Comparison of TaqMan Salmonella amplification/detection kit with standard culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in meat samples

We evaluated the TaqMan PCR Salmonella amplification/detection kit (PE Applied Biosystems) for rapid detection of Salmonella from a variety of meat samples. This system uses the 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase, which digests an internal fluorogenic probe to monitor the amplification of the target gene. The detection sensitivity of the kit, using 2 kinds of DNA extraction protocols, was compared with that obtained with 4 protocols of official culture methods. A total of 98 meat samples (16 raw beef, 31 pork and 51 chicken) were tested. The results of the TaqMan PCR method and the combined results of the 4 cultural protocols showed excellent agreement. However, no single culture protocol showed optimal recovery of Salmonella comparable to the PCR method. These results suggest that the TaqMan PCR method is a reliable and rapid method useful for detecting Salmonella in meat products.     

Rapid, specific detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in pooled eggs by real-time PCR

An assay was developed for the specific detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs with the use of an application of the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan). In this assay, a segment of the gene sefA specific to Salmonella group D strains such as Salmonella Enteritidis was used. The amplification of the target gene products was monitored in real-time by incorporating a fluorescent dye-labeled gene-specific probe in the PCR reaction. This method correctly detected and distinguished Salmonella Enteritidis from nearly 50 of non-group D Salmonella and other non-Salmonella strains. Detection of the sefA gene was linear for DNA extracted from approximately 10(2) to 10(9) CFU/ml in phosphate-buffered saline and 10(3) to 10(8) CFU/ml in raw egg. In two trials, when applied to detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in homogenized egg pools and compared with conventional culture methods, the newly developed PCR method yielded a 100% correlation with results obtained by a conventional culture method. However, the PCR method required only 2 days, compared to the 5 days required by the culture method. The sensitivity of this assay was approximately less than 1 CFU/600 g of egg pool. The real-time PCR assay proved to be a rapid, highly sensitive test for detection and quantification of low concentrations of Salmonella Enteritidis in egg samples.     

食品中沙门菌PCR检测方法的建立

为建立食品中快速检测沙门菌的PCR方法。选取沙门菌属侵袭性抗原保守基因invA基因上的靶序列设计一对引物,选择最适Mg 浓度和退火温度,建立最适PCR反应体系,用2%琼脂糖,5μl反应产物(包括EB),100V,40min进行电泳,显像。用该引物对已经传统方法鉴定的22种77株沙门菌和24种24株非沙门菌进行特异性检测,并对人工污染的食品进行检测条件的研究。Mg 浓度和退火温度对该反应体系的影响较小,稳定性较好;经传统方法鉴定的22种77株沙门菌和24种24株非沙门菌验证了该检验方法具有很好的特异性;该检测方法可以在19h内检出含有沙门菌102CFUg的食品(火腿肠、鸡蛋、散装肉馅)。与传统方法比较,该方法快速、敏感、特异,能在较短的时间内对大量样品同时进行检测,适用于食品中沙门菌的快速、敏感、特异检测。     

Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-based test for detecting Salmonella spp. in food samples: Probelia Salmonella spp

A commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit was evaluated for the detection of Salmonella spp. in food samples. The test combines PCR amplification and sandwich hybridization of the amplified DNA in microtiter plates. The sensitivity and specificity was evaluated with 52 Salmonella strains and 51 non-Salmonella strains and showed that the test was entirely reliable. The threshold sensitivity was 10(2) CFU/ml. The limit of detection of dead cells that determines the minimum detection level of dead cells in food samples was superior to 10(6) CFU/25 g, a level rarely achieved in naturally contaminated samples. After an 18-h pre-enrichment step, the test could detect viable Salmonella in artificially contaminated food samples, even for the lower contamination level (3 CFU/25 g). There was complete agreement between the PCR test and the ISO 6579 bacteriological reference method with artificially contaminated samples. Regarding the accuracy of the results obtained from 253 naturally or noncontaminated foods and from 32 artificially contaminated foods, the agreement percentage was 99.6%. The fidelity of the technique was evaluated in a collaborative study with eight European laboratories and showed a correlation of 98.4%.     

