Synthesis,solution properties and scale‐inhibiting behaviour of a diallylammonium/sulfur dioxide cyclocopolymer bearing phospho‐ and sulfopropyl pendents

Zwitterion (Z) monomer 3‐[diallyl{3‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)propyl}ammonio]propane‐1‐sulfonate underwent cyclocopolymerization with sulfur dioxide to give a new alternating copolymer poly(Z‐alt‐SO₂) in excellent yield (ca 90%). The polyzwitterion (±) (PZ) (i.e. poly(Z‐alt‐SO₂), bearing a diethylphosphonate as well as a sulfonate functionality in each repeat unit, upon ester hydrolysis gave its corresponding pH‐responsive polyzwitterionic acid (±) (PZA). The pH‐induced equilibrations (+) cationic polyelectrolyte ? (±) PZA ? polyzwitterion/anion (± ?) (PZAN) ? polyzwitterion/dianion (± =) (PZDAN) permitted us to examine the effects of charge types and their densities on the interesting solubility and viscosity behaviours. The apparent protonation constants of the basic functionalities &tbond;N^±PO₃^2? in (± =) PZDAN and &tbond;N^±PO₃H^1? in (± ?) PZAN in salt‐free water and 0.1 mol L^?1 NaCl were determined using potentiometric titrations. (±) PZA at a meagre concentration of 20 ppm was found to be an effective antiscalant to inhibit the precipitation of CaSO₄ from its supersaturated solution: after 500 and 800 min, the respective scale inhibitions of 86 and 98% indicated its potential use as an effective antiscalant in reverse osmosis plant. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis and phase behavior of cholesteric liquid crystal polymers containing glutamic acid in main‐chain

Four polymers (P₀–P₃) containing peptide chain as polymer backbone were synthesized by condensation reaction with bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate and triethylamine. The chemical structures of the monomers M₀–M₃ were confirmed by FTIR and ¹H‐NMR. The structure–property relationships of the monomers and polymers are discussed. Their phase behavior and optical properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and polarizing optical microscopy. Monomers M₁–M₃ and polymers P₁–P₃ displayed cholesteric phases. The results demonstrated that the melt temperature and clear point of monomers (M₁–M₃) and polymers (P₁–P₃) decreased with the increase of the flexible spacer length in the side‐chain, and the mesophase temperature range of the polymers increased with the increase of the flexible spacer length. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Synthesis of conformationally constrained glutamic acid homologues and investigation of their pharmacological profiles

Homologation of the glutamic acid chain together with conformational constraint is a commonly used strategy to achieve selectivity towards different types of glutamate receptors. We investigated the effects of a further increase in the distance between the amino acid moiety and the distal carboxylate group of model compounds (+/-)-1 and (+/-)-2 on their activity/selectivity profiles. We therefore synthesized new derivatives (+/-)-3-(+/-)-6, which are homologues of glutamic acid containing three additional carbon units. Moreover, because the potency of NMDA antagonists can be markedly increased by replacing the distal carboxylate with the bioisosteric phosphonate group, we also prepared the corresponding phosphonate derivatives (+/-)-7-(+/-)-10. All new compounds were submitted to binding assays with iGluRs, and derivatives (+/-)-3-(+/-)-6 were also tested in second messenger assays at representative mGluR subtypes. All the applied structural modifications were detrimental to the interaction with NMDA receptors. Conversely, structural variation of the nonselective mGluR ligand (+/-)-2 led to derivative (+/-)-5, which behaved as a selective group I metabotropic receptor antagonist. Notably, upon i.c.v. administration in DBA/2 mice, amino acid (+/-)-5 produced a significant protection against audiogenic seizures, whereas it was inactive after i.p. administration.     

