乌拉盖褐煤热解特性及反应动力学参数研究

为获得较好的褐煤半焦制备工艺参数,研究了不同制备条件(热解终温、升温速率、原煤粒径、热解气氛)下制得的乌拉盖褐煤半焦的燃烧性能和燃烧动力学参数。结果表明,热解终温对半焦品质的影响最大,热解升温速率、原煤粒径和热解气氛对半焦燃烧特性的影响不显著。热解终温由350℃升至600℃时,反应指数RI由235℃升至292℃,半焦着火性能变差;燃尽指数Cb由4.68升至6.15,半焦燃尽性能变差;爆炸指数Kd由2.54降至0.46,半焦爆炸倾向性变低;反应活化能由44.4 k J/mol升至63.4 k J/mol,半焦燃烧动力学特性变差。热解终温为520℃时制得的半焦反应指数、燃尽指数、爆炸指数和反应活化能分别为265℃,5.34、0.80和53.2 k J/mol,属于易着火、易燃尽、中等爆炸燃料,燃烧特性良好。     

煤焦燃烧特性及反应活性探究

中国褐煤资源丰富,然而由于褐煤自身特点使其应用受到了极大的限制。针对中国褐煤应用最广的途径———燃烧,借助热重分析仪对不同热解终温的褐煤半焦及热解终温为1273 K的褐煤半焦与原煤的混合燃料的燃烧特性进行了分析。并利用Coats-Redfern法进行了燃烧动力学的分析,通过求得的表观活化能表征煤焦的燃烧反应活性。研究发现：热解终温越高,煤焦的燃烧特性越差;掺混褐煤有助于提高其半焦的燃烧特性,而掺混燃料的燃烧稳定性几乎和原煤无差别,且随着掺混比例的增加,混合燃料的活化能逐渐增大,越不易点燃,掺混半焦对燃料的燃烧特性和反应活性都有影响。相同制备条件下的烟煤半焦和褐煤半焦的燃烧动力学参数尤其是活化能相差很大,可见煤焦的燃烧反应活性与煤种有关。     

低阶煤低温热解半焦在模拟高炉喷吹条件下的燃烧性能

采用自制固定床热解装置在隔绝空气的条件下制备神木长焰煤热解终温分别为400℃、450℃、500℃及550℃的热解半焦,利用管式沉降炉模拟高炉喷吹条件研究神木长焰煤低温热解半焦的燃烧性能,并考察了热解终温、半焦喷吹粒径以及燃烧反应温度对半焦燃烧性能的影响。研究表明：低温热解半焦的燃烧性能优于实验所选用无烟煤的燃烧性能,半焦的燃烧性能与其燃料比之间存在负相关关系,即燃料比越高,燃烧性能越差;降低热解终温、减小半焦喷吹粒径以及提高燃烧反应温度均能改善半焦的燃烧性能,当热解终温为400℃、喷吹粒径100～200目、燃烧反应温度为1100℃时半焦的燃尽度最佳为96%。本实验半焦制备及燃烧条件与现有低温热解和高炉喷吹工艺相符,且热解半焦各项性能均符合喷吹用煤指标。     

煤-合成气共热解特性的研究

选用山东黄县褐煤分别在高压热天平及10g固定床反应器中与合成气共热解对其热失重行为、不同热解终态温度下产物分布及热解半焦燃烧特性进行了详细考察。结果表明,煤－合成气共热解具有与加氢热解基本相似的热失重行为即具有较为明显的热分解和加氢热解失重峰。固定床热解总转化率、焦油收率及热解水分均随终态温度升高而增加,热解半焦燃烧着火点、燃尽温度均随热解终温升高而增加。     

内蒙褐煤微波热解特性研究

研究了内蒙褐煤、热解半焦及煤-半焦混合物在微波场中的升温特性,并对比研究了300℃~750℃温度范围内,内蒙褐煤微波热解和常规热解的特性.研究表明,内蒙褐煤是一种弱微波吸收剂,需添加一定量的半焦作为微波吸收剂才能进行热解反应;在添加10%~30%半焦的范围内,随着半焦添加量的增加,煤-半焦混合物的热解升温速率逐渐增加,焦油和气体产率增加,半焦和热解水产率降低;在添加30%半焦,终温保温20min的条件下,与常规热解相比,微波热解油、半焦和热解水的产率降低,气体产率增加,其中CO和H2产率显著提高.     

