太阳能煤气化技术及发展前景

通过太阳能水煤气实验,研究了温度、反应物成分、气流速率等因素对煤气转换率的影响。经多次实验测得混合气中H2,CO和CO2的组分比,结果表明:温度较低时,反应不稳定,H2转化率较高,生成少量CO;随温度升高,H2转化率缓慢降低,CO和CO2相互转化明显,在1000～1050℃范围内煤炭转化率最高,近似99%,其中H2约占49%。在煤气转化过程中,升高温度可显著提高反应速率和有效气体的转化率;降低氧气含量可使反应简单,促进水煤气变换反应的持续进行,可进一步提高煤气生成率。     

积层电路板制造用光敏预聚物的合成及应用研究

用丙烯酸对酚醛环氧树脂进行改性,以使其具有感光性。考察温度及催化剂用量对反应的影响,并介绍积层电路板制造用液态感光成像油墨的配方和制作工艺,分析以合成的光敏预聚物为主体配制的油墨的感光性。结果发现,合适的反应温度为90℃,反应5h,转化率达91.83%;以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为催化剂,其质量分数以1.5%为宜;以自制的光敏预聚物配制的油墨,在曝光20s时,双键的转化率可达80%以上。     

Study on synthesis parameters of lipase-catalyzed hexyl acetate in supercritical CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> by response surface methodology

Hexyl acetate, a short-chain ester with fruity odor, is a significant green note flavor compound that is widely used in the food industry. The ability of immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM-77) to catalyze the transesterification of hexanol with triacetin in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated in this study. Response surface methodology and a 3-level-3-factor fractional factorial design were adopted to evaluate the effects of synthesis variables, such as reaction time (30 to 90 min), temperature (35 to 55°C), and pressure (1500 to 3500 psi), on percent molar conversion of hexyl acetate. The results showed that reaction time and pressure were the most important parameters and temperature had less effect on percent molar conversion. Based on canonical analysis, optimal synthesis conditions were as follows: reaction time 69.0 min, synthesis temperature 46.7°C, pressure 2640 psi. The predicted value was 75.6% and the actual value was 77.3% molar conversion.     

硫磷混酸分解高镁尾矿渣制取磷镁复合肥的工艺条件研究

介绍了以硫磷混酸和高镁磷尾矿粉为原料制备磷镁复合肥的工艺条件,研究了硫酸用量、磷酸用量、反应时间和反应温度对五氧化二磷、氧化镁转化率的影响。通过单因素实验得到最佳的工艺条件:磷酸用量为110 g、硫酸用量为15 g、反应时间为20 min、反应温度为50℃。在此条件下,磷尾矿渣中五氧化二磷的转化率大于90%,氧化镁转化率大于80%。     

超临界水氧化法处理醇类废水(Ⅰ)处理效果及过程参数的影响

研究了以超临界水氧化法（ ＳＣＷＯ）处理乙醇废水的过程。实验表明,一氧化碳和二氧化碳分别是反应中间产物和最终产物。５５０℃、２５ＭＰａ、停留时间大于１０ｓ时,ＳＣＷＯ能将乙醇完全氧化为二氧化碳,达到彻底处理的目的。随停留时间增大、温度升高,乙醇的去除率增大,而压力和氧气浓度的变化对过程没有显著影响。     

A KINETIC STUDY OF THE DRY SO2-LIMESTONE REACTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE

The dry reaction between SO₂ and limestone has been investigated at low temperatures. The study was focused on the wet-dry scrubbing application. Parameters investigated included: temperature: 313-353 K, SO₂ concentration: 50-4000 ppm, oxygen concentration: 0-9 percent, carbon dioxide concentration: 0-10 percent, relative humidity 0-92 percent, limestone panicle diameter: 4-100 microns, and limestone conversion: 0-95 percent. The study has revealed that the relative humidity, the particle diameter and the limestone conversion have the most dramatic impacts on the reaction rate. A suggested reaction mechanism is outlined in great detail.     

K_2S_2O_8/Na_2S_2O_3引发剑麻纤维接枝的研究

采用K_2S_2O_8/Na_2S_2O_3氧化还原体系作为剑麻纤维接枝的引发剂,能够降低反应的温度,提高纤维素的接枝率和单体的转化率。文章讨论了过硫酸钾、硫代硫酸钠和反应温度对剑麻纤维接枝的影响。     

A KINETIC STUDY OF THE DRY SO2-LIMESTONE REACTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE

The dry reaction between SO₂ and limestone has been investigated at low temperatures. The study was focused on the wet-dry scrubbing application. Parameters investigated included: temperature: 313–353 K, SO₂ concentration: 50–4000 ppm, oxygen concentration: 0–9 percent, carbon dioxide concentration: 0–10 percent, relative humidity 0–92 percent, limestone panicle diameter: 4–100 microns, and limestone conversion: 0–95 percent. The study has revealed that the relative humidity, the particle diameter and the limestone conversion have the most dramatic impacts on the reaction rate. A suggested reaction mechanism is outlined in great detail.     