Detection of viable Salmonella in lettuce by propidium monoazide real-time PCR

Contamination of lettuce by Salmonella has caused serious public health problems. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria in food, but it is inaccurate as it might amplify DNA from dead target cells as well. This study aimed to investigate the stability of DNA of dead Salmonella cells in lettuce and to develop an approach to detecting viable Salmonella in lettuce. Salmonella-free lettuce was inoculated with heat-killed Salmonella Typhimurium cells and stored at 4 °C. Bacterial DNA extracted from the sample was amplified by real-time PCR targeting the invA gene. Our results indicate that DNA from the dead cells remained stable in lettuce for at least 8 d. To overcome this limitation, propidium monoazide (PMA), a dye that can selectively penetrate dead bacterial cells and cross-link their DNA upon light exposure, was combined with real-time PCR. Lettuce samples inoculated with different levels of dead or viable S. Typhimurium cells were treated or untreated with PMA before DNA extraction. Real-time PCR suggests that PMA treatment effectively prevented PCR amplification from as high as 10(8) CFU/g dead S. Typhimurium cells in lettuce. The PMA real-time PCR assay could detect viable Salmonella at as low as 10(2) CFU/mL in pure culture and 10(3) CFU/g in lettuce. With 12-h enrichment, S. Typhimurium of 10(1) CFU/g in lettuce was detectable. In conclusion, the PMA real-time PCR assay provides an alternative to real-time PCR assay for accurate detection of Salmonella in food.     

食品中空肠弯曲菌荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增检测方法的建立

本研究为了实现空肠弯曲菌的快速和便捷检测,建立了一种基于荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(exo-RPA)快速检测空肠弯曲菌的方法。通过对空肠弯曲菌和对照菌株的exo-RPA检测来判断该方法的特异性。用梯度稀释的空肠弯曲菌作为模板进行检测来分析exo-RPA方法的灵敏度。通过对模拟污染样品检测来分析exo-RPA的应用效果。分别以exo-RPA和荧光PCR检测实际食品样品来分析二者的检测效果。空肠弯曲菌exo-RPA方法可特异检出空肠弯曲菌,检测灵敏度达到6.0×102CFU/m L。在模拟污染试验中,含2.5×101 CFU/m L空肠弯曲菌的增菌液在培养24 h后可以被exo-RPA检测出阳性信号。exo-RPA和荧光PCR对于40份样品的检测结果相同。本研究建立的空肠弯曲菌exo-RPA具有特异、灵敏和抗干扰性强的特点,方法操作简便快速,具有较好的应用前景。     

Combination of immunomagnetic separation with real-time PCR for rapid detection of Salmonella in milk, ground beef, and alfalfa sprouts

A rapid, specific, and sensitive method for detecting Salmonella spp. in pasteurized milk, ground beef, and alfalfa sprouts was developed. The method combined immunomagnetic separation with a real-time PCR assay based on the double-stranded DNA binding dye SYBR Green I. The primers used produced a product with a melting temperature of 87+/-0.5 degrees C during the PCR assay by amplifying a 284-bp sequence from the invasive gene (invA) of Salmonella. The method was successful in detecting 20 Salmonella strains, but the expected PCR product was not formed by any of 11 other bacterial strains. To test this combined method for the monitoring of Salmonella, Salmonella enterica serotype Newport was inoculated into 52 samples each of pasteurized milk, ground beef, and alfalfa sprouts. Following a 10-h nonselective enrichment step in buffered peptone water, cells were removed by immunomagnetic separation and DNA extracted using the High Pure PCR template preparation kit. The DNA produced was used as a template in the real-time PCR assay. When spiked pasteurized milk, ground beef, and alfalfa sprout samples were analyzed by this protocol, an initial inoculum of 1 CFU/ml, 25 CFU/25 g, and 1.5 CFU/25 g, respectively, was detectable within 13 h. These results indicate that the combination of immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR assay was a highly specific and sensitive method for the rapid detection of Salmonella.     

婴幼儿奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌双重荧光PCR快速检测方法的建立

旨在建立针对阪崎肠杆菌的双重荧光PCR快速检测方法。以阪崎肠杆菌局部大分子合成(MMS)操纵子和外膜蛋白A(ompA)为靶基因,建立双重荧光PCR反应体系,探讨该体系的特异性、灵敏度和抗干扰能力。结果表明,双重荧光PCR体系对阪崎肠杆菌的灵敏度为4.3×103 CFU/mL,人工污染初始菌量为2 CFU/100 g奶粉样品增菌24 h即可检出;39株实验菌中的15株阪崎肠杆菌出现特异性扩增,24株非阪崎肠杆菌未出现特异性扩增。本研究所建立的双重荧光PCR体系特异好、灵敏度较高及抗干扰能力强,可用于婴幼儿奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌的快速检测。     

