American safflower seed oil

Summary The chemical and physical characteristics of a sample of hot pressed oil from saflower seed grown in Montana have been determined. This oil was found to contain 87.72 per cent of unsaturated acids, and 5.92 per cent of saturated acids. The composition of the oil has been determined with the following results, and, for comparison, results for sunflower seed and soy bean oils previously obtained, are also given. It will be observed that safflower oil contains a considerably larger proportion of linolic acid and less oleic acid than either of the other two oils, and this fact would account for its superior drying power.     

Characteristics of safflower seed oils of turkish origin

Technological characteristics of oils extracted from seventeen varieties of safflower seeds (Carthamus tinctorius L.) of Turkish origin were investigated for their utilization prospects in the food industry and in other industrial sectors. Standard procedures were applied to determine the technological characteristics of seventeen varieties of safflower seeds and the safflower seed oils; fatty acid compositions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Results show that safflower seed oils are suitable both for food and industrial purposes.     

Filtration-extraction of safflower seed on a bench scale

Data are presented to show that filtration-extraction can be successfully applied on a bench-scale to extract whole or decorticated safflower seed to a residual lipids content in meal of about 1.0%. Recommended procedure and operating conditions for processing this seed are given. These were found to be adequate within the limitations of the study and are not to be considered optimum. They are similar to those employed for filtration-extraction of most high-oil-content materials except that, for safflower, severe initial rolling is necessary and that efficient processing of decorticated seed requires an additional step of rerolling of the cooked materials prior to extraction. Based on the close correlation obtained to date between bench- and industrial-scale filtration-extraction results for a wide variety of oil crops, there should be little difficulty encountered in the processing of safflower on a commercial scale. One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Lipid changes in maturing oil-bearing plants. II. Changes in fatty acid composition of flax and safflower seed oils

Changes in the fatty acids composition of the oil in flax and safflower seed that occur during the seed-ripening period have been measured. Concentrations of lipid or of specific fatty acid, expressed on a weight-per-seed basis, have been plotted as functions of days after fertilization and of percentage of oil development. Relations between these two independent variables have been established, and limitations to the unsefulness of the latter variable have been pointed out. Days after fertilization proved to be the more useful abscissa. Nonpolar solvents were used to remove free lipid from the tissue, and the total extractable matter was separated into true lipid and nonlipid components. With both flax and safflower, weight of true free lipid per seed and total unsaturation increased during the same period of growth. Nonlipid extractable matter was an inverse function of the extent of development. In developing flax seed, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids all increased continuously; oil in immature seed however was more saturated than oil in more mature seed. Nevertheless the ratio of linolenic acid to linoleic acid that characterizes linseed oil was established by the 20th day after fertilization during a normal growing season. In developing safflower seed, oleic acid concentration increased slowly during the first 30 days after fertilization and then appeared to level off in some cases as maturity was approached. Initially linoleic acid was present in almost the same amount as oleic acid, but by the 20th day after fertilization its concentration was three times that of oleic acid. This ratio of linoleic to oleic acid tended to increase steadily during the latter part of seed development.     

The triglyceride composition ofMoringa concanensis seed fat

Moringa concanensis seed fat and its randomized product have been subjected to pancreatic hydrolysis. Glyceride compositions have been calculated from the original fatty acid composition and those of the monoglycerides produced by hydrolysis. The per cent GS₃ content of the interesterified product has also been determined by the combined techniques of thin layer chromatography on silver nitrate impregnated silica gel and colorimetry.     

