上海长江大桥风-轨道车辆-桥耦合振动及抗风行车准则研究

为确定上海长江大桥轨道交通车辆的抗风行车准则,将风、车、桥三者视为一个交互作用、协调工作的耦合动力系统,通过风洞试验测定主梁及车辆的气动参数,采用自主研发的桥梁结构分析软件BANSYS进行风-车-桥耦合动力分析计算。计算结果表明:桥梁和车辆的响应随风速的增大而增大,风荷载对行车的安全性和舒适性有很大影响。当风速小于20m/s时,车辆可按设计车速90km/h运行;当风速在20～30m/s之间时,车速不应大于60km/h;当风速超过30m/s时,应封闭轨道交通。     

Dynamic analysis of three-dimensional bridge–high-speed train interactions using a wheel–rail contact model

A formulation of three-dimensional dynamic interactions between a bridge and a high-speed train using wheel–rail interfaces has been developed. In the interface, contact loss is allowed, the vertical contact is represented by finite tensionless stiffness and the lateral contact is idealized by finite contact stiffness and creepage damping. Such stiffness and damping are nonlinearly dependent on normal contact force. The relative rotations of a wheelset to the rails about its vertical and longitudinal axes are included. Bridge eccentricities and deck displacement due to torsion are accounted for in bridge deck modeling. A numerical algorithm using separate integrations for bridges and trains, and iterations for interface compatibilities is established. A case study of a ten-car train passing over a two-span continuous bridge at various speeds and rail irregularity wavelength ranges is analyzed. The responses of the bridge, car-bodies and wheelsets are investigated for their behavior, acceptability and relations with the wavelengths. Analytical and numerical evaluations of resonant speeds are in good agreement, and the exit span vibration is more amplified than the entrance one at those speeds. The computed relative displacements of all wheelsets to the rail facilitate an explicit assessment for derailment risk.     

Severe rail wear detection with rail running band images

Rail wear occurs continuously owing to the rolling contact load of trains and is fundamental for railway operational safety. A point-based manual rail wear inspection cannot satisfy the increasing demand for rapid, low-cost, and continuous monitoring. This paper proposes a depth-plus-region fusion network for detecting rail wear on a running band, which is a collection of wheel–rail interaction traces. The following steps are involved in the proposed method. (i) A depth map estimated by a modified MiDaS model is utilized as guidance for exploiting the depth information of the running band for rail wear detection. (ii) The running band of a rail is segmented and extracted from images using an improved mask region-based convolutional neural network that uses the scale and ratio information to perform instance segmentation of the running band images. (iii) A two-channel attention–fusion network that classifies rail wear is constructed. In this study, we collected real-world running band images and rail wear-related data to validate our approach using a high-accuracy rail-profile measurement tool. The case-study results demonstrated that the proposed method can rapidly and accurately detect rail wear under different ambient light conditions. Moreover, the recall rate of severe wear detection was 84.21%.     

京通线烟囱沟桥上列车走行安全性、舒适性及平稳性分析

指出了国内外在列车—桥梁时变系统空间振动计算中存在的不足,并提出了改进办法。诠释了桥上列车走行安全性的含义。基于桥上列车脱轨力学机理,提出了桥上列车走行安全性、舒适性及平稳性的计算原理。阐述了系统运动稳定性的判别准则。根据列车脱轨能量随机分析理论及列车—桥梁时变系统空间振动计算模型,对京通线烟囱沟桥上列车走行安全性、舒适性及平稳性进行了计算,并对其计算结果进行了分析。由于该桥跨中横向水平振幅达到8.465mm,晃动较大,文中最后还对该桥提出了限速建议值。     

Study on the safe value of multi-pier settlement for simply supported girder bridges in high-speed railways

This paper presents a method to analyse the influence of multi-pier settlement on the train–track–bridge coupled dynamic system, and to determine the safe value of the continuous multi-pier settlement for simply supported girder bridges in Chinese high-speed railways. Firstly, the mapping relationship between the multi-pier settlement and the rail deformation is derived theoretically. Then, taking the superposition of the rail deformation and the track random irregularity as excitation, the variations of vehicle dynamic indices are analysed based on the train–track–bridge dynamic interaction theory. Further, the relationships between the pier settlement and the change amounts of vehicle dynamic indices are obtained. The multi-pier settlement safe value is determined according to the limits of vehicle dynamic indices. Results show that the rail deformation caused by multi-pier settlement agrees well with the settlement data. When passing through the 32.6 m-long simply supported girder bridge with multi-pier settlement, the train suffers a low-frequency excitation. Only considering the influence of pier settlement, the settlement value difference between two adjacent piers should be less than 26.3 mm at China’s highest operation speed of 350 km/h from the perspective of dynamics, which is much larger than the pier settlement limit in the current code for Chinese high-speed railways.     