免疫捕捉通用引物PCR检测食品中沙门氏菌

利用免疫吸附富集结合经典PCR 技术建立免疫捕捉通用引物PCR(IC-UPPCR)检测食品中沙门氏菌。采用细菌16S rRNA 基因保守区设计特异性引物,建立通用引物PCR 技术是可行的,该IC-UPPCR 检测沙门氏菌的灵敏度最低,能检测到2 × 102CFU/ml,检测沙门氏菌属和非沙门氏菌属标准株的特异性为100%,无假阳性和假阴性出现。结果表明该方法具有简单、快速、特异性好和敏感性高等特点,并可满足大批样品沙门氏菌筛选检测的要求,适用于食品卫生监管、商品检验检疫以及临床诊断等领域。     

Evaluation of a 5'-nuclease (TaqMan) assay with the thin agar layer oxyrase method for the detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in ground pork samples

A 5'-nuclease (TaqMan) assay was evaluated for its capability to recover and detect stressed Yersinia enterocolitica. Sensitivity studies of a 5'-nuclease assay for detecting Y. enterocolitica 0:8 in a pure culture system and spiked ground pork samples demonstrated that the assay has reliable sensitivity with a detection limit of 3 to 4 log CFU/ml or CFU/g. The PCR 5'-nuclease (TaqMan) assay was evaluated with the Thin Agar Layer Oxyrase method (TALO, overlaying 14 ml of Trypticase soy agar with a 1:30 dilution of "Oxyrase for Agar" onto a prepoured pathogen-specific, selective medium), and it was compared against the selective medium cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) for recovering and detecting Y. enterocolitica from inoculated nonfrozen and frozen (-15 degrees C, 2 days) ground pork samples. The TALO method showed more sensitivity (detection limit, 2 log CFU/ml), and it has greater recovery capability (0.5 to 1 log CFU/ml) than CIN (P < 0.05). The 5'-nuclease assay provided rapid detection processing (5 versus 24 h after an 18-h enrichment). The sensitivity per PCR was calculated to as low as 0 to 1 log CFU per PCR reaction; however, in the method's current developmental stage, target pathogens should be enriched to 3 to 4 log CFU/ml or CFU/g to show consistent results. In a survey of 100 ground pork samples using TALO, CIN, and PCR methods, no Y. enterocolitica was recovered. A combined cultivation and an automated PCR TaqMan could be used as a presumptive screening test for detecting Y. enterocolitica in food samples.     

IQ-Check Salmonella II Kit方法对食品中沙门氏菌检测的评价

通过对标准菌株和人工污染沙门氏菌的食品样品进行检测,评价IQ-Check Salmonella Ⅱ试剂盒方法。该研究采用试剂盒方法对50株不同血清型的沙门氏菌和50株非沙门氏菌进行检测,分析该方法的灵敏性和特异性;通过对人工污染沙门氏菌食品样品(包括液体奶、婴幼儿配方乳粉、肉及肉类制品)的检测,评价试剂盒方法与GB 4789.4-2016方法的一致性。实验结果表明:当菌浓度在10³ CFU/mL及以上,试剂盒方法对50株沙门氏菌实现全部检出,其对不同血清型沙门氏菌检出限的平均值为6.98×10² CFU/mL。试剂盒方法对50株非沙门检测结果均为阴性,说明试剂盒特异性较好。试剂盒方法与GB方法对人工污染沙门氏菌的食品样品阳性检出率分别为98.77%(161/163)和96.32%(157/163);相对准确度为:96%、99%、97%,总体准确度为97.33%;相对灵敏度为:96.22%、100%、100%,总体灵敏度为98.73%;相对特异性为:95.74%、98.15%、92.86%,总体特异性为95.80%。参照ISO 16140进行方法一致性分析,结果表明两方法在统计学上无显著性差异。该研究表明该试剂盒方法具有高灵敏性和特异性强的特点,在人工染菌食品样品检测中与GB方法呈高度一致性,值得在食品沙门氏菌快速检测中推广应用。     

