基于改进的OPTICS聚类和LOPW的离群数据检测算法

针对现有的离群数据检测算法时间复杂度过高,且检测质量不佳的不足,提出一种新的基于改进的OPTICS聚类和LOPW的离群数据检测算法。首先,使用改进的OPTICS聚类算法对原始数据集进行预处理,筛选由聚类形成的可达图得到初步离群数据集;然后,利用新定义的基于P权值的局部离群因子LOPW计算初步离群数据集中对象的离群程度,计算距离时引入去一划分信息熵增量确定属性的权重,提高离群检测准确性。实验结果表明,改进后的算法不仅提高了运算效率,而且提高了对离群数据检测的精确度。     

基于网格技术的高维大数据集离群点挖掘算法

提出了一种基于网格技术的高维大数据集离群点挖掘算法（OMAGT）。该算法针对高维大数据集的分布特性，首先采用基于网格技术的方法寻找出聚类区域，并删除聚类区域内不可能成为离群点的聚类点集，然后运用局部离群因子（LOF）算法对剩下的点集进行离群点挖掘。OMAGT算法较好地实现了聚类信息的动态释放，将保留的离群点挖掘信息控制在一定的内存容量范围内，提高了算法的时间效率和空间效率。理论分析与实验结果表明OMAGT算法是可行和有效的。     

基于聚类划分的两阶段离群点检测算法

针对基于距离的离群点检测算法受全局阈值的限制, 只能检测全局离群点, 提出了基于聚类划分的两阶段离群点检测算法挖掘局部离群点。首先基于凝聚层次聚类迭代出K-means所需的k值, 然后再利用K-means的方法将数据集划分成若干个微聚类; 其次为了提高挖掘效率, 提出基于信息熵的聚类过滤机制, 判定微聚类中是否包含离群点; 最后从包含离群点的微聚类中利用基于距离的方法挖掘出相应的局部离群点。实验结果表明, 该算法效率高、检测精度高、时间复杂度低。     

基于熵度量的空间邻域离群点查找

离群点的查找算法主要有两类：第一类是面向统计数据,把各种数据都看成是多维空间,没有区分空间维与非空间维,这类算法可能产生错误的判断或找到的是无意义的离群点;第二类算法面向空间数据,区分空间维与非空间维,但该类算法查找效率太低或不能查找邻域离群点。引入熵权的概念,提出了一种新的基于熵权的空间邻域离群点度量算法。算法面向空间数据,区分空间维与非空间维,利用空间索引划分空间邻域,用非空间属性计算空间偏离因子,由此度量空间邻域的离群点。理论分析表明,该算法是合理的。实验结果表明,算法具有对用户依赖性小、检测精度和计算效率高的优点。     

基于动态网格的数据流离群点快速检测算法

离群点检测问题作为数据挖掘的一个重要任务,在众多领域中得到了应用.近年来,基于数据流数据的挖掘算法研究受到越来越多的重视.为了解决数据流数据中的离群点检测问题,提出了一种基于数据空间动态网格划分的快速数据流离群点检测算法.算法利用动态网格对空间中的稠密和稀疏区域进行划分,过滤处于稠密区域的大量主体数据,有效地减少了算法所需考察的数据对象的规模.而对于稀疏区域中的候选离群点,采用近似方法计算其离群度,具有高离群度的数据作为离群点输出.在保证一定精确度的条件下,算法的运行效率可以得到大幅度提高.对模拟数据集和真实数据集的实验检测均验证了该算法具有良好的适用性和有效性.     

一种基于关键域子空间的离群数据聚类算法

离群数据发现与分析是数据挖掘的重要组成部分,现有离群数据挖掘算法主要针对如何检测离群对象,缺乏对挖掘出的离群数据集进行解释与分析的有效方法.通过对离群数据来源及特性进行分析并结合粗糙集理论,定义了离群划分相似度的概念,提出了一种基于关键属性域子空间的离群数据聚类算法COKAS,该算法不仅揭示了离群数据子空间特性,进一步获取了扩展知识,而且有助于对整体数据集的理解.对两个多维数据集的实验结果表明,该算法具有良好的适应性及有效性.     

一种基于网格的增量聚类算法*

分析了现有基于网格的聚类算法,该算法具有高效且可以处理高维数据的特点,但传统网格聚类算法的聚类质量受网格划分的粒度影响较大。为此,提出了一种基于网格的增量聚类算法IGrid。IGrid算法具有传统网格聚类算法的高效性,且通过维度半径对网格空间进行了动态增量划分以提高聚类的质量。在真实数据集与仿真数据集上的实验结果表明,IGrid算法在聚类准确度以及效率上要高于传统的网格聚类算法。     

加速大规模数据集的离群点检测

针对现有基于距离的离群点检测算法在处理大规模数据时效率低的问题,提出一种基于聚类和索引的分布式离群点检测(DODCI) 算法。首先利用聚类方法将大数据集划分成簇;然后在分布式环境中的各节点处并行创建各个簇的索引;最后使用两个优化策略和两条剪枝规则以循环的方式在各节点处进行离群点检测。在合成数据集和整理后的KDD CUP数据集上的实验结果显示,在数据量较大时该算法比Orca和iDOoR算法快近一个数量级。理论和实验分析表明,该算法可以有效提高大规模数据中离群点的检测效率。     

GridOF:面向大规模数据集的高效离群点检测算法

作为数据库知识发现研究的重要技术手段，现有离群点检测算法在运用于大型数据集时其时间与空间效率均无法令人满意．通过对数据集中离群点分布特征的分析，在数据空间网格划分的基础上，研究数据超方格层次上的密度近似计算与稠密数据主体滤除策略．给出通过简单的修正近似计算取代繁复的点对点密度函数值计算的方法．基于上述思想构造的离群点检测算法GlidOF在保持足够检测精度的同时显著降低了时空复杂度，运用于大规模数据集离群点检测具有良好的适用性和有效性．     

基于峰值网格改进的小波聚类算法

针对小波聚类算法在不同网格划分尺度下表现出的聚类效果差异,提出了一种基于峰值网格的改进方法。算法主要针对小波聚类中连通区域的检测方式进行改进：首先,将小波变换后的空间网格依网格值的大小进行排序;然后利用广度优先搜索的方式遍历每一个空间网格,以检测经小波变换后数据中的峰值连通区域;最后,标记连通区域并将其映射到原数据空间中,以得出聚类结果。在8个人工数据集（4个凸数据集与4个非凸数据集）和UCI数据库中的2个真实数据集上的实验结果表明,改进算法在低网格划分尺度下有着良好的表现,与原小波聚类算法相比,这个算法对网格划分尺度的需求降低了25%~60%,并且在相同的聚类效果下减少了14%的聚类所需时间。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.