Michaelis–Menten kinetics for enzymatic depolymerization of a linear polyester synthesized from Z‐protected glutamic acid

A biodegradable polyester resin was polymerized from N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐L ‐glutamic acid and ethylene glycol. Rhizopus delemar lipase was used as a biocatalyst for the rupture of ester bonds during the hydrolysis studies. Depolymerization was observed to follow a Michaelis–Menten mechanism, with the maximum rate of monomer formation dP/dt_max = 1.12 × 10⁻⁸ mol/s and the rate constant K_m × 2.03 × 10⁻⁴ mol. Subject to initial conditions described by the most probable distribution and Michaelis–Menten–type depolymerization rate expressions, population density distribution dynamics of the polymeric molecules that formed the resin were explicitly described using a deterministic approach. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 514–520, 2001     

Determination of feeding preference of Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki) for some amino acid additives

A choice feeding test using 21 amino acids was conducted to determine the feeding preference of Formosan subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, in the laboratory. Significantly more filter paper treated withd-aspartic acid orl-glutamic acid was consumed by Formosan subterranean termites than was control filter paper treated with water. In two-choice feeding tests, termites consumed significantly more filter paper treated withd-aspartic acid orl-aspartic acid than paper treated with water. Addingl-proline,l-lysine, orl-isoleucine to filter paper significantly increased consumption compared with control filter paper in no-choice tests. The use of amino acid additives in termite baits is briefly discussed.     

复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物饲料添加剂的应用与开发

介绍了复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物代替无机盐作为饲料添剂在饲料行业应用研究的情况和生产工艺改进所取得的成果,分析了推广该产品的关键在于改进生产工艺选择最佳工艺路线,合理开发利用废弃的蛋白资源,获取廉价的复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物。     

Impact of glutamic acid on the transformation of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to dihydrate: Characterization,equilibrium, kinetics,and thermodynamics

In this study, the characteristics and mechanisms of glutamic acid adsorption on the transformation process of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to calcium sulfate dihydrate were investigated in a batch-type crystallizer. The phase transformation was followed by conductivity measurements in both the absence and the presence of glutamic acid used as additive. The structure of the samples obtained during this process was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, thermogravimetric analyzer-mass spectrometer, and ATR-FTIR analyses. From the results, it was shown that the uptake of glutamic acid caused a retarding effect in the transformation rate. It was also found that the thin- and weak-layered structure was replaced by a thick and compact plate-like structure. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics were also explored to describe the process. According to the results, the Langmuir isotherm model fit quite well, as demonstrated by the high R² value, calculated using a linear and nonlinear procedure, and the maximum adsorption amount of 169.49?mg/g. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to analyze the kinetic experimental data, and it was determined that the adsorption of glutamic acid followed the pseudo-second-order model, which indicates that the adsorption rate depended on chemisorption. The thermodynamic results illustrated that the adsorption of glutamic acid in the transformation process was spontaneous and endothermic.     

微波法合成复合氨基酸亚铁的工艺研究

以鸡羽毛为原料,正交实验法探讨了微波法制备复合氨基酸与亚铁螯合的最佳条件。结果表明,复合氨基酸微波水解优化条件为:固液比1∶5 g/mL,水解时间3 h,硫酸浓度3 mol/L,微波功率500 W,在该优化条件下,复合氨基酸转化率为63.6%;复合氨基酸亚铁微波合成优化条件为:复合氨基酸与铁的配位比2∶1,反应时间40 m in,微波功率400 W,在该优化条件下,复合氨基酸亚铁螯合率为83.4%。     

氨基酸透明洁面啫喱体系研究

以椰油酰甘氨酸钠和月桂酰谷氨酸钠2种氨基酸表面活性剂体系为研究对象,通过复配其他温和表面活性剂,选用2种增稠剂异硬脂酰胺MIPA/月桂酸甘油酯(SPA-80)和鲸蜡硬脂醇聚醚-60肉豆蔻基甘醇(GT 282S)对体系进行增稠,考察2种增稠剂在不同氨基酸表面活性剂体系中的增稠性能。在此基础上,通过调节体系pH以获得最佳黏度、泡沫量、透明度和稳定性。研究结果表明,椰油酰甘氨酸钠体系中,SPA-80和GT 282S各添加1.5%,调节pH 6.8时黏度最高,且具有最优的泡沫量、低温透明度和稳定性;月桂酰谷氨酸钠体系中,SPA-80和GT 282S添加量分别为2.7%和1.6%,调节pH 5.8时黏度最高,且具有最优的泡沫量、低温透明度和稳定性。     

