Claridge and Birchall, different forms of the P scale, and dependable moderators.

With respect to the Psychoticism (P) scale in the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the present author agrees with G. S. Claridge and P. Birchall (see record 1979-26131-001) that because the P scale previously employed by Claridge derives from the Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism Inventory and is importantly different from the P scale imbedded within the EPI, the findings by Claridge and his colleagues have uncertain relevance for the construct validity of the EPI. The basis for previously expressed concern (see record 1978-28560-001) regarding the analysis of the G. S. Claridge and H. J. Chappa study (see record 1974-02520-001) is clarified and extended, using the moderator variable paradigm. It is concluded that psychoticism, however defined, has not yet been established empirically as a strong and generally replicable moderator of the relation between 2-flash threshold and skin conductance level. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Eysencks and psychoticism.

Points out an inconsistency in the positions taken by H. J. Eysenck and S. B. G. Eysenck (see record 1978-28580-001) regarding the validation of the Eysenck Adul t Psychoticism (P) Scale as a measure of psychoticism. A study offered as evidence for the validity of the P scale is considered and evaluated to be of doubtful support. Would-be users of the P scale are urged to evaluate the relations surrounding the measure to see if it is likely to serve their own conceptual requirements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On differential validity and bias.

Responds to J. E. Hunter and F. L. Schmidt's criticism (see record 1979-22562-001) that the present authors underestimated Type I bias and overestimated Type II bias in their analysis of studies of ethnic differences in employment test validity (see record 1978-02212-001). It is suggested that it is premature to dismiss the issue of differential validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

History and accuracy of validity generalization equations: A response to the Callender and Osburn reply.

In a continuation of the discussion between the present authors (Schmidt et al; see record 1983-07150-001) and J. C. Callender and H. G. Osburn (see record 1983-07128-001), it is contended that neither Callender and Osburn (see record 1981-27033-001) nor F. L. Schmidt and J. E. Hunter (see record 1978-11418-001) have invented a model that accounts for the impact of artifacts on validity coefficients; this accomplishment is attributed to Spearman and to Fisher. An example is presented showing that in realistic situations, the present authors' noninteractive equation is more accurate than the Callender and Osburn equation. The 4-artifact equations are shown to be superior in either validity generalization values characterizing the findings of the field and those used in a specific application. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obesity and protection from risk.

Responds to W. B. Webb's (see record 1987-26955-001) and H. E. Yuker's (see record 1987-26956-001) comments on the present authors and J. Plotkin's (see record 1986-12806-001) study of human Ss review board decisions by affirming the need for human Ss review boards and by defending the study's distinction between sensitive and nonsensitive forms of discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scanning and form-contingent color aftereffects.

G. K. Humphrey et al (see record 1994-28172-001) and J. Broerse and P. Grimbeek (see record 1994-28160-001) suggested that the form-contingent color aftereffect reported by S. Siegel et al (see record 1992-22207-001) would not be obtained if Ss were instructed to scan the induction and assessment forms. The authors present data from 10 adult Ss who were instructed to scan the forms. These scanning Ss displayed aftereffects that were no different from those described earlier by Siegel et al. Scanning Ss do display spatiotopic contingent color aftereffects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

P scale and psychosis: Continued concerns.

Notes that the reply by H. J. Eysenck (see record 1978-20108-001) to D. V. Bishop's (1977) criticism of the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire relies heavily for its rebuttal on information contained in a new book by the Eysencks (H. J. Eysenck and S. B. Eysenck, 1976) that was not available to Bishop for her critique. This new additional evidence did not, however, provide the present author with reassurance regarding the usefulness and validity of the P scale. It is argued that because of the extraordinary skewness of the P score distribution, high P scores can be a function simply of attention fluctuation, the error of measurement is especially large for high P scores, and the internal-consistency reliability of the P scale is inflated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Burnout, job setting, and self-evaluation among rehabilitation counselors.

Surveyed 38 rehabilitation counselors to investigate the relationship of experienced burnout to self-concept and job setting. Ss completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a questionnaire about their work. The emotional exhaustion component of burnout emerged as the key factor in the results. Emotional exhaustion was related to work overload and a perceived lack of control. It was also linked to dissatisfaction with certain aspects of the job. Findings are consistent with previous theorizing and research on burnout by J. Gaines and J. M. Jermier (see record 1984-10923-001) and C. Maslach and S. E. Jackson (see record 1985-24012-001) and underscore the relevance of this phenomenon for the rehabilitation profession. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Truth and deception: A reply to Lykken.

In reply to D. T. Lykken's (see record 1979-30044-001) review of the validity of lie detector tests and his criticisms of the present authors' (see record 1978-07412-001) survey, evidence is presented showing that control question tests of deception have an accuracy of approximately 90% in the field situation and are highly effective with both innocent and guilty Ss. Lykken's representation of the theory of lie detector tests is questioned, and the correct application of control question tests is discussed. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Illusory correlation and the MMPI controversy: Reply to some of the allusions and elusions in Block's and Edwards' commentaries.