The triglyceride composition ofbutea monosperma seed oil

Fatty acid and triglyceride composition ofButea monosperma seed oil have been determined by a combination of the techniques of systematic crystallization at low temperature, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and gas chromatography. The percentages of individual fatty acids are: myristic 0.2, palmitic 19.3, stearic 7.4, arachidic 1.8, behenic 14.0, lignoceric 6.2, oleic 21.8, linoleic 27.8, and linolenic 1.7.B.monosperma seed oil is constituted of SSS 3.8, SSU 3.9, SUS 40.9, USU 0.9, SUU 40.4 and UUU 10.1%. Chief component glycerides are PLL 5.8, PLB 5.2, POL 4.8, POB 4.2, PLP 4.0, PLO 3.8, BLL 3.6, POP 3.3, PLST 3.2, and POO 3.0%.B. monosperma seed oil, on segregation by low temperature crystallization yielded two major fractions, each representing 30% of the total. One of them is richer in the content of SSS and SUS while the other is richer in UUU and SUU. Compositions of these fractions suggest the possibility of utilization of one as an ointment base and the other as a solvent for drugs.     

Alkali catalyzed transesterification of safflower seed oil assisted by microwave irradiation

The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil was extracted from the seeds of the safflower that grows in Diyarbakir, SE Anatolia of Turkey. Biodiesel has been prepared from safflower seed by transesterification of the crude oil under microwave irradiation, with methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1, in the presence of 1.0% NaOH as catalyst. The conversion of C. tinctorius oil to methyl ester was over 98.4% at 6 min. The important fuel properties of safflower oil and its methyl ester (biodiesel) such as density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, iodine number, neutralization number, pour point, cloud point, cetane number are found out and compared to those of no. 2 petroleum diesel, ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Compared with conventional heating methods, the process using microwaves irradiation proved to be a faster method for alcoholysis of triglycerides with methanol, leading to high yields of biodiesel.     

The composition and properties of ragweed seed oil

Conclusions Ragweed seed contains approximately 19 per cent fat and 23 per cent protein. Large quantities of these seed can be readily obtained both from direct harvesting of the ragweed and from the cleaning of some commercial seeds. The fatty acid distribution in ragweed seed oil is as follows: palmitic acid—5.5 per cent; stearic acid—4.8 per cent; oleic acid—19.9 per cent; linoleic acid—69.8 per cent; linolenic acid—possibly traces. The composition of this oil indicates that it would have slightly better drying properties than soybean oil. The results of preliminary drying and heat-bodying experiments suggest the limited use of ragweed seed oil in paints and varnishes. No investigation has been made of the edible properties of ragweed seed oil but its relative freedom from linolenic acid indicates its use in the edible field. Ragweed seed oil contains about 1.2 per cent of a wax mixture which is made up of 55 per cent hydrocarbons, 23 per cent high molecular weight acids, and 22 per cent high molecular weight alcohols. Sterols occur in ragweed seed oil to the extent of 0.48 per cent of the weight of the oil. The unsaponifiable matter also contains high molecular weight hydrocarbons and alcohols. Pure mixed sterols were separated from the accompanying materials by the use of an adsorption process. Bromination of the acetates of the mixed sterols gave evidence for the presence of stigmasterol. Journal Paper No. 45 of the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.     

The composition and properties of ragweed seed oil

Conclusions Ragweed seed contains approximately 19 per cent fat and 23 per cent protein. Large quantities of these seed can be readily obtained both from direct harvesting of the ragweed and from the cleaning of some commercial seeds. The fatty acid distribution in ragweed seed oil is as follows: palmitic acid—5.5 per cent; stearic acid—4.8 per cent; oleic acid—19.9 per cent; linoleic acid—69.8 per cent; linolenic acid—possibly traces. The composition of this oil indicates that it would have slightly better drying properties than soybean oil. The results of preliminary drying and heat-bodying experiments suggest the limited use of ragweed seed oil in paints and varnishes. No investigation has been made of the edible properties of ragweed seed oil but its relative freedom from linolenic acid indicates its use in the edible field. Ragweed seed oil contains about 1.2 per cent of a wax mixture which is made up of 55 per cent hydrocarbons, 23 per cent high molecular weight acids, and 22 per cent high molecular weight alcohols. Sterols occur in ragweed seed oil to the extent of 0.48 per cent of the weight of the oil. The unsaponifiable matter also contains high molecular weight hydrocarbons and alcohols. Pure mixed sterols were separated from the accompanying materials by the use of an adsorption process. Bromination of the acetates of the mixed sterols gave evidence for the presence of stigmasterol.     