铈盐引发水解EVA乳液接枝丙烯酸丁酯反应研究

乙烯－醋酸乙烯共聚物（ＥＶＡ）乳液经碱催化非均相水解处理后,与Ｃｅ４＋组成引发体系,引发丙烯酸丁酯接枝共聚合反应。研究表明,丙烯酸丁酯的转化率随体系中Ｃｅ４＋的浓度、反应温度及ＥＶＡ乳液水解程度的增大呈现先增加后减少的趋势,反应进行２ｈ后增加反应时间对其转化率影响不大。     

羟乙基丙烯酰胺合成的初步研究

本文简述了羟乙基丙烯酰胺的功能和应用前景。在此基础上,对羟乙基丙烯酰胺的合成工艺进行了研究。通过实验发现。以丙烯酸甲酯和乙醇胺为原料合成该单体的工艺具有副产物少、反应易控制等优点。并在此基础上以转化率为考察目标进行了正交实验,结果表明在配料物质的量比（丙烯酸甲酯：乙醇胺）=1：1．3、70℃、催化剂（氢氧化钾）用量为1．5％时转化率最高,并通过红外光谱对所得产物进行了表征测试。     

直馏石脑油催化裂解反应规律研究

在固定流化床装置上进行了直馏石脑油在庆阳平衡剂上的催化裂解反应实验,考察了反应温度和剂油比对石脑油转化率、族组成和不同烃类转化率的影响,结果表明：随反应温度和剂油比的增加,石脑油转化率逐渐增大,但总体转化率较低。反应后的汽油中芳烃含量大幅提高,环烷烃含量大幅下降。在相同的反应条件下,直馏石脑油中各组分的反应转化率为环烷烃〉异构烷烃〉正构烷烃。     

Hydrolysis kinetics and mechanism of adipamide in high temperature water

Adipamide (ADAM) served as a model to investigate the hydrolysis kinetics and mechanism of diamides in high temperature water. The major reaction products resulting from the hydrolysis of ADAM, primarily including adipamic acid and adipic acid, were detected. Effects of temperature, time, pressure, and pH on ADAM hydrolysis reaction kinetics have been investigated. The hydrolysis reaction is first order in ADAM at the temperature ranges investigated. The conversion is pH dependent, and three distinct regions of pH dependence exist. At low and high pH, the conversion increased rapidly with added acid and base, respectively. At near-neutral pH, however, the rate was essentially insensitive to changes in pH. The high content of adipamic acid in the reaction products at the initial hydrolysis reaction stage suggested that only one amide group was attacked at one time and then followed by transformation to a carboxyl. The reaction rate constants, average apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor were evaluated according to the Arrhenius equation. Based on the experimental results, hydrolysis reaction scheme and mechanism were proposed.     

胜利褐煤液化初期反应动力学研究

为研究胜利褐煤在初始阶段的煤液化反应动力学,在可快速升降温的微型高压釜中对胜利褐煤进行了加氢液化反应,得到了反应初期煤液化参数,并对胜利褐煤加氢液化反应初期的动力学行为进行分析。结果表明,虽然反应器升温速度较快,但到达反应温度时,仍有一定量的煤发生了转化,在反应温度440℃、反应时间为0时转化率达到28.12%;在较低温度下,胜利褐煤只发生了部分热解反应,反应后期几乎不再转化,在380℃、反应10 min后转化率已达28%,后续基本不变;随着反应温度的升高,反应转化率、油水产率、气产率等指标增大,反应前10 min增速较快,10~25 min时反应速率减缓,主要是沥青烯组分作为中间产物不断向油转化,速率较低。     

温度对丙酮连氮水解制肼反应动力学的影响

利用自制的丙酮连氮,在间隙搅拌式高压反应釜中,研究其在一定的温度范围内水解制取水合肼的反应过程,考察了反应过程中反应压力、丙酮连氮与水的摩尔比和反应温度等因素对丙酮连氮转化率的影响。探讨了在413.15—443.15 K下水解反应的本征动力学,采用拟均相可逆反应的动力学模型进行拟合,并利用最小二乘法进行非线性回归得到了相应的动力学方程。结果表明:在实验条件下,水解反应为可逆吸热反应,且正反应的活化能远高于逆反应的活化能,升高温度平衡常数K增大,从而可增大丙酮连氮的转化率,其动力学参数为反应精馏制取水合肼的模拟优化设计提供了参考数据。     

Five-factor response surface optimization of the enzymatic synthesis of citronellyl butyrate by lipase IM77 from Mucor miehei

Response surface methodology (RSM) and a five-level-five-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used to evaluate the effects of synthetic variables, such as reaction time (3 to 27 h), temperature (25 to 65 °C), enzyme amount (10 to 50%), substrate molar ratio of citronellol to butyric acid (1∶1 to 1∶3), and added water amount (0 to 20%) on molar percent yield of citronellyl butyrate by direct esterification, using lipase IM77 from Mucor miehei. Reaction time and temperature were the most important variables. Substrate molar ratio had no effect on percent molar conversion. Based on contour plots, optimal synthetic conditions were these: reaction time 24 h, temperature 60°C, enzyme amount 20%, substrate molar ratio 1∶1.5, and added water 0%. The predicted molar conversion value was 100%. An actual experimental value of 98% molar conversion was obtained.     