TaqMan实时荧光PCR对沙门氏菌能力验证样品的快速检测与鉴定

本研究依据GB 4789.4-2016标准对沙门氏菌ACAS-PT526能力验证样品进行常规培养法检测,同时使用TaqMan实时荧光聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术对预增菌培养物进行快速检测和鉴定。本研究首先以沙门氏菌特异性基因hut基因为靶基因,设计合成特异性引物和探针,提取各类食源性菌种的核酸DNA进行实时荧光PCR反应,仅沙门氏菌属出现阳性扩增,非沙门氏菌属、阴性对照和空白对照均无扩增信号,验证设计合成的引物探针具有较高的特异性。其次将能力验证样品和加标样品经预增菌、增菌、分离、纯化、生化试验和血清学鉴定,同时将预增菌培养物经实时荧光PCR测定后,18-D319和加标样品有显著的S型扩增曲线,Ct值分别为24.34和26.21,为沙门氏菌阳性,18-M906无显著荧光信号,Ct值>40.00,为沙门氏菌阴性。经API20E试剂条鉴定,18-D319为猪霍乱沙门菌亚利桑那亚种,鉴定百分率为99.90%,T值为0.97,18-M906为大肠埃希氏菌,鉴定百分率为99.80%,T值为0.94。实时荧光PCR检测结果与常规培养法检测结果一致,且更为简单快速,从预增菌到结果判定仅需12 h,结果准确度高,一批次可检测多个样品,可用于大量样品中沙门氏菌的快速筛查和对能力验证样品的检测验证。     

沙门氏菌商品化核酸检测试剂盒评价

目的结合不同标准和参数,对沙门氏菌商品化检测试剂盒进行评价。方法用52个血清型的64株沙门氏菌和20个种属的30株非沙门氏菌,对沙门氏菌商品化核酸检测系统进行包容性和排他性评价;通过与我国国标方法的平行检测,使用20个食品样本对沙门氏菌商品化核酸检测系统进行方法一致性评价。结果商品化检测系统对沙门氏菌的平均检出限为1.51×103 CFU/m L,灵敏度为100%;对30株非沙门氏菌进行检测,商品化核酸检测系统检测结果均为阴性,特异性为100%;对生肉和熟肉制品食品样品进行沙门氏菌检测,沙门氏菌商品化核酸检测系统与国标方法的一致性均在95%以上,均无显著性差异(P0.05),准确度为100%。结论沙门氏菌商品化检测系统以其快速、简便、准确、不需要大型仪器,值得在食品微生物检测行业推广。     

Rapid and simultaneous quantitation of Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella in ground beef by multiplex real-time PCR and immunomagnetic separation

The objective of this study was to establish a multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous quantitation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella. Genomic DNA for the real-time PCR was extracted by the boiling method. Three sets of primers and corresponding TaqMan probes were designed to target these three pathogenic bacteria. Multiplex real-time PCR was performed with TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix in an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System. Final standard curves were calculated for each pathogen by plotting the threshold cycle value against the bacterial number (log CFU per milliliter) via linear regression. With optimized conditions, the quantitative detection range of the real-time multiplex PCR for pure cultures was 10(2) to 10(9) CFU/ml for E. coli O157:H7, 10(3) to 10(9) CFU/ml for Salmonella, and 10(1) to 10(8) CFU/ml for Shigella. When the established multiplex real-time PCR system was applied to artificially contaminated ground beef, the detection limit was 10(5) CFU/g for E. coli O157:H7, 10(3) CFU/g for Salmonella, and 10(4) CFU/g for Shigella. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) was further used to separate E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella from the beef samples. With the additional use of IMS, the detection limit was 10(3) CFU/g for both pathogens. Results from this study showed that TaqMan real-time PCR, combined with IMS, is potentially an effective method for the rapid and reliable quantitation of E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella in food.     

Application of SYBR green real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a SYBR Green 1 real-time PCR method for the specific detection of Salmonella spp. in dairy farm environmental samples. Previously reported 119-bp invA gene was selected for specificity, and 124 Salmonella spp. including type strains and 116 non-Salmonella strains were evaluated. All Salmonella strains tested were invA-positive and all non-salmonella strains yielded no amplification products. The melting temperature (Tm=79 degrees C) was consistently specific for the amplicon. Correlation coefficients of standard curves constructed using the threshold cycle (C(T)) versus copy numbers of Salmonella Enteritidis showed good linearity in broth (R2=0.994; slope=3.256) and sterilized milk (R2=0.988; slope=3.247), and the minimum levels of detection were >10(2) and >10(3) colony forming units (CFU)/ml, respectively. To validate the real-time PCR assay, an experiment was conducted with both spiked and naturally contaminated samples. Lagoon water, feed/silage, bedding soil, and bulk tank milk samples obtained from dairy farms were spiked with 10(0) to 10(5) CFU/ml of Salmonella Enteritidis. Sensitivities for detecting Salmonella in these sources were 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/ml of inoculums in broth without enrichment. Detection limits were reduced to <10 CFU/ml of inoculum in broth after 18 h enrichment. Ninety-three environmental samples including fecal slurry, feed/silage, lagoon water, drinking water, bulk tank milk, farm soil, and bedding soil were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella by real-time PCR, results were compared with those obtained by conventional culture methods. All samples analyzed were negative for Salmonella by both real-time PCR and standard culture method. No false positive or false negative results were detected.     