The composition of seed and seed oils of taramira(Eruca sativa)

The seeds ofEruca sativa, commonly known as taramira, were found to contain 4.1% moisture, 27.8% oil, 27.4% protein and 6.6% ash. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis indicated calcium and potassium levels of 1186 and 1116 mg/100 g of whole seed, respectively. Other mineral contents also are reported. The seed oil had a specific gravity of 0.910, refractive index of 1.4680 (at 40 C), iodine value of 137.0, saponification value of 168.1 and a free fatty acid content of 2.3% (as oleic acid). Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil revealed high levels of linolenic acid (36.2%) and relatively low levels of erucic acid (10.3%).     

The influence of carotenoids and tocopherols on the stability of safflower seed oil during heat-catalyzed oxidation

The stability and antioxidant effects of carotenoids and tocopherols in safflower seed oil were evaluated under thermal (75°C) and oxidative conditions and the oxidative stability index (OSI) determined. The antioxidant capability of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was also compared with that of β-carotene in a model system. Lycopene and β-carotene (1 to 2000 ppm) were heated (75°C) and exposed to air (2.5 psi) in an oxidative stability instrument. β-Carotene had no antioxidant effect at concentrations below 500 ppm, because it did not alter the induction time. Lycopene increased the induction time only slightly at low concentrations. However, at concentrations greater than 500 ppm, both β-carotene and lycopene acted as prooxidants, significantly decreasing the induction period. At the highest concentration, 2000 ppm, lycopene was more prooxidative than β-carotene. α- and γ-Tocopherol (concentration, 1000 ppm) delayed the induction time by 16 and 26 h, respectively. There was no cooperative interaction between α-tocopherol and β-carotene in delaying the onset of oxidation. Furthermore, BHT was significantly more antioxidative than β-carotene. Thus, under thermal and oxidative conditions, β-carotene could not delay the onset of oxidation. The tocopherols and BHT were effective in suppressing the onset of oxidation, as determined by the oxidative stability measurement.     

The plant geneticist’ contribution toward changing lipid and amino acid composition of safflower

Current research on the fatty acid composition of the seed oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has shown the following: (1) there is a possibility that the oleic acid content can be increased above 80%, though probably not above 85%, by use of modifying genes and the major geneol; (2) wild species do not look very promising as a source of genes for modifying fatty acid composition; (3) commercially grown high linoleic and high oleic types are temperature stable; (4) an experimental type with about equal amounts of oleic and linoleic acids is responsive to temperature, with high temperature increasing oleic acid and low temperature increasing linoleic acid; and (5) stearic acid in another experimental type with higher levels of stearic acid (5–10%) is reduced by low temperatures. One of seven papers presented at the Symposium, “The Plant Geneticist’s Contribution Toward Changing Lipid and Amino Acid Composition of Oilseeds,” AOCS Meeting, Houston, May 1971.     

The status of safflower

The US safflower industry has matured in the relatively short period of 15 years to a position of stature in terms of stable oil prices, modern processing, and world-wide distribution. This dry land crop is grown in rotation with barley, wheat, rice and other grains. The higher oil content seed developed by the agronomists' reduction of hull content content has made safflower more valuable to domestic and foreign markets. US production has increased to more than 300,000 tons. Processing of the seed is done by conventional methods, preferably continuous serew pressing and solvent extraction. The future of safflower will depend primarily upon the demand for linoleic-acid based products—either in foods such as the new margarines and other polyunsaturated products, or industrial uses of nonyellowing drying oils, and chemical modifications of linoleic acid. Secondarily, it will depend upon more sophisticated utilization of the protein by-products.     

The sugars of safflower

Examination of sugars in safflower hull and kernel revealed sucrose and raffinose to be predominent, with smaller amounts ofd-glucose andd-fructose. Galactinol (1-O-a-d-galactopyranosylmyoinositol) and other carbohydrate material which appear to contai uronic acids, fucose, glucose, fructose and arabinose, were also present.     