添加剂对氨基酸晶体生长的影响

氨基酸大多生长为针状或片状晶习,存在堆密度低、流动性差等问题,严重影响产品后加工处理过程。因此,实现氨基酸晶习的定向调控具有重要意义。添加剂对氨基酸晶习调控直接有效,广泛应用于工业生产中。本文主要从抑制和促进晶体生长两个角度,综述了添加剂对氨基酸晶体生长的作用机理。添加剂对晶体生长的抑制机理主要有两点：一是添加剂分子吸附到晶面上,阻碍溶质分子的扩散和聚集;二是添加剂分子嵌入晶格并占据生长位点。而添加剂促进晶体生长的机理为：添加剂加快了溶质分子在晶体表面的聚集速度、使晶体表面粗糙化和降低了溶剂层脱除能垒。最后,针对添加剂对氨基酸晶体生长影响的研究,从晶体工程的角度提出了通过分子模拟设计的添加剂定向控制氨基酸晶体生长,从而调控晶习的展望。     

Mechanistic understanding of the fermentative L‐glutamic acid overproduction by Corynebacterium glutamicum through combined metabolic flux profiling and transmembrane transport characteristics

Since the 1950s when Micrococcus glutamicus later renamed Corynebacterium glutamicum was discovered, the production of amino acids by fermentative methods has become an important aspect of industrial microbiology. Numerous studies to understand and improve the metabolic conditions leading to amino acid overproduction have been carried out. Most amino acids are currently produced by use of mutants that contain combinations of auxotrophic and regulatory mutations. L ‐Glutamic acid is the amino acid produced in the greatest quantities (10⁶ tonnes per year) and Corynebacteria are central to its industrial production. However, further improvements to strain performance are difficult to obtain by empirical optimization and a more rational approach is required. The use of metabolic flux analysis provides valuable information regarding bottlenecks in the formation of desired metabolites. Such techniques have found application in elucidating flux control, provided insight into metabolic network function and developed methods to amplify or redirect fluxes in engineered bioprocesses. Hence, branch points in biosynthesis, precursor supply in fuelling reactions and export of metabolites can be manipulated, resulting in high glutamic acid overproduction by Corynebacterium glutamicum fermentations. In this review, in addition to reviewing the state of play in metabolic flux analysis for glutamate overproduction, the metabolic pathways involved in the production of L ‐glutamic acid, the mechanisms mediating its efflux and secretion as well as their manipulation to achieve higher glutamate production, are discussed. The link between metabolic flux and transmembrane transport of glutamic acid are also considered. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Using controlled radical polymerisation techniques for the synthesis of functional polymers containing amino acid moieties

There is great current interest in bridging the gap between robust synthetic polymers and complex biological polymers to allow for the preparation of novel functional, well‐defined, biocompatible and tailorable materials. In this mini‐review recent reports on the preparation of functional amino acid polymers using controlled radical polymerisation techniques are discussed. The future potential applications of these materials as well as the proposed further directions in the field are also highlighted. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

氨基酸微肥的生产和应用研究进展

介绍了国内外复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物生产工艺的研究和进展情况以及降本增效的综合利用措施 ,对土壤补充微量元素的重要性和方法作了阐述。使用结果表明 :复合氨基酸微量元素、稀土元素螯合物具有用量少、成本低、回报率高的特点 ,不但能提高农作物的产量 ,改善品质 ,还能有效地起到灭菌、杀虫、除草、降低农药残留量的作用 ,是很有发展前途的新型肥料     

皂氨型洁面的开发及性能研究

根据皂氨型洁面的开发需求,首先筛选合适的皂基型表面活性剂和氨基酸型表面活性剂;然后对皂基型表面活性剂和氨基酸型表面活性剂的配比进行优化,得出最优配比;最后将制得的复配皂氨型洁面与市售单一的皂基型洁面和单一的氨基酸型洁面的性能进行对比测试。结果表明,皂氨复配的皂氨型洁面对皮肤刺激性比单一皂基型洁面和单一氨基酸型洁面都小;皂氨复配的皂氨型洁面对油脂的清除率介于单一的皂基型和单一的氨基酸型洁面之间,为90.2%;皂氨型洁面在使用感方面整体上优于单一皂基型洁面和单一氨基酸型洁面。     

