used to solve Reynold's equation governing the lubricant flow field in the clearance space of the journal bearing. Static and dynamic performance characteristics are presented for the different representative values of the journal misalignment parameters for both hydrostatic and hybrid modes of operation of the bearing. The bearing performance characteristics are also compared for the two hole-entry bearing configurations so as to facilitate the selection of a suitable bearing configuration by the designer. The study suggests that the journal misalignment significantly affects the performance of the hole-entry journal bearing, and for a more accurate prediction of the bearing performance it must be considered in the analysis.     

Hydro-Roll: A Novel Bearing Design with Superior Thermal Characteristics

A novel journal bearing design, called hydro-roll, which combines a hydrodynamic journal bearing with a rolling-element bearing in series, is presented. The hydro-roll principally operates as a rolling-element bearing at low speeds and as a hydrodynamic bearing at high speed. When properly designed, the hydro-roll can offer superior performance over the conventional hydrodynamic bearing in terms of both wear and thermal characteristics. The hydro-roll prevents the severe wear which occurs during the start-up of hydrodynamic journal bearings since it operates as a rolling-element bearing whenever the sliding friction is too high. This characteristic has the important advantage of reducing the risk of catastrophic failure by bearing seizure.

At a steady high speed, the hydro-roll operates as a hydrodynamic journal bearing while the sleeve together with the inner race of the rolling-element bearing turn at a low speed. This study focuses on the thermal analysis of a journal bearing with a rotating sleeve in comparison to an identical stationary sleeve. The results indicate that the sleeve rotation reduces the risk of bearing failure due to local overheating of the sleeve. The minimum sleeve speed required for this effect is evaluated.     

Development of an Isothermal Journal Bearing Employing Heat-Pipe Cooling Technology

This paper reports the development of an isothermal journal bearing by employing heat-pipe cooling technology for improved thermal-tribological performance. A stainless-steel bearing with a number of heat-pipe grooves which use methanol as the working fluid was designed and constructed to verify the heat-transfer mechanism in the isothermal journal bearing. The constructed journal bearing was tested to evaluate its thermal performance. The experimental results indicated that the heat pipe uniformly distributes the “frictional heat” along the entire circumference of the bearing. As a result, the journal bearing becomes a nearly isothermal element. Experimental data also indicate that with the heat pipe as a heat sink, the bearing can work at a much higher thermal load.     

Investigations on a permanent magnetic–hydrodynamic hybrid journal bearing

In the present work, a permanent magnetic–hydrodynamic hybrid journal bearing is developed. The force of the journal bearing comes from the hydrodynamic film and the permanent magnetic field. When a hydrodynamic film does not form, such as during starting and stopping a machine, the journal bearing relies on the magnetic force to support the rotor system. This paper studies a model of the permanent magnetic force and develops an experimental rig of the journal bearing. Experiments show that the hydrodynamic film force uncouples with the magnetic force in the journal bearing. Predictions from the model are compared with experimental data.     

Performance of membrane compensated multirecess hydrostatic/hybrid flexible journal bearing system considering various recess shapes

The paper describes a theoretical study concerning the performance of an externally pressurized multirecess hydrostatic/hybrid flexible journal bearing system by varying the geometric shape of recess and using the membrane flow valve restrictor as a compensating element. The four different recess geometries of the bearing studied in the present study are a square recessed bearing, a circular recessed bearing, an elliptical recessed bearing and a triangular recessed bearing. The equation governing the flow of lubricant in a journal bearing together with 3D elasticity equation and restrictor flow equation are solved by using the Finite Element Method. The study describes the effect of recess shape, bearing flexibility and a method of compensation on the performance characteristics of a hydrostatic/hybrid journal bearing system. A comparative performance of the membrane compensated hydrostatic/hybrid journal bearing system has also been studied vis-à-vis capillary, orifice and constant flow valve restrictors. The results presented in this study amply demonstrate that the shape of recess/pocket of a hydrostatic/hybrid flexible journal bearing system affects the performance of the bearing quite appreciably and a proper selection of recess shape along with a suitable compensating device is needed to get an improved performance from the bearing.     

Squeeze films in full porous metal bearings

The behaviour of squeeze films in porous journal bearings under a steady load is analysed. A full journal bearing with a non-rotating journal is considered. The Reynolds equation governing the pressure in the film region is modified to take account of the mass exchange of the lubricant between the film and the bearing matrix. In the case of thin-walled bearing (H?R), the modified Reynolds equation takes a simpler form. However, since this equation cannot be solved directly as applied to a finite bearing, solutions in a closed form are found both for the long bearing and narrow bearing approximations. It is found that the permeability of the bearing matrix and the wall thickness of the bearing adversely affect the load capacity and greatly reduce the time needed for the journal to attain a given eccentricity. With a permeable bearing, there is the possibility of the journal coming into contact with the bearing (ε=l) in a finite time. Generally the performance of a long bearing is better than that of a narrow bearing.     

Hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of journal bearing considering misalignment caused by shaft deformation

Hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of a journal bearing, taking in to consideration the misalignment caused by shaft deformation, are analyzed. Film thickness expression of the misaligned journal bearing is inferred. Film pressure, load-carrying capacity, attitude angle, end leakage flow-rate, frictional coefficient, and misalignment moment of a journal bearing are calculated for different values of misalignment degree and eccentricity ratio. The results show that there are obvious changes in film pressure distribution, the highest film pressure, film thickness distribution, the least film thickness, and the misalignment moment when misalignment takes place. Therefore, it is necessary to consider misalignment caused by shaft deformation when analyzing the lubrication of journal bearing.     

计及轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑分析

分析了稳定状态下轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时，径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑特性；推导了轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时的轴承油膜厚度达式；计算了不同轴颈倾斜角、轴颈倾斜方位和轴承偏心率等情况下的轴油膜压力、油膜反力(承载量)、端泄流量、轴颈摩擦系数和保持轴承稳定作的力矩。结果表明，轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时，无论是轴承油膜压力布和最大油膜压力、油膜厚度分布和最小油膜厚度，还是轴承承载量、端流量和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩等摩擦学性能，都有明显的变化。