Lipid composition of perilla seed

The composition of lipids and oil characteristics from perilla [Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.] seed cultivars are reported. Total lipid contents of the five perilla seed cultivars ranged from 38.6 to 47.8% on a dry weight basis. The lipids consisted of 91.2–93.9% neutral lipids, 3.9–5.8% glycolipids and 2.0–3.0% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted mostly of triacylglycerols (88.1–91.0%) and small amounts of sterol esters, hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, free sterols and partial glycerides. Among the glycolipids, esterified sterylglycoside (48.9–53.2%) and sterylglycoside (22.1–25.4%) were the most abundant, while monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol were present as minor components. Of the phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (50.4–57.1%) and phosphatidylcholines (17.6–20.6%) were the major components, and phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were present in small quantities. The major fatty acids of the perilla oil were linolenic (61.1–64.0%), linoleic (14.3–17.0%) and oleic acids (13.2–14.9%). Some of the physicochemical characteristics and the tocopherol composition of perilla oil were determined.     

Fatty acid composition of buckwheat seed

The embryo, endosperm, testa and pericarp from seeds of three buckwheat species were analyzed for total lipid content and fatty acid composition. The average lipid content of these tissues was 8.2%, 0.4%, 2.0% and 0.5%, respectively. Eighteen fatty acids were tentatively identified in buckwheat oil. The following eight constituted an average of more than 93% of the total acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids. The embryo tissue of cultivated and Tartary buckwheats contained the fewest minor acids with an average of 95% of the acids containing either 16 or 18 carbons. The pericarp, or hull, had a unique composition with higher levels of saturated acids, odd carbon acids and acids of 20 or more carbons than any other tissues. The compositions of the testa and endorsperm were intermediate.     

The fatty acid composition of gymnospermae seed and leaf oils

Of 12 Gymnospermae seed and leaf oils, only 2 contained cyclopropene fatty acids. All-cis 5, 11, 14, 17-eicosatetraenoic acid occurred in concentrations up to 11.9% in 6 seed oils, and up to 61% in 2 leaf oils. The structure of this acid, as its methyl ester, was established by the combination of physical (UV, IR,¹H- and¹³C-NMR and mass spectra) and chemical techniques. Arachidonic acid also occurred in 2 seed oils.     

Wax composition of sunflower seed oils

Waxes are natural components of sunflower oils, consisting mainly of esters of FA with fatty alcohols, that are partially removed in the winterization process during oil refining. The wax composition of sunflower seed as well as the influence of processing on the oil wax concentration was studied using capillary GLC. Sunflower oils obtained by solvent extraction from whole seed, dehulled seed, and seed hulls were analyzed and compared with commercial crude and refined oils. The main components of crude sunflower oil waxes were esters having carbon atom numbers between 36 and 48, with a high concentration in the C₄₀−C₄₂ fraction. Extracted oils showed higher concentrations of waxes than those obtained by pressing, especially in the higher M.W. fraction, but the wax content was not affected significantly by water degumming. The hull contribution to the sunflower oil wax content was higher than 40 wt%, resulting in 75 wt % in the crystallized fraction. The oil wax content could be reduced appreciably by hexane washing or partial dehulling of the seed. Waxes in dewaxed and refined sunflower oils were mainly constituted by esters containing fewer than 42 carbon atoms, indicating that these were mostly soluble and remained in the oil after processing.     

Lipid composition of murraya koenigii seed

Total seed lipids extracted fromMurraya koenigii (Linn), Rutaceae amounted to 4.4% of the dry seed. The total lipids consisted of 85.4% neutral lipids, 5.1% glycolipids and 9.5% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted of 73.9% triacylglycerols, 10.2% free fatty acids and small amounts of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and sterols. At least five glycolipids and seven phospholipids were identified. Sterylglucoside and acylated sterylglucoside were major glycolipids, while digalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalac-tosyldiacylglycerol and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol were present in small quantities. The phospholipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine as major phospholipids and minor quantities of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. The fatty acid composition of these different neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were determined.