Evaluation of buckling-restrained braced frame seismic performance considering reserve strength

Buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) systems are used extensively for resisting lateral forces in high seismic regions of the United States. Numerical and large-scale experimental studies of BRBFs have shown predictable seismic performance with robust ductility and energy dissipation capacity. However, the low post-yield stiffness of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) may cause BRBFs to exhibit large maximum and residual drifts and allow the formation of soft stories. Thus, reserve strength provided by other elements in the lateral-force-resisting system is critical to improving seismic performance of BRBFs. This reserve strength can be provided in two primary ways: (1) moment-resisting connections within the BRBF and (2) a steel special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) in parallel with the BRBF to create a dual system configuration. These two approaches to providing reserve strength can be used together or separately, leading to a variety of potential system configurations. In addition, special attention must be given to the connections within the BRBF since moment-resisting connections have been observed experimentally to limit drift capacity due to undesirable connection-related failure modes. This paper presents nonlinear dynamic analysis results and evaluates performance of BRBF and BRBF-SMRF systems using moment-resisting and non-moment-resisting beam-column connections within the BRBF. Reserve strength is shown to play a critical role in seismic behavior and performance of BRBFs.     

Seismic design and performance analysis of buckling‐restrained braced RC frame structures

Due to the stable hysteretic behavior, buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) have been increasingly adopted in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures to develop a dual structural system (BRB‐RCF). This study proposed an alternative strength‐based design approach that decomposes the dual BRB‐RCF system into two independent RC frame and BRB system using the BRB‐carrying story shear ratio. The design of RC frame is performed in an integrated manner by considering the BRB postyielding force demands. Three RC frames with five, 10, and 15 stories were employed as prototype structures, and seven story shear ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 were used to generate a total of 21 structural modes. The material usage, maximum axial compression ratio of columns, and elastic interstory drift ratio were compared for different story shear ratios. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of the BRB‐RCFs subjected to 12 ground motions were carried out. The seismic response including the maximum interstory drift ratio, hysteretic energy dissipation ratio, and actual BRB‐carrying story shear ratio were systematically assessed for different design story shear ratios. Based on the considerations of material usage and seismic performance, it is suggested that the design BRB‐carrying story shear ratio should be in the range of 0.3 to 0.5.     

体外预应力自复位框架抗侧刚度参数分析

体外预应力自复位框架(EPSCF)是一种采用结构控制技术的抗震结构体系。结构抗侧刚度对EPSCF结构地震响应具有重要作用。首先，采用ABAQUS软件建立EPSCF结构的有限元数值模型，并采用地震振动台试验验证了模型的正确性；其次，通过改变预应力筋参数以改变结构抗侧刚度，得到结构自振特性随相对刚度比变化的规律。同时，选取合适的地震波进行弹塑性时程分析，模拟不同相对刚度比下EPSCF结构的地震响应规律，计算结果总体呈现为随相对刚度比的增大，结构位移响应减小、结构加速度和基底剪力增大；最后，求得结构层间位移放大系数及基底减震系数随相对刚度比变化的曲线，并选择基底减震系数为EPSCF结构侧向刚度的取值依据，得出相对刚度比的参考取值范围为0.02~0.10。     

支撑屈服后屈曲约束支撑框架损伤集中效应分析

屈曲约束支撑(BRB)屈服后刚度较低,某一层或几层BRB率先屈服会造成屈曲约束支撑框架(BRBF)进入弹塑性阶段后不同楼层间刚度的突变,框架弯矩会重分布,进而影响框架的损伤机制。为此,提出框架基于柱端弯矩比的强柱弱梁计算公式,公式表明：当框架节点下部与上部柱端弯矩同号相等时,柱梁承载力比需求最小为1;当弯矩反向相等时,需求则为无穷大;通过分析楼层间BRB刚度比对两层BRBF弯矩分布的影响,说明BRBF中某层支撑屈服会导致该层节点下部与上部柱端弯矩比发生较大的改变,节点上部柱端弯矩甚至反向增大;综上,支撑屈服后BRBF易出现层间柱铰机制。最后,通过算例验证提出的强柱弱梁计算公式和BRBF弯矩分布规律,同时表明：当BRB-框架刚度比较大或者框架柱梁承载力比较小时,BRBF损伤集中效应较为明显。     