Dynamic analysis of rail transit elevated bridge with ladder track

In this paper, a dynamic analysis model of an elevated bridge with ladder tracks under moving train load is established. The whole process of a train running through an elevated bridge at different speeds is simulated. The dynamic responses of the elevated bridge with ladder track and the running safety and comfort index of train vehicles are evaluated. Compared with the dynamic responses of an elevated bridge with ordinary nonballasted slab track, the ladder track’s effect on reducing the vibration of an elevated bridge is analyzed. The analysis results show that the ladder track has good vibration reduction characteristics as compared to ordinary non-ballasted track.     

Vibration of subgrade and evaluation of derailment coefficient of train under combined earthquake- moving train load

Vibration response of track and foundation subjected to dynamic loading is one of the key issues to solve on-track safety of high-speed train. The previous pioneering works commonly only considered the train moving load, however, in reality, trains are likely to be on track when an earthquake occurs due to the high frequency and widespread distribution of earthquake activities. Hence, a three-dimensional FEM of track-subgrade- foundation interaction system with bidirectional seismic and moving loads is established for investigating the differences and relations of vibration responses of subgrade in such two immensely disparate loads: train moving load and earthquake-moving load. As a case study, the vibration characteristics of the Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Railway of the China, excited by moving load and seismic-moving composite load are analyzed respectively, with various velocity (v = 50 m/s, 70 m/s, 100 m/s, 130 m/s). On the other hand, the increases in operational train speeds mean that critical velocity effects are becoming more common on high speed rail lines. If unaddressed, critical velocity issues can cause safety concerns and elevated maintenance costs. Based on the derailment coefficient and lateral deformation of the rail, the critical speed of the model is discussed, which is a reasonable improvement to the derailment mechanism of the train.     

Impact of track irregularities and damping on the fatigue damage of a railway bridge deck slab

The structural response of reinforced concrete slabs in railway bridges is strongly influenced by local dynamic effects and, therefore, detailed calculations of internal forces have to be performed for a realistic fatigue assessment. In this context, this paper discusses the influence of track irregularities and modal damping coefficients in the dynamic response and fatigue behaviour of a railway bridge deck slab. For that purpose, track irregularities were measured (at different instants of time) and damping coefficients were determined based on acceleration records for passing trains in a real bridge. The bridge behaviour was calculated using a train–bridge interaction methodology, considering calibrated numerical models of the viaduct and the train. The fatigue damage was quantified through the linear damage accumulation method. This methodology allowed to understand the way track irregularities and damping coefficients affect the magnitude of applied bending moments and fatigue damage in the slab.     

大跨度悬索桥梁端竖向折角对列车走行性的影响研究

大跨度桥梁较为柔性,易产生梁端竖向折角,过大的梁端竖向折角会影响列车的安全性和舒适性。有代表性地选取较为柔性的大跨度公轨两用悬索桥作为工程背景,基于车-桥耦合动力仿真数值计算方法,采用自主研发的桥梁科研分析软件BANSYS(Bridge ANalysis SYStem),分析列车进桥及出桥全过程中车辆和桥梁的响应,对比不同车辆运行方式、不同车速、不同车载状态下的响应,讨论大跨度悬索桥梁端竖向折角对列车走行性的影响,进一步提出减小梁端竖向折角的措施。研究结论对大跨度轨道交通桥梁的运营安全具有指导意义。     

Vibration of railway bridges under a moving train by using bridge-track-vehicle element

During the last two decades, much attention has been paid to various vibration problems associated with railways. They include the dynamic response of railway bridges and railway tracks at grade under the action of moving trains. However, studies on the role of track structures on the vibration of railway bridges are rather limited. In this paper, a new element called bridge-track-vehicle element is proposed for investigating the interactions among a moving train, and its supporting railway track structure and bridge structure. The moving train is modelled as a series of two-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper systems at the axle locations. A bridge-track-vehicle element consists of vehicles modelled as mass-spring-damper systems, an upper beam element to model the rails and a lower beam element to model the bridge deck. The two beam elements are interconnected by a series of springs and dampers to model the rail bed. The investigation shows that the effect of track structure on the dynamic response of bridge structure is insignificant. However, the effect of the bridge structure on the dynamic response of the track structure is considerable.     

地震作用下高速铁路车-轨-桥系统安全研究进展

桥梁占线比高、列车运行密度大及地震带分布范围广,使得我国高速铁路桥梁面临巨大的潜在地震威胁。目前地震下的高速铁路桥梁及桥上行车安全相关规定不够详细具体,地震下安全防控尚未将列车、轨道、桥梁作为一个大系统进行安全设防,亟待开展系统研究保障地震下高速铁路桥梁结构及桥上行车安全。针对高速铁路轨道 桥梁系统结构特性,首先介绍地震作用下高速铁路轨道 桥梁系统破坏特征和损伤机理研究现状,然后从震后高速铁路桥上轨道不平顺状态劣化机理、地震作用下高速铁路列车 轨道 桥梁系统动力分析、地震作用后桥上行车安全分析及基于性能的高速铁路桥梁抗震设计方法等几个方面阐述现有研究进展及现有研究的不足,最后针对地震下高速铁路列车 轨道 桥梁系统多状态多水准多防线安全防控急需开展系统研究的问题进行展望。     

桥墩沉降下纵连板式轨道与桥面间动态#br# 接触行为及其对列车动态特性的影响

桥墩沉降在高速铁路运营过程中不可避免,其会导致纵连板式轨道与桥面之间的变形不协调,进而引起底座与桥面之间的动态接触行为,恶化轨道力学性能并最终影响列车正常运行。这对这一问题,文章首先研究该动态接触过程的产生机制,并基于列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用理论提出纵连板式轨道和桥面间动态接触行为的研究方法;借助该方法从静态与动态两个角度研究桥墩沉降下轨道-桥梁动态接触行为;在此基础上探讨列车通过时的动态特性。结果表明：桥墩沉降和列车荷载会导致底座与桥面出现三处明显的动态接触区域;桥墩沉降导致的相邻桥墩处梁体上拱位移远小于沉降桥墩处的梁体下沉,但是沉降对上拱区域力学特性的影响却不可忽略;轨道的纵向连接特性可以在一定程度上缓解高速列车通过沉降区域时的振动;轨道随机不平顺不能完全掩盖桥墩沉降对系统动态特性的影响,表明沉降对系统的影响是不可忽视的。     

An analytical approach to train-induced site vibration around Shinkansen viaducts

This study is intended to establish an analytical approach to evaluate the site vibration caused by the passage of bullet trains over Shinkansen viaducts. In this approach, to simplify the problem the entire train–bridge–ground interaction system is divided into two subsystems: train–bridge interaction and foundation–ground interaction. In the train–bridge interaction problem, the analytical programme to simulate the traffic-induced bridge vibration is developed. Then, the dynamic responses of the viaducts are calculated to obtain the dynamic reaction forces at the bottoms of the piers. Applying these reaction forces as input excitation forces in the foundation–ground interaction problem, the site vibration around the viaducts is simulated and evaluated using a general-purpose programme.     

Interaction between continuous welded rail and long-span steel truss arch bridge of a high-speed railway under seismic action

Track–bridge interaction under the seismic excitation is a dominant factor to the design and operation of railway bridges. A spatial model integrating rails, deck system, stringers, cross beams, suspenders, main trusses, piers and foundations was established in this paper, adopting non-linear springs to simulate the longitudinal resistance between the track and the bridge. The improved Penzien model was utilised to simulate the soil-pile interaction effect and a computer program was developed to generate artificial seismic waves. Comparison of natural vibration characteristics for the track–bridge system with and without considering the track constraint was made. Furthermore, the effects of sensitive parameters were investigated, including the ballast resistance, friction of movable bearings, location of rail expansion joint (REJ), etc. Present study results indicate that the track–bridge interaction enhances the structural integrity and induces relatively higher natural frequencies of the bridge. In general, the response obtained by the ballast resistance specified in the Chinese code is smaller than that by UIC code. Neglecting the friction of movable bearing will lead to over-estimated rail stresses and under-estimated internal forces of some piers in the system. Setting REJ at both beam ends is more efficient to release the seismic stress of the rail on the bridge.     

