三聚氰胺甲醛泡沫塑料的制备研究

用三聚氰胺与甲醛溶液在碱性条件下反应制备了三聚氰胺甲醛树脂,将其发泡固化制备三聚氰胺甲醛泡沫塑料。研究了反应时间、三聚氰胺与甲醛的配比、发泡剂用量、固化剂用量、乳化剂用量对三聚氰胺泡沫塑料性能的影响,并对三聚氰胺甲醛树脂进行了红外光谱分析。结果表明,随着反应时间和三聚氰胺与甲醛配比的增大,三聚氰胺甲醛树脂的黏度增大;发泡剂正戊烷的适合用量为树脂质量的9.4%;固化剂甲酸的用量为树脂质量的6.1%时,可以达到发泡和固化同步的效果;乳化剂OP-10的适合用量为树脂质量的5%;三聚氰胺泡沫塑料具有优秀的阻燃性能。     

双酚F及其环氧树脂的合成与性能研究

以苯酚、甲醛为原料,草酸催化合成双酚F,未经提纯的双酚F直接制备双酚F环氧树脂,并考察了合成的双酚F环氧树脂的力学性能.在双酚F合成阶段:n(苯酚)/n(甲醛)=10/1,n(甲醛)/n(草酸)=25/1,70℃,反应4h,得到的双酚F收率和选择性达80%以上;在树脂合成阶段:n(NaOH)/n(BPF)=2,70℃,醚化反应5h,闭环反应3h,制得的环氧树脂的环氧值达到0.59,黏度3.5 Pa·s,树脂固化物具有优异的性能.     

双酚F及其环氧树脂的合成与性能研究

以苯酚、甲醛为原料,草酸催化合成双酚F,未经提纯的双酚F直接制备双酚F环氧树脂,并考察了合成的双酚F环氧树脂的力学性能.在双酚F合成阶段:n(苯酚)/n(甲醛)=10/1,n(甲醛)/n(草酸)=25/1,70℃,反应4h,得到的双酚F收率和选择性达80%以上;在树脂合成阶段:n(NaOH)/n(BPF)=2,70℃,醚化反应5h,闭环反应3h,制得的环氧树脂的环氧值达到0.59,粘度3.5Pa·s,树脂固化物具有优异的性能.     

密胺树脂多孔材料的制备及对二氧化碳的吸附

以三聚氰胺与甲醛为原料,二甲苯为分散相,利用浓乳液模板法合成了密胺树脂多孔材料。研究了预聚过程以及不同单体配比、分散相体积分数和乳化剂用量对密胺树脂多孔材料结构的影响。结果表明,当预聚温度为75℃,预聚时间为20min,预聚体系pH值为8时,得到的预聚物可以制备出稳定的浓乳液。当单体配比n(三聚氰胺)∶n(甲醛)=1∶3,分散相体积分数为85%,乳化剂的量为20%时,可以制备出比表面积为3.317m~2/g的密胺树脂多孔材料。所制备的多孔材料可用于吸附二氧化碳,最大吸附量为60.3mg/g。     

可溶解生物基聚苯并■嗪的制备与性能

基于不同配比的腰果酚和苯酚,与二胺、甲醛合成了一系列含长脂肪侧链的生物基苯并■嗪单体。采用红外和核磁氢谱对产物的结构进行了表征和确认。通过差示扫描量热分析、动态力学热分析、接触角测试、油溶测试等研究了腰果酚含量对单体的固化行为、固化物的耐热性、表面特性及油溶性的影响。结果表明,随着结构中腰果酚含量的增加,体系的固化峰值温度略有上升,固化物的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)降低,油溶性明显增加。当腰果酚的含量为30%时,聚苯并■嗪的T_g为194.6℃,油溶率为55%,进一步提升腰果酚的含量到70%时,其油溶率可达到95.9%。此外,基于此树脂制备了玻璃布层压板,通过油溶实现了树脂与纤维的分离。     

喷雾干燥制备P(MMA-BA)中空微球及其对苯酚的吸附性能研究

采用种子乳液聚合法合成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸丁酯(P(MMA-BA))乳液,再将乳液进行喷雾干燥制备了壳层由纳米粒子构成且具有中空形貌的单孔高分子微球。研究了微球形成机理,并着重探讨了预聚物用量、硬软单体配比m(MMA)∶m(BA)、交联剂用量对微球形貌、比表面积的影响。结果表明,当条件为乳液浓度2%,进口温度125℃,出口温度50℃,进料量250mL/h,预聚物用量为2%(质量分数),硬软单体比m(MMA)∶m(BA)约为7∶3,交联剂用量为10%～20%(质量分数)时,能够形成形状规整的中空微球,用BET法测得其比表面积约为28.8259m2/g。考察了中空微球对低浓度苯酚溶液的吸附性能,结果表明,微球对苯酚的最大吸附量可达7.8568mg/g;微球用量较少时,单位质量微球吸附的苯酚量较大;微球中硬单体比例越高,所得微球比表面积越大,对苯酚的吸附量越高。     

降低UF胶粘剂游离甲醛含量的研究

研究了甲醛与尿素的配比[n(F)/n(U)比值]、缩聚温度、时间与pH值,以及改性剂对以尿素、甲醛为主要原料制备脲醛(UF)树脂胶粘剂游离甲醛含量的影响,获得了确保其粘接强度不致下降,而游离甲醛含量只有0.25%的最佳制备工艺条件。     

酚醛泡沫微观结构控制方法的初步研究

以苯酚、甲醛为主要原料合成了可发性碱催化酚醛树脂,并加入匀泡剂、发泡剂和固化剂制备了酚醛泡沫.通过电子扫面显微镜(SEM)观察了泡沫的微观结构,深入讨论了树脂合成过程中F/P配比、碱催化剂用量、水份含量及发泡过程中酸固化剂、改性剂等对泡沫微观结构的影响.结果表明:当F/P=2.0～2.5,碱催化剂用量为酚摩尔数的7％～10％时,树脂发泡过程具有起泡平稳、凝胶迅速的特点,得到泡沫的孔径细腻(50～55μm);当控制树脂水含量小于10％时,外加20％的改性剂,有效地改善了泡沫孔壁缺陷.     

树皮粉改性酚醛树脂的润湿性及其反应动力学

本文对苯酚液化落叶松树皮粉改性酚醛树脂(BPF)在秸秆表面的润湿性进行了研究,并与加入聚合异氰酸酯的BPF-PMDI以及传统的酚醛树脂(PF)进行对比分析。利用新润湿模型的K值常量量化了树脂在稻秸秆表面的渗透速率。通过动态DSC以及Kissinger等式对BPF的固化反应动力学进行研究。结果表明:秸秆表面无论是否处理,BPF的渗透速率常数K最大,其次为BPF-PMDI,最小为PF。BPF的固化反应活化能与文献报道的木材/苯酚/甲醛树脂的活化能接近,但比传统的酚醛树脂的活化能高,转化率为40%时固化反应程度达到最大。     

喷雾干燥法制备微米-纳米复合结构高吸油树脂中空微球

以苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸十八酯为单体、甲基丙烯酸双环戊二烯酯为交联剂,采用喷雾干燥法制备了高吸油树脂中空微球.表征了高吸油树脂微球的微观形貌,考察了交联剂用量对树脂吸油性能的影响,同时与采用悬浮聚合法制备的树脂的吸油及疏水性能进行了对比.结果发现,采用喷雾干燥法制备的微球是由许多纳米粒子聚集而成的中空微米级微球;随着交联剂用量的增加,树脂吸油量呈先增加后减少的趋势,到达饱和吸油率所需时间减少;交联剂用量为3%(质量分数)的树脂吸油性能达到最好,对甲苯、三氯甲烷的饱和吸油率分别为20.78及28.32g/g,4h内对甲苯的吸收基本饱和;而采用悬浮聚合所制备的高吸油树脂,对甲苯和三氯甲烷的饱和吸油率分别为11.26、24.18g/g,12h吸油达到饱和;喷雾干燥及悬浮聚合制备的树脂与水的接触角分别为111.14与85.39°,表面能分别为38.10与42.85mJ/m2,采用喷雾干燥制备的高吸油树脂中空微球表现出较好的疏水性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from