Seismic response of steel frames with self-centeringbuckling-restrained braces

自复位防屈曲支撑构件在拟静力试验中表现出良好的复位性能及耗能能力。但是,自复位防屈曲支撑钢框架中支撑与主体结构的刚度关系,以及结构中的复位系统与耗能系统的关系如何合理设置,都需要借助结构试验或参数分析来解决。根据我国现行规范设计了钢框架结构,在构件试验研究及理论分析基础上给出了自复位防屈曲支撑钢框架结构的三线性恢复力模型,并用有限元软件ANSYS建立结构模型。根据此模型对防屈曲支撑钢框架和自复位防屈曲支撑钢框架结构进行了抗震性能对比。通过自复位防屈曲支撑动力位移反应分析,研究了支撑与结构刚度比αB/M,结构耗能系统与复位系统的屈服力比β及其刚度比αc三个重要参数。结果表明：自复位防屈曲支撑钢框架结构最大位移及残余位移角均小于防屈曲支撑钢框架结构的。结构刚度比αB/M越大越有利于减少残余变形;屈服力比β越大结构位移响应越小;刚度比αc越大结构位移响应越小。在初始设计时,建议钢框架结构的αB/M取为3;β取0.5~0.9;αc取为0.5。     

Seismic design and assessment for midrise buildings equipped with damped-outrigger system

The damped-outrigger system has been proposed to improve the performance of conventional outrigger systems in controlling the structural seismic response by increasing the damping and stiffness. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using damped-outrigger systems in midrise buildings and provide engineers with a comparison between conventional structural systems such as moment resisting frame (MRF) and buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) in proposing the most suitable structural system. In this study, the buckling-restrained brace and viscous damper are adopted as the energy dissipation devices in the damped-outrigger system. A total of 48 midrise numerical models with various building heights and structural systems are analyzed using nonlinear response history analysis and incremental dynamic analyses. The analysis results show that the midrise buildings equipped with a damped-outrigger system with either viscous damper or buckling-restrained brace (BRB) can reach similar and even better seismic performance when compared with the BRBF; it also reduces the structural responses by around 30% for the maximum roof drift and acceleration responses when compared with MRF. The analysis results could provide a reference for structural engineers when selecting suitable lateral force resisting systems for midrise buildings.     

抗弯钢框架P-Δ效应稳定系数的应用

为分析抗弯钢框架中的P-Δ效应,提出2个稳定系数。在弹性阶段,弹性稳定系数θme是框架的基本周期、振型的函数。在塑性阶段,非弹性稳定系数θmi仍与基本周期、振型有关,通过回归分析得到。结果表明:使用这两个稳定系数,可精确模拟考虑P-Δ效应的钢框架荷载-位移曲线,包括:初始刚度、强度、后屈服刚度等。以22个抗弯框架为例,验证稳定系数的正确性。     

两跨预应力混凝土框架内力重分布试验研究及分析

基于两榀接近足尺的后张有粘结预应力混凝土框架的试验,对多跨预应力框架的内力重分布进行了研究,重点考虑了框架的连续性和轴压比的影响。研究结果表明,我国现行规范基本能满足预应力框架弯矩调幅的设计需要,但当控制截面相对受压区高度较大时,框架连续性对弯矩调幅影响较大。第一塑性铰的转动能力对结构弯矩调幅起主要作用,次弯矩越大,该截面总弯矩调幅越大。其他塑性铰截面以次弯矩调幅为主,结构往往不能实现完全内力重分布。另一方面,随轴压比增大,梁柱上弯矩分配虽略有变化,但对整榀框架的极限承载能力和总的弯矩调幅能力影响不大。     

A macroscopic approach for seismic damage transition within reinforced concrete wall–frame structures

The damage models proposed to date fail to identify the damage transition within one typical dual structural system, that is, wall–frame structures, under strong earthquakes. It's conceptually promising to combine a macroscopic global damage model physically with a simplified structural model that can characterize the interaction mechanism between the frame part and wall part of the structures. Thus, a macroscopic approach, with the integration of a macroscopic global damage model and a generalized shear–flexure coupled model, is proposed to have a closer insight into the damage transition within the wall–frame structures. The relation between the stiffness ratio and the ratio of vibration periods is established by introducing two stiffness‐based damage indicators and modal damage indexes. By this relation and the stiffness degradation in the frame part and wall part, the correlations between the modal damages, global damage, and the damages of the two parts are clarified. The combination of the damage indicators of the two parts with global damage is proved to be capable of capturing the damage transition during the dynamic redistribution of internal forces. The case study indicates that the damage predictions of the wall–frame structures are consistent with the interstory drift and proportions of failed components. The comparative study implies the efficiency of strengthening the link beams.     