A new strategy for the synthesis of dinucleotides loaded with glycosylated amino acids--investigations on in vitro non-natural amino acid mutagenesis for glycoprotein synthesis

The in vitro non-natural amino acid mutagenesis method provides the opportunity to introduce non-natural amino acids site-specifically into proteins. To this end, a chemically synthesised aminoacylated dinucleotide is enzymatically ligated to a truncated suppressor transfer RNA. The loaded suppressor tRNA is then used in translation reactions to read an internal stop codon. Here we report an advanced and general strategy for the synthesis of the aminoacyl dinucleotide. The protecting group pattern developed for the dinucleotide facilitates highly efficient aminoacylation, followed by one-step global deprotection. The strategy was applied to the synthesis of dinucleotides loaded with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glycosylated amino acids, including N- and O-beta-glycosides and O- and C-alpha-glycosides of amino acids, thus enabling the extension of in vitro non-natural amino acid mutagenesis towards the synthesis of natural glycoproteins of high biological interest. We demonstrate the incorporation of the glycosylamino acids--although with low suppression efficiency--into the human interleukin granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF), as verified by the ELISA technique.     

Degradability of the linear azo polymer conjugated 5,5′-azodisalicylic acid segment in the main chain for colon-specific drug delivery

A novel type of linear copolymer composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with 5,5′-azodisalicylic acid [olsalazine (OLZ)] was developed for colon-specific drug delivery. These copolymers contained azo bonds that would be degraded by the azoreductase activities in the colon. The resultant condensation polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography. The degradation behavior of the polymer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro results indicated that the active 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), one of the degradation products, could be released in the medium of the cecum contents specifically. In an in vivo test, there was a 8-h lag time before 5-ASA could be detected in urine samples, and this indicated that the conjugate could remain intact in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. In comparison with OLZ, the release profiles of 5-ASA from PEG–OLZ copolymers were significantly prolonged. In addition, the release profiles of 5-ASA from PEG–OLZ copolymers could be adjusted by changes in the molecular weight of the PEG segment. Because of these advantages of PEG–OLZ copolymers, it could be concluded that PEG–OLZ copolymers could be promising candidates for colon-specific polymeric prodrugs of 5-ASA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Effect of amino acids containing sulfur on the corrosion of mild steel in phosphoric acid solutions polluted with Cl−, F− and Fe3+ ions–behaviour near and at the corrosion potential

Research on non‐toxic inhibitors is of considerable interest in investigations into the replacement of hazardous classical molecules. This paper reports the action of four amino acids containing sulfur on the corrosion of mild steel in phosphoric acid solution with and without Cl^?, F^? and Fe³⁺ ions near and at the corrosion potential (E_corr) using both the polarization resistance method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Both cysteine and N‐acetylcysteine (ACC) showed higher inhibition efficiency than methionine and cystine. Adsorption of methionine onto a mild steel surface obeys the Frumkin adsorption isotherm and has a free energy of adsorption value (ΔG °_ads) lower than those obtained in the presence of cystine, cysteine and ACC whose adsorption isotherms follow that of Langmuir. Both F^? and Fe³⁺ ions stimulate mild steel corrosion while Cl^? ions inhibit it. The binary mixtures of methionine, cysteine or ACC with Cl^? or F^? ions are effective inhibitors (synergism) while the combinations of the amino acid with Fe³⁺ or the ternary Cl^?/F^?/Fe³⁺ mixture have low inhibitive action (antagonism). EIS measurements revealed that the charge transfer process mainly controls the mechanism of mild steel corrosion in phosphoric acid solution in the absence and presence of the investigated additives. The mechanism of corrosion inhibition or acceleration is discussed. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry