单岛式地铁站人员疏散模拟研究

以单岛式地铁站为研究对象,通过实际调研获得数据,结合地铁站火灾场景模拟的结果,设计单岛式地铁站人员疏散模型。利用Pyrosim模拟软件对地铁站的人员疏散进行了动态模拟,通过模拟计算出了人员疏散的必须安全疏散时间,根据模拟结果提出了地铁站人员疏散的优化策略。     

某医药厂房火灾条件下人员疏散模拟分析

以某医药厂房为工程背景,使用火灾数值模拟(FDS)软件模拟火灾时烟气运动,并运用疏散模拟软件(Simulex)模拟分析人员疏散,为优化人员疏散设计及制定人员疏散预案提供计算依据.     

基于FDS和Pathfinder对人员安全疏散的研究

为了确定淮南市某综合楼指定防火分区的人员是否能够在可用安全疏散时间内疏散完毕,基于人员安全疏散的重要性,结合该建筑的实际工况,通过采用FDS模拟软件得出发生火灾时人员疏散的可用疏散时间。在使用疏散软件Pathfinder模拟指定火灾场景下的人员疏散实际情况,得出人员全部安全疏散所需要的时间,再和模拟所得出的可用疏散时间作比较。结果表明,人员安全疏散所需要的时间大于可利用的时间,人员不能够全部安全疏散完毕。     

火灾环境下超高层建筑标准层人员疏散模拟与空间优化策略

以提高超高层建筑安全疏散第一阶段(标准层人员疏散)的整体疏散效率为目的 ,归纳超高层核心筒的典型布置模式,建立火灾场景并利用火灾烟气模拟软件Pyrosim和人员疏散模拟软件Pathfinder进行仿真模拟,探究烟气蔓延和人员疏散的耦合关系、疏散路径、疏散时长、能见度下降及CO浓度上升速率和分布肌理等指标,分析影响疏散效...     

人员疏散计算与模拟方法对比

运用BuildingEXODUS和Pathfinder对有顶商业街建立了人员安全疏散模型,模拟有顶商业街人员安全疏散情况,得出人员安全疏散所需时间分别为1128 s和1143 s.对比人员疏散过程,两个软件模拟结果比较一致.采用了水力模型计算方法对人员安全疏散进行计算,计算得出人员安全疏散所需的时间为1169 s,比软件模拟更为保守.三组计算结果分别给出了各层人员的疏散时间,选取各组数据中最为保守的值作为该有顶商业步行街的性能化安全疏散依据.     

某艺术中心人员疏散的仿真模拟研究

以某艺术中心为研究对象,建立模型,运用PathFinder人员疏散模拟软件,进行了人员疏散的仿真模拟实验,根据模拟结果和数据,分析了不同火灾场景下人员疏散的情况,直观地对人员疏散的安全性进行评估,对现场的人员疏散和灭火救援具有一定指导意义。     

基于Unity 3D的一种高校人员疏散模型

本文运用Unity 3D软件,构建了一种新的高校人员疏散模型,并且将模拟结果与疏散软件Simulex的模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,本系统能够比较真实的反映人员疏散过程,疏散时间的计算结果也与Simulex软件的计算结果较为吻合。上述模拟试验证明了将Unity 3D应用到人员疏散程序中是可行的。同时也人员疏散研究提供了更方便、更简单的新方法 。     

建筑物火灾时人员疏散的网络网格复合模型

建筑防火安全设计中,人员疏散问题至关重要。根据划分建筑空间的不同, 利用计算机模拟技术开发的人员疏散模型主要采用网络模拟和网格模拟两种方法,分别介绍了基于这两种方法建立的网络模型和网格模型,并且综合这两种方法开发了建筑物人员疏散的网络网格复合模型,以便对大型复杂建筑进行有效的疏散模拟。用该复合模型模拟了一高层建筑和一大型复杂建筑的人员疏散情况,并将其模拟结果与采用单一网格模型和单一网络模型的模拟结果进行了对比,显示了网络网格复合模型不仅能进行大型复杂建筑的人员疏散模拟,而且可以形象化地显示详细的疏散过程。     