In 1890 J. G. Frazer described magical thinking as a failure to distinguish between the concepts of similarity and contiguity on the one hand and the concept of causation on the other. Objects and events that resemble one another or have been in contact are thought to influence one another. The "illusory correlation" interpretation discussed in the present author's paper (see record 1978-20145-001) is a more recent version of Frazer's magical thinking hypothesis. Resemblance is not a good predictor of co-occurrence likelihood in the real world; nonetheless, objects and events that resemble one another are said to go together despite experience to the contrary. The illusory correlation interpretation is explicated with reference to A. L. Edwards's (see record 1978-20107-001) and J. Block's (see record 1978-20097-001) critiques. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Block and Buirski and to DeFrancesco.

Responds to comments by P. Block and P. Buirski (see record 1993-07301-001) and J. J. DeFrancesco (see record 1993-07303-001) regarding the authors' (see record 1992-06970-001) idea for a network of centers of excellence to provide postdoctoral training. The authors address services to the underserved, prolonged professional training, and a changing marketplace. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Two new procedures for studying validity generalization.

Several Monte Carlo studies examined the accuracy of 2 new procedures in estimating population true validity mean and variance. Results indicate that 1 of the new procedures provided slightly more accurate estimates than the procedures of F. L. Schmidt and J. E. Hunter (see record 1978-11448-001) and J. C. Callender and H. G. Osburn (see record 1981-00257-001). From a practical point of view, however, the estimates from the various procedures were quite comparable. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Gunnar Johansson's critical commentary.

Responds to G. Johansson's (see record 1986-10919-001) critique of the present authors and D. Nitzberg's (see record 1986-00251-001) proposed alternative to vector analysis in motion perception. The present authors argue that their use of the 1950 version of vector analysis does not affect the validity of their findings. An example in which vector analysis is shown to be ineffective is included. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role of penile tumescence measurement in the behavioral treatment of sexual deviation: Issues of validity.

G. M. Farkas (see record 1979-26637-001) raised 3 specific issues concerning the validity of penile tumescence assessment of sexual arousal in the laboratory. Some of these issues were addressed in the present authors' (see record 1978-01511-001) original case study, and this reply to Farkas is intended to place the issues of validity in a broader perspective. While acknowledging the limitations of the erection measure, the authors see an important place for it in both the assessment and treatment of sexual disorders. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structures of psychological distress: Testing confirmatory hierarchical models.

Tested the contention of C. T. Veit and J. E. Ware (see record 1984-02935-001) that the structure of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) proposed by B. P. Dohrenwend et al (see record 1981-25946-001) is underlaid with the factors of Psychological Distress and Psychological Well-Being. Data from intercorrelations of 5 MHI scales from 5,089 Ss were used. Results show that the theoretical formulation of the MHI is consistent with the data. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluating counselor effectiveness: A critical review of rating scale instruments.

Critiques 6 frequently used counselor rating scales: the Counselor Rating Form (A. Barak and M. B. LaCrosse; see record 1976-07806-001), the Counselor Rating Form—Short Version (J. D. Corrigan and L. D. Schmidt; see record 1983-09385-001), the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory, the Counselor Evaluation Inventory (J. D. Linden et al; see record 1966-04251-001), the Counselor Effectiveness Scale (A. E. Ivey, 1971), and the Counselor Effectiveness Rating Scale (D. R. Atkinson and G. Carskaddon; see record 1975-25352-001). The validity, reliability, and pragmatic utility of each scale are critically examined, and the frequency of scale use across 3 counseling journals is recorded for an 11-yr period (1974–1984). Reliability and validity issues are raised, and it is suggested that use of these instruments has been based more on convention than on sound psychometric evidence. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Convergent and discriminant validity of selected assertiveness measures.

Used D. T. Campbell and D. W. Fiske's (see record 1976-20103-001) multitrait-multimethod design and D. N. Jackson's (see record 1976-00077-001) multimethod factor analysis to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of selected assertiveness measures as compared with those of aggression and dominance. The selected assertiveness measures were the College Self-Expression Scale (J. P. Galassi et al; see record 1974-30156-001), the Wolpe-Lazarus Assertiveness Questionnaire (J. Wolpe and A. Lazarus, 1966), and global self-ratings of assertiveness. 159 undergraduates served as Ss. Results provide strong support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the assertiveness measures. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of order of presentation, primacy, and physical attractiveness on attributions of ability.

Conducted 4 experiments with 720 undergraduates to determine if physical attractiveness interacts with or negates the primacy effect found by E. E. Jones et al (see record 1969-06853-001). Results demonstrate that attractive Ss received uniformly high attributions regardless of performance. Unattractive Ss, however, received attributions similar to those received by Ss who had no physical-attractiveness stimuli presented. Physical attractiveness had an effect only when presented before performance. When presented after performance, attributions received by attractive-stimulus Ss were not significantly different from attributions received by unattractive-stimulus Ss, as had been the case when attractiveness was presented before performance. Results support D. Newston (see record 1974-11048-001) and Newston and R. J. Rindner's (1979) hypothesis that perceivers may stop processing information once a point of sufficient subjective information is reached. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Death knell for psychotherapy?

Reviews criticisms of M. L. Smith and G. V. Glass's (see record 1978-10341-001) meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies, including the comments of H. J. Eysenck (1978), P. S. Gallo (1978), and S. Presby (1978). Smith and Glass's data tend to negate the claimed benefits of psychotherapy, as well as the value of educational and experiential achievement in the field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)