框架-核心筒结构的框架内力调整方法对比研究

在框架-核心筒结构的抗震设计中,作为二道防线的外框架部分,需要对其内力进行调整,但我国相关标准在调整方法和调整要求上存在差别,使得设计具有一定程度的不确定性。基于对我国JGJ 3-2010、CECS 230:2008和美国IBC 2000等标准规定的分析和解读,分别从适用范围、调整对象、双重抗侧力体系划分、框架合理刚度、内力重分布等5个方面,对比分析基于基底剪力或最大框架楼层剪力调整方法和基于楼层剪力调整方法的不同。以一实际结构为例,通过弹塑性分析和振动台试验研究了不同调整方法对各部分设计的影响。结果表明：可采用外框架和核心筒承担的剪力比例或者整体刚度分析方法来界定其是否为双重抗侧力体系;外框架与核心筒互为二道防线,在设计时,需对其承载力和刚度协调匹配,对承载力可采用基于楼层剪力的调整方法,调整对象除剪力和弯矩外也应包括轴力,两者的最小分担比例之和为100%,框架最小和最大分担比例分别为20%和80%,对于两者间的刚度匹配关系,可采用广义刚度特征值和刚度比参数来评价,其合理取值范围分别为1~3和0.2~0.9。     

Buckling-restrained braced frame connection performance

Large-scale experimental studies of buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) have shown that although they display good overall seismic performance, they may have limitations due to connection failure modes that do not allow the braces to realize their full ductility capacity. These experimental results motivate further investigation of BRBF connection behavior. In this study, nonlinear finite element models are used to study BRBF beam–column–brace connections. The models focus on a one-story subassembly extracted from a previously-tested, four-story BRBF. After the baseline finite element analysis results are verified with experimental data, parametric studies varying the connection configuration are used to assess the key factors influencing performance. Connection configuration is shown to have a significant impact on global system response and localized connection demands.     

Numerical study of seismic performance of steel moment-resisting frame with buckling-restrained brace and viscous fluid damper

The seismic performance assessment of modified steel moment-resisting frame (SMRF) was carried out by nonlinear time-history analysis. The basic bare SMRF was reduced in strength first and then enhanced by installing passive energy dissipating devices (EDDs) to develop modified frame. Passive EDDs comprise both rate-dependent and rate-independent devices. Viscous fluid damper (VFD) is a rate-dependent device whereas buckling-restrained brace is a rate-independent device. The lateral strength of structure was improved by using these devices either alone or in combination. Seven-scaled time-history records were used for incremental dynamic analysis. The stiffness effect on the stories is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of the building. The VFD is found to be a good EDD as it significantly improved the performance of the frame at all levels of seismic analysis.     

8度区框－剪结构中框架在罕遇地震下的反应性态

框架剪力墙结构中的框架的受力性能不同于纯框架结构。为了考察框架剪力墙结构中的框架在强震下的抗震性态,首先严格按中国设计规范完成了1个8度0.3 g分区24层和1个8度0.2 g分区30层框架剪力墙结构的抗震设计。然后对结构进行了在相当于罕遇水准的多条地面运动输入下的非弹性动力反应分析,初步识别了结构的地震反应性态。分析结果表明,结构中的框架部分在强震下基本保持未屈服状态,而剪力墙连梁是结构主要的塑性耗能部件,部分墙肢底部也进入了屈服后的塑性变形状态。从框架部分所处的偏有利的受力状态和设计规范对其所采取的强化措施这2个方面分析了框架部分未进入屈服的原因。建议对我国8度区总高超过60m的框架剪力墙结构中的框架部分的现行抗震构造措施可有条件地适度放松。     

Floor response spectra for light components mounted on regular moment-resisting frame structures

The peak acceleration demands for acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components supported on elastic and inelastic regular moment-resisting frame structures are statistically analyzed. The responses of a variety of stiff and flexible frame structures (with 3, 6, 9, and 18 stories) subjected to a set of 40 ground motions are evaluated. The nonstructural components under consideration are those that can be represented by single-degree-of-freedom systems with masses that are small compared to the total mass of the supporting structure. This study evaluates and quantifies the dependence of peak component accelerations on the location of the nonstructural component in the structure, the damping ratio of the component, and the properties of the supporting structure such as its modal periods, height, stiffness distribution, and strength. The results show that current seismic code provisions will not always provide an adequate characterization of peak component accelerations. Recommendations are provided to estimate peak acceleration demands for the design of nonstructural components mounted on inelastic frame structures.     

Reliability analysis of frame structures with brittle components

A review is provided of the recent developments in the reliability analysis of ductile (elastic-plastic) systems and of the stable configuration approach of structural system reliability analysis. These are combined to obtain a methodology for evaluating the reliability of frames that have primarily ductile components but also a few brittle components. The methodology is applied to two frame structures.     