Schienenlängskräfte auf Brücken bei Zugüberfahrt

Dieser Beitrag gilt dem Problemkreis “Abtragung von Längskräften auf Eisenbahnbrücken mit durchgehend geschweißtem Gleis”. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die zusätzlichen Beanspruchungen zu den jahreszeitlichen Temperaturveränderungen, die sich bei der Zugüberfahrt infolge des Steifigkeitswechsels der Kopplung zwischen Gleis und Brückentragwerk ergeben. Dieses Phänomen wird zunächst an einem einfachen Ersatzsystem mit zwei Freiheitsgraden beschrieben und rechnerisch dargestellt. Statische und dynamische Parameterstudien an einem realitätsnäheren Gleis‐Tragwerk‐Modell zeigen die Entwicklung der Schienenlängsspannungen und horizontalen Brückenauflagerkraft für die Lastfolge jahreszeitlicher Temperaturwechsel – Biegung des Tragwerks – Wechsel der Koppelsteifigkeit unter Einbeziehung der Verformungsgeschichte. Longitudinal rail forces on railway bridges during passing of trains. This paper is devoted to the field of longitudinal forces on railway bridges with continuously welded rails. Here, the focus is placed on stresses additional to those from seasonal temperature change due to the sudden change of the coupling stiffness between track and bridge when a train is running along the bridge. This phenomenon is first explained and realized numerically by means of a simplified two degree of freedom system. Parameter studies, statically as well as dynamically, for a more realistic track‐bridge model demonstrate the development of the longitudinal rail stresses and the horizontal bridge‐support forces for the loading sequence seasonal temperature change – bending of the bridge – change of coupling stiffness with paying attention to the deformation history.     

Dynamic response analysis of monorail bridges under moving trains and riding comfort of trains

This paper introduces an analytical procedure to derive equations of motion for the monorail train–bridge interaction based on Lagrange’s formulation to investigate riding comfort of moving monorail trains on bridges. A 15 degrees-of-freedom dynamic model is assumed for a car in a monorail train that consists of driving, steering, and stabilizing wheels. It is based on the finite element method for modal analysis using three-dimensional models for a monorail bridge. Dynamic behaviors of a rationalized monorail bridge with a simplified structural system are investigated in comparison with those of a conventional monorail bridge using the developed analytical method. The riding comfort of running trains on the rationalized monorail bridge based on ISO 2631 is estimated using 1/3 octave band spectral analysis. Observations indicate that a rational type bridge does not engender difficulties related to the riding comfort of the monorail train, even when considering the longest traveling time of passengers between terminals.     

Dynamic behavior of hybrid framed arch railway bridge under moving trains

In this study, the dynamic behavior of a concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) hybrid framed arch railway bridge under moving trains are investigated through an in-site dynamic test. The bridge was tested under train loadings in different scenarios and at different speeds of the trains. The free vibration characteristics, strain, displacement, and acceleration of the bridge structure were measured to evaluate the dynamic responses of the train-bridge coupling system. A three-dimensional finite element model, which took into account the train-bridge coupling and track irregularities, was established to analyze the behaviors of the train-bridge system. The model was validated against the in situ test results. The impact effect on the girder was greater than that of the arch frame. The acceleration responses of the trains on the bridge increased with the train’s speed. The riding comfort of the trains was evaluated based on the measured dynamic responses of trains.     

Analysis on running safety of train on the bridge considering sudden change of wind load caused by wind barriers

The calculation formulae for change of wind load acting on the car-body are derived when a train moves into or out of the wind barrier structure, the dynamic analysis model of wind-vehicle-bridge system with wind barrier is established, and the influence of sudden change of wind load on the running safety of the train is analyzed. For a 10-span simply-supported U-shaped girder bridge with 100 m long double-side 3.5 m barrier, the response and the running safety indices of the train are calculated. The results are compared with those of the case with wind barrier on the whole bridge. It is shown that the sudden change of wind load caused by wind barrier has significant influence on the lateral acceleration of the car-body, but no distinct on the vertical acceleration. The running safety indices of train vehicle with sectional wind barriers are worse than those with full wind barriers, and the difference increases rapidly with wind velocity.     

龙卷风作用下高速列车的运行安全性评估

随着我国铁路线网密度的加大以及龙卷风等极端天气出现的频次增多,列车遭受龙卷风袭击的风险不断增加。利用物理模拟器对列车进行测压试验,通过试验得到的气动力对龙卷风作用下高速列车的运行安全性进行评估。结果表明:受龙卷风气压降和水平风速的共同影响,列车距龙卷风中心不同相对位置时,所受风荷载作用机制明显不同;迎风侧轮轨横向力主要由侧力产生,风速较大时,升力和侧滚力矩对轮轨垂向力的贡献增大;横向力、脱轨系数、轮重减载率等列车运行安全性指标随径向距离的增大先增大后减小;列车运行安全性指标随风速、车速的增大而增大,列车安全运行的龙卷风临界风速值随车速的增大而急剧减小,其中,当车速为350km/h时,轮对横向力对应的临界风速仅为11.06m/s。