短碳链烷基多糖苷的合成技术研究

以葡萄糖和正丁醇为原料,考察了此非均相反应体系中反应温度、催化剂对合成短碳锭烷基多糖苷的反应过程的影响。结果表明,在最佳工艺条件时,糖的转人弦可达９９．５％,反应动力学研究的结果显示,该反应为假一级反应,表观反应速率常数Ｋ＝０．０４０３６,活化能Ｅａ＝３７１０６ＪＩ／ｍｏｌ。     

热蒸发法制备一维ZnO晶须材料

以陈化锌粉为锌源,利用热蒸发方法制得高纯度ZnO一维晶须材料,并对反应体系的工艺参数如氮气流量、反应温度、反应时间(保温时间)等因素对产物规整率、转化率及长径比的影响进行研究。利用SEM对产物形态进行表征。结果表明:以陈化锌粉为锌源,当反应温度为1000~1100℃,通入氮气量为0.2 m3/h,保温时间为60 min时能制备出高规整率、高产率转化率及高长径比的ZnO一维纳米材料。     

多相态甲基环己烷催化脱氢反应过程的研究

从系统动态能量平衡的角度对以Raney-Ni为催化剂的甲基环己烷在"多相态"模式下的脱氢反应过程进行了研究,考察了反应温度(453～573 K)、反应液用量(0.2～4.0 mL)和催化剂用量(2～10 g)对甲基环己烷脱氢转化率的影响.反应过程中生成的气体通过冷凝回流装置不断地从反应体系中分离溢出,通过对Raney-Ni催化剂表面温度和冷凝回滴液量的控制,使整个反应体系始终介于"液-固"和"气-固"的中间状态,实现反应体系的"液(由反应物系的冷凝回滴实现)、气(通过催化剂表面高温气化反应物系实现)、固(即固体催化剂)"的三相共存.研究表明,在多相态的反应体系中存在一个最佳的能量平衡点,它所对应的反应物在催化剂表面的停留时间,既能保证反应液与催化剂充分有效地接触,又能使反应物在发生脱氢反应后立即被气化脱离催化剂,抑制逆反应的发生,从而有效地提高甲基环己烷的脱氢转化率.在523 K,0.5 mL甲基环己烷和8 g Raney-Ni的反应条件下,甲基环己烷的脱氢转化率达到65%.     

Skeletal Isomerization of Linear Butenes on Ferrierite: Effect of the Presence of Lower Olefins in the Feed and of Operating Conditions

The skeletal isomerization of linear butene on ferrierite, at atmospheric pressure and 0.15 atm 1-butene partial pressure, was studied by feeding 1-butene streams with different ethene and propene concentrations and exploring several operating conditions. At short time-on-stream (5 min), the strongest acid sites govern the catalytic behavior, independent of the operating conditions in the studied ranges. At longer times, the reaction temperature mainly defines the conversion level. The higher the temperature, the larger the linear butene conversion. Temperature also has a strong influence over the nature of the carbonaceous deposit formed during reaction. At 400 °C, the deposit mainly shows an aromatic nature. The presence of lower olefins as impurities in the feed modifies both catalytic activity and by-product distribution. By decreasing the ethene concentration, the C⁺ ₅ fraction in the product stream increases and a lower carbonaceous deposit is formed. Using a nitrogen stream saturated with water during both pretreatment and reaction, the catalytic activity increases and the coke amount slightly diminishes, but the isobutene production is unfavored.     

Dielectric analysis of the cure of thermosetting epoxy/amine systems

A low molecular weight epoxy resin is cured isothermally with an aromatic amine hardener, and the dielectric properties are measured as a function of the frequency, reaction time, and cure temperature. At specific stages in the cure, small samples from the reacting mixture are quenched and subsequently analyzed for the glass transition temperature and epoxy group conversion by differential scanning calorimetry. In this manner, the change In dielectric properties can be directly correlated with the network structure. The ionic conductivity is modeled as a function of the cure temperature and the cure-dependent glass transition temperature using a Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) relation. Combining this WLF relation with the DiBenedetto equation, a comprehensive model relating conductivity with the extent of reaction and cure temperature has been developed.