基于Pathfinder的大型商业综合体消防疏散策略研究——以扎哈事务所成都“独角兽岛园区项目”为例

文章以大型商业综合体项目为切入点,分析了在紧急情况下发生火灾时人员安全疏散状况,提出了应急疏散优化策略。首先,介绍了项目概况及建筑消防设计,为模拟对象的选择和分析提供依据。其次,进行人员分析和疏散模拟,借助Pathfinder软件的Steering模式对独角兽园区的一栋办公商业综合体进行疏散仿真研究,通过调研得出人员构成情况、人员基本参数,以及人员特征。进而通过模拟人员疏散情况,分析火灾时人员特征、堵塞情况、疏散出口通过率,以及人员安全疏散时间,总结出该栋建筑疏散存在的问题。最后,对疏散结果存在的问题给出相应的解决策略,主要从水平疏散路线和垂直疏散路线两个方面提出了优化策略,以提高疏散效率。本文重点探讨建筑与人员疏散的关系,对其他因素未详细探讨。     

超高层建筑施工消防疏散与预警技术的研究及应用

以东莞国贸中心项目为例,为保障发生火灾时人员安全疏散,对超高层建筑安全隐患问题进行研究,通过疏散模拟要点、疏散模拟步骤、疏散模拟展示等技术,进行消防隐患排查、预警,并设计能满足超高层建筑施工疏散模拟的系统平台。解决现有消防疏散模拟软件建模难度高,需根据现场情况不断重建模型,且现场环境、人员情况复杂,模拟结果可靠性不高的难题。     

基于PyroSim 及Pathfinder 的车间应急疏散研究

选取某生产车间进行应急疏散研究,使用 PyroSim软件进行火灾模拟,得出各出口距离地面 2m 处温度、能见度及CO 体积分数各参数随时间变化规律,计算可用安全疏散时间。利用 Pathfinder 软件建立人员疏散模型,对车间人员疏散进行研究,得出必需安全疏散时间。判断认为该车间人员不能及时疏散。发现部分出口人员疏散利用率较低,建议在不改变车间结构的情况下,指导车间人员进行分区疏散,使该车间人员能够安全疏散,同时加强人员疏散培训,改善应急预案。     

浅谈用EVACNET4软件建立建筑网络模型

EVACNET4是一个被广泛使用的人员疏散网络模拟软件，由美国佛罗里达大学开发。该软件将建筑物结构以网络的形式描述，模拟人员在这一网络内的流动，直至所有人员最终到达规定的安全地点为止。应用该软件进行人员疏散模拟的关键是建立建筑的网络模型，该模型应能如实地反映建筑物的内部结构布局。从节点划分、路径设置两个方面详细描述了建筑网络模型的建立以及某些特殊情况处理的一些技巧，目的是更加方便软件用户的使用。     

Modelling total evacuation strategies for high-rise buildings

This paper focuses on the use of egress models to assess the optimal strategy in the case of total evacuation in high-rise buildings. The model case study consists of two identical twin towers linked with two sky-bridges at different heights. Each tower is a 50-floor office building. The use of either horizontal or vertical egress components or a combination of them is simulated. The egress components under consideration are stairs (either 2 or 3 stairs), occupant evacuation elevators, service elevators (available or not for the evacuation of the occupants), transfer floors and sky-bridges. Seven different evacuation strategies have been tested which consider the total evacuation of a single tower. The evacuation scenarios have been simulated with a continuous spatial representation evacuation model (Pathfinder). In order to perform a cross validation of the model results, two strategies involving the evacuation using stairs or occupant evacuation elevators have also been simulated using a fine network model (STEPS). Results refer to the analysis of total evacuation times. The simulation work highlights the assumptions required to represent the possible behaviours of the occupants in order to qualitatively rank the strategies. The lowest evacuation times are obtained simulating strategies involving the sole use of occupant evacuation elevators and the combined use of transfer floors and sky-bridges. This study suggests that the effectiveness of evacuation strategies involving the combination of stairs and elevators significantly decreases in high-rise buildings if they are not combined with appropriate messaging/signage to guide occupants in their behaviours.     

性能化防火设计中人员疏散问题安全性的一种评估方法

提出了一种在性能化防火设计中人员疏散问题安全性的评估方法，该方法是把火灾烟气运动规律、建筑物结构和人员疏散特点结合的研究成果，分别计算建筑物中不同单元内的火灾荷载阚值，在发生火灾时，烟气达到危险状态的时间和人员疏散所用的时间，比较这两个时间来确定建筑物防火设计是否达到性能化防火中人员安全疏散的要求。该方法从控制建筑物内火灾荷载的多少和建筑物的结构出发，在现行的计算软件的基础上．可用于实际的火灾安全工程设计和火灾安全咨询。     

高层办公楼火灾风险的性能化评估

应用NIST开发的HAZARD软件包重点对某一楼层的火灾烟气蔓延特性、人员疏散及人员的可耐受性进行了分析，同时还应用FPETOOL工具对人员安全逃出建筑物的疏散时间进行了模拟计算。通过进行合理的场景设计，利用模拟计算结果，讨论了该建筑物消防设计的合理性，对其疏散楼梯数量、疏散出口、防排烟系统及烟感探测器和自动报警装置的设置进行了讨论。     