基于能量平衡的梁柱刚接防屈曲支撑钢框架设计方法

针对梁柱刚接的防屈曲支撑钢框架,根据能量平衡的概念提出基于能量的抗震设计方法,使结构在罕遇地震作用下满足给定的目标位移。设计方法以钢框架与防屈曲支撑在目标位移下耗散的能量之和等于地震输入能量为准则进行能量分配。地震输入能量以原钢框架的地震输入能量为基准,计入结构周期和延性变化的影响进行调整后得到,并以结构在位移幅值下循环1周耗能作为总耗能。建立防屈曲支撑的耗能需求曲线和目标位移下的耗能能力曲线,求得防屈曲支撑的截面面积。应用此方法设计3跨5层的防屈曲支撑钢框架结构,采用ANSYS软件建立有限元模型,对所设计的钢框架结构进行罕遇地震作用下的时程分析,结果表明：应用此方法设计的梁柱刚接防屈曲支撑框架在地震作用下最大层间位移角与给定的设计目标较为一致,所设计的结构安全可靠。     

防屈曲支撑-钢筋混凝土框架结构基于能量平衡的抗震塑性设计

为确定防屈曲支撑在结构中的布置方式以使结构抗震性能充分发挥,提出了基于能量平衡的防屈曲支撑 钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震塑性设计方法。构建了结构的“强柱弱梁”整体屈服机制,采用侧力比将总结构体系离散为防屈曲支撑体系和纯框架体系,并建立了结构的双线性能力曲线。基于能量平衡方法计算结构的设计基底剪力并分别得到支撑体系和框架体系的设计侧向力,进而完成支撑的截面设计。按照塑性内力分配机制和考虑支撑屈服后性能,计算梁柱构件内力需求。以一幢5层结构为例,分别设计了不同侧力比的14个结构模型,对比了基底剪力、防屈曲支撑面积和梁柱钢筋用量等。通过22条地震波下的弹塑性时程分析,研究了不同侧力比结构的最大层间位移角、屈服机制、楼层剪力比、支撑最大位移延性、累积位移延性和结构残余层间位移角。分析结果表明：所提出的方法能实现结构的预期失效模式,并满足结构的抗震性能要求,并建议设计侧力比选取在0.3~0.5之间。     

含有屈曲约束支撑平面框架的抗震性能试验研究

为了研究含有屈曲约束支撑结构的抗震性能,对含有屈曲约束支撑和普通支撑的平面框架进行了试验研究。结合试件破坏现象及试验结果,对屈曲约束支撑的力学性能、破坏机理以及作用效果进行了分析探讨。同时,还对试验过程进行了数值模拟分析。试验及理论分析结果表明:与含普通支撑框架相比,含屈曲约束支撑的框架在提高承载力的同时,还具有更稳定的耗能能力;经过适当的设计,可以使屈曲约束支撑先于主体结构进入弹塑性状态,提高结构的抗震性能。     

Determination of efficient shoring system in RC frame structures

In this paper, systematic analyses, based on a numerical approach introduced in a companion paper, are performed for the shoring systems installed to support applied loads during construction. A rigorous time-dependent analysis provides insight on structural behaviors of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures with changes in design variables, such as the types of shoring systems, the shore stiffness, and the shore spacing. Time-dependent deformations of concrete, such as creep and shrinkage, and the construction sequences of frame structures are also taken into account to minimize structural instability and to attain an improved shoring system design, as these effects may increase the axial forces delivered to the shores. In addition, the influence of the column shortening effect, generally considered in the design of the tall building structures, is analyzed. From numerous parametric studies, it is concluded that the most effective shoring system for RC frame structures is the 2S1R (two shores and one reshore), regardless of the changes in design variables.     

A balanced design procedure for special concentrically braced frame connections

Concentrically braced frames (CBFs) are stiff, strong structures that are suitable for resisting large lateral loads. Special CBFs (SCBF) are used for seismic design and are designed and detailed to sustain relatively large inelastic deformations without significant deterioration in resistance. Current AISC Seismic Design Provisions aim to ensure the brace sustains the required inelastic action, but recent research showed that current SCBF design requirements lead to variable seismic performance, unintended failure modes, and limited deformation capacity. To improve the seismic response of SCBFs, a balanced design procedure was proposed. The premise of the design methodology is to balance the primary yield mechanism, brace buckling and yielding, with other, complementary ductile yielding mechanisms, such as gusset plate yielding. This balance process maximizes ductile yielding in the frame thereby maximizing the drift capacity of the frame. Further, the undesirable failure modes are balanced with the yield mechanisms and the preferred failure mode, brace fracture, to ensure that the frame fails in the desired manner. To achieve the objectives of the design methodology namely maximum drift capacity, and adherence to a desired yield and failure hierarchy, rational resistance checks and appropriate balance factors (β factors) are used to balance each yield mechanism and failure mode. These factors were developed, validated, and refined using the measured results from an extensive test program. An SCBF connection design example to illustrate the application of the balanced design method and to demonstrate differences from the current AISC design method is presented in an appendix.