食品中沙门氏菌FTA膜结合跨越式滚环等温扩增检测方法的建立

为实现食品中沙门氏菌的简便和快速现场检测,本研究采用FTA膜(Flinders technology associates,FTA)结合跨越式滚环等温扩增(Saltatory rolling circle amplification,SRCA)方法(FTA-SRCA)建立一种新型的沙门氏菌检测方法。利用FTA膜快速提取模板DNA,根据沙门氏菌的inv A基因设计及筛选引物,建立FTA-SRCA反应体系。扩增反应在能够实现集约化检测的凹孔板中进行,反应结束后添加荧光染料观察结果。确定了该方法的特异性、灵敏度和人工污染样品的检出限,并对60个实际样品进行检测,评估其敏感性、特异性和符合率。结果表明:检测的17株沙门氏菌均为阳性结果,29株非沙门氏菌均为阴性结果,特异性良好。FTA-SRCA方法的灵敏度为6.81×100 CFU/m L,比PCR方法高100倍,比SRCA方法高10倍。对于人工污染的牛奶样品检测,FTA-SRCA方法的检出限为3.22×100CFU/m L,比PCR方法低1000倍,比SRCA方法低10倍。检测实际样品的敏感性、特异性和符合率分别为100.00%,94.64%,95.00%。本研究建立的FTA-SRCA方法具有操作简便快速、成本低廉、特异性强、灵敏度高、检出限低等优点,可用于食品中沙门氏菌的大批量集约化快速现场检测。     

实时荧光PCR法检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌

目的 建立实时荧光PCR法检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的方法。方法 基于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌II型限制酶基因, 设计引物及Taqman探针, 利用实时荧光PCR进行特异性、灵敏性及模拟样品的检测实验。结果 特异性探针可从25种血清型沙门氏菌(共49株)及11株阴性对照菌株中检测出全部的11株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌梯度稀释菌液DNA为模板进行实时荧光PCR实验, 菌株模板浓度与Ct值呈良好线性关系, 线性系数(R2)为0.998, 扩增效率90%, 最低检测浓度300 cfu/mL。对已接种鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的4种模拟样品同时进行实时荧光PCR检测和传统方法鉴定, 两者结果一致。结论 此方法特异、灵敏、准确, 适于食品中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的检测。     

食品中沙门氏菌快速检测技术研究进展

沙门氏菌的检验在食品微生物检验中具有十分重要的意义。本文主要针对基于免疫学的快速检测方法-酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)、基于分子生物学的聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)、环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)和基于蛋白质的基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱法(matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)在食品中沙门氏菌快速检测的应用进行了分析与比较。基于3种不同原理的检测方法各有其优缺点,ELISA方法成本低,操作简单但检出限高;PCR方法成本较高,但检测快速、灵敏度高且检出限低;MALDI-TOF MS检出限低但需要完善的细菌库进行比对。因此建议将含内控的荧光定量PCR与LAMP法作为食品中检测沙门氏菌的主要方法。     

乳制品中沙门氏菌分子检测方法的验证研究

目的验证沙门氏菌、非沙门菌及阳性核酸模板对MICROFAST?沙门氏菌核酸检测试剂盒(PCR-探针法)的特异性和稳定性,同时比对试剂盒法与GB 4789.4—2016培养法定性检测结果的一致性。方法用实验室保存的30株沙门氏菌和15株非沙门氏菌菌株验证MICROFAST?沙门氏菌核酸检测试剂盒(PCR-探针法)的特异性。通过人工添加不同浓度沙门氏菌对30个乳制品样本,采用国家标准法和试剂盒法同时检验,探究方法的一致性。选择制备好的5份阳性核酸模板,每个模板分别使用3个批次的试剂盒进行检测,对实验结果进行重复性和显著性分析,确定不同试剂盒批次间是否存在显著性差异。结果 30株沙门氏菌菌株和15株非沙门氏菌菌株的特异性检测结果表明,MICROFAST?沙门氏菌核酸检测试剂盒(PCR-探针法)对沙门氏菌的特异性符合预期。人工添加的阳性样本检测结果表明,在乳制品样本范围内,试剂盒的假阳性率与假阴性率为0。3个批次的试剂盒对5份阳性模板检测结果之间没有显著性差异,变异系数CV均小于1%。结论该试剂盒方法与国家标准法相比,具有操作简单、快速等优势,适合乳制品加工过程微生物快速检测。