Predicting Human Behavior During Fires

Evacuation models, including engineering hand calculations and computational tools, are used to calculate the time it takes to evacuate a building, which can then be used in an engineering safety analysis. However, there is a lack of available data and theory on occupant behavior for use by evacuation models to estimate evacuation time results and their uncertainty. In lieu of data and theory, evacuation models (and users) make assumptions and simplifications about occupant behavior, which can inappropriately characterize the time it actually takes to evacuate a building. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate current egress modeling techniques and advocate for the inclusion of a robust, comprehensive, and validated conceptual model of occupant behavior during building fires. This paper begins by describing the current state of evacuation modeling of human behavior in fires and identifying gaps in current behavioral prediction techniques. The second part of the paper outlines a model of occupant decision-making during emergencies, referred to as the protective action decision model (PADM); a theory that can serve as the basis for the development of a conceptual model of occupant decision-making and behavior during the pre-evacuation period of building fires. The PADM provides a framework that describes the decision-making steps that influence protective actions taken in response to natural and technological disasters—including perceiving information, paying attention to the information, comprehending the information, establishing the nature of the threat, personalizing the risk, searching for potential protective actions and choosing one of these, and then performing that action. The paper ends with a discussion of how to adapt and expand the PADM in order to develop a predictive conceptual model of the pre-evacuation period for use by computer evacuation models.     

A probabilistic occupant response model for fire emergencies

The present paper describes a probabilistic occupant response model for fire emergencies, which is integrated into a fire risk analysis model called CUrisk. Based on the PIA process, i.e., Perception, Interpretation and Action, the occupant response model predicts the probabilities of occupants perceiving fire signals due to direct perception, receiving fire alarms due to the activation of local alarms, sprinklers, the central alarm and the voice alarm, being warned by the other occupants and fire department, and taking actions including pulling the fire alarm, warning other occupants, calling the fire department, and commencing evacuation. The occupant response model is applied to predict the probabilities of evacuation initiation for a number of scenarios that consider combinations of fire detection and alarm systems for a mid-rise building. The results of the model show that asleep occupants need much longer response time to start evacuating and have lower probabilities of starting evacuation than awake occupants, which are consistent with what is observed in reality. Additionally, fire protection systems with only local alarms and only sprinklers connected to the central alarm can be improved significantly with systems with smoke detectors alone or combined with sprinklers connected to a central alarm, which result in higher probabilities of evacuation initiation with shorter delay times.     

An adaptable microcomputer model for evacuation management

A simulation method is presented which enables a modeler to identify dangerous bottlenecks for emergency building evacuation and to test the sensitivity of occupant exit behavior to evacuation improvement strategies. The modeling method is tested against landmark evacuation data of Pauls and Jones, and used to predict problems and solutions for a complex evacuation situation involving a large university building with multiple exit choices. Some concluding remarks are addressed to a future research agenda for this method.     

火灾中人员反应时间的分布对疏散时间影响的研究

建筑物火灾中人员的疏散时间主要包括反应时间（Pre-evacuation time）和在通道上的疏散时间（travel time）。利用国外最新的研究成果，对人员反应时闻的分布如何影响在通道上的的疏散时间和总的疏散时间进行了研究。结果表明：当反应时问很短时，行走（travelling）和排队等待（queuing）效应控制着整个疏散时间；当预反应时间较长时，行走和排队等待效应不重要了，而反应时间起主要作用。讨论了在人员高密度的条件下疏散模拟的结果．     

Modeling the occupant evacuation of the mass rapid transit station using the control volume model

In this study, a control volume model is applied to simulate the process of evacuation in mass rapid transit (MRT) station using different scenarios. The control volume model assumes that each individual is an independent particle. When the evacuation occupant flow is larger than the capacity of the exit so that a virtual closed surface called the control surface that can be formed by connecting the waiting occupants at the exit. The change of the control volume is dependent on the transient number of the waiting occupants only. Based on the homogeneous flow with neglecting the behavior of the individual, the dynamic change of the evacuation occupant at the exit of the platform and the concourse can be formulated and analyzed. In addition, the number and capacity of the exits used in the total evacuation time analysis were measured with the aid of video recording and on-site observations. Using the control volume model, the dynamic characteristics of the evacuation process at each time-step for each of the exits are calculated and discussed. Comparisons are also made with the results found from other studies and NFPA 130.