褐煤热解半焦性质研究

以锡林郭勒褐煤为原料,研究褐煤的热解特性;考察了热解温度等因素对褐煤热解过程以及产物性质的影响。研究结果表明:锡林郭勒褐煤在热解温度520℃,停留时间为1.5 h,煤样粒度为13~20 mm的条件下,可以制备高发热量的半焦,此时半焦发热量为27.81 MJ/kg;锡林郭勒褐煤最佳热解温度480~520℃,半焦发热量25 242~27 162 kJ/kg;半焦产率55%~56%。     

煤热解半焦结构及其对制备型煤成型特性的影响

以不同热解条件下制取的陕西烟煤(YL)半焦为原料,使用预糊化淀粉为黏结剂冷压成型制取成型燃料,分析不同热解条件下获得的煤焦成型后的物理特性,研究热解条件对半焦挥发分和表面含氧官能团的影响规律,揭示热解半焦特性对其成型的影响机理。结果表明:热解停留时间和热解终温对半焦成型特性具有显著影响。热解停留时间增加和热解终温升高会降低半焦挥发分含量和表面含氧官能团,影响黏结剂颗粒和半焦颗粒之间的黏结作用,从而会降低半焦成型后的冷压强度和跌落强度。结果表明:挥发分质量分数在16%以上的半焦成型后冷压强度大于450 N,适宜成型;热解终温小于600℃且热解停留时间小于5 min的半焦表面含氧官能团含量较高,成型后冷压强度大于450 N,可用于成型。半焦的成型特性受其挥发分含量和表面含氧官能团的综合影响。     

长焰煤热解特性及产物性质研究

以一种典型长焰煤为研究对象,采用立式管式热解炉、卧式管式热解炉和气相色谱仪等装置,系统研究了不同热解温度下该长焰煤的热解特性.结果表明,受二次反应的影响,随干馏终温的升高焦油产率略有减少,半焦产率略有增加;分段干馏煤气中H_2与CO的含量均随温度的升高而增加,CH_4的含量随温度的升高先增加后减少,在600℃左右达到最大值;800℃以上混合干馏煤气中,H_2的含量最高且随干馏终温的升高而增加;半焦挥发分含量随干馏终温的升高逐渐降低;900℃以上基本保持不变,并分析了900℃干馏所得煤焦油的基本性质.     

褐煤热解过程中汞的迁移规律研究

汞是煤中普遍存在的一种痕量元素,煤燃烧过程中痕量元素的排放不仅与元素的性质、含量有关,而且与煤中痕量元素的赋存形态有关。基于固定床热解反应系统,研究了神华褐煤热解过程中汞的迁移规律。结果表明,汞的迁移率随热解终温的升高而急剧上升,当热解终温在350℃以上时,热解终温再升高,汞的迁移率的升高幅度变缓,当热解终温达到500℃时,汞的迁移率已达95%左右。原煤和热解半焦的逐级化学提取实验表明,经热解后,煤中可交换态、硫化物结合态和有机物结合态的汞含量大大降低,且在400℃以前已基本释放。     

生物质热解半焦燃烧特性的实验研究

鉴于目前针对生物质热解半焦燃烧特性的研究较少,以稻壳、松木屑和玉米秸秆为原料,利用自行搭建的固定床热解实验台,在300、400、500、600℃的热解温度下制备了以上3种生物质的半焦,同时采用TG-DTG热分析联用技术,研究热解终温、粒径、升温速率和生物质种类对生物质热解半焦燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:热解终温越高,半焦的燃烧性能越差;同一种半焦,粒径越小越有利于其着火与燃尽;升温速率为50℃/min时,燃烧性能达到最佳;不同生物质种类制得的半焦燃烧性能差异很大。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。