冷冻面团的研究与发展

冷冻面团是面包生产的一种新工艺，本文对冷冻面团开发的背景、现状和主要技术问题作了简要的介绍。探讨了酵母耐冷冻性的研究。可通过两种途径提高酵母的耐冷冻性：一方面利用改良剂来保护酵母细胞：另一方面通过生物技术培养发酵良好的耐冻藏酵母，最后对我国冷冻面团的发展前景作了展望。     

面包酵母耐冷冻性能的评价方法

讨论了面包酵母耐冷冻能力的评价方法,通过对酵母在普通面团中冷冻后的相对发酵力、在液体模拟面团中冷冻后的相对发酵力和酵母细胞冷冻存活率之间的比较,发现3者之间具有显著的线性正相关性。而应用液体模拟面团测定酵母耐冷冻能力的方法简便、易控制,可用于耐冷冻酵母菌种的选育和耐冷冻酵母产品的检测中。     

冷冻面团技术及其研究现状

冷冻面团技术是一种较为成熟的面包、点心的生产技术.本文介绍了冷冻面团技术在面包生产上的应用,综述了国内外对冷冻面团、耐冷冻酵母的研究现状,最后对我国冷冻面团的发展前景作了展望.     

烘焙酵母取样及冷冻面团的稳定性

评价了冷冻面团中6种商品烘烤醇母菌株在同等条件下生长时的冷冻耐力。观察到经受了快速冷冻（冷冻速率为约10℃／min）的酵母菌株之间存活差别极小。在低速冷冻（约1℃／min）后接着贮存12周，所有菌株呈现出类似的耐冷冻力。如两个实验室合作研究的结果那样，有7个品牌（大多数菌株从中筛选）的21种商品烘焙酵母样品按冷冻面团进行冷冻对比。快速冷冻试验（测量产气量）和3个月的贮存试验（测量产气量、面团醒发时间以及面包比容）表明，用于制作冷冻面团的商品酵母样品之间耐冷冻力变化很大。由于酵母样品间耐冷冻力的差别很大，因此，产于加拿大、法国和美国的7个品牌的酵母无一优于其它。上述结果表明，对冷冻面团稳定性的主要影响是商品烘焙酵母的取样而非菌株或品牌，并且强调了用于冷冻面团生产中烘焙酵母样品耐冷冻力质量控制的重要性。     

影响冷冻面团因素及其品质改良研究进展

冷冻面团技术作为一种面制品加工工艺,具有防止产品老化,便于冷藏和运输等优势,因此在国内外得到广泛应用。然而,在冷冻面团生产和贮藏过程中存在一系列问题,例如：面筋结构完整性丧失、酵母细胞失活以及淀粉结构被破坏等,这些都导致了面制品品质的劣变。本文综述了影响冷冻面团品质的主要因素,总结了提高冷冻面团品质特性的有效方法,改良剂的添加不仅可以提高酵母的耐冻性,而且可以保持面团的流变学特性。基因工程技术修饰可以提高酵母的耐冻性和发酵能力。通过优化冷冻和储存条件,确保酵母的活性和面团的网络结构,使冰晶造成的冻害最小化。此外,新型冷冻技术的应用如超声波辅助冷冻可以在加速冷冻过程的同时生成均匀的冰晶,从而保护面团的网络结构。以期为改善冷冻面团品质以及为开发新型的冷冻面团技术提供理论依据。     

大豆多肽对酵母细胞增殖及耐冻性的影响

酵母细胞的活性和耐冻融性对于发酵制品和冷冻面团技术具有十分重要的影响。将大豆多肽、酪蛋白胨、酵母氮源三种不同的氮源加入培养基培养酵母细胞,通过对生长曲线、细胞湿重、面团发酵和冷冻后面团发酵及细胞存活率的比较,评价大豆多肽对酵母细胞活性及耐冻能力的影响。结果表明,随着培养基中大豆多肽量的增加,所得的酵母细胞生物量增加,添加量超过25 g/L以后,酵母细胞生物量不再有明显增加,25 g/L是大豆多肽的最适添加量。与相同量的其他氮源相比,大豆多肽作为培养基氮源得到的酵母细胞在冷冻后存活率更高,其发酵面团仍能够保持较好的发酵力。大豆多肽能够促进酵母细胞增殖、增强酵母细胞的耐冻性、提高面团的发酵效果。     

冷冻面团面包工艺的研究进展

叙述了耐低温面包酵母的耐冻机理和决定冷冻面团质量的因素。冷冻面团的稳定性与酵母质量、面团配方、冷冻前发酵工艺和冻融速率等有关,筛选耐低温酵母菌种是冷冻面团面包的关键因素;海藻糖含量、酵母的培养条件和冻融条件在酵母的耐冻机制中起着重要的作用。     

超声辅助酶解大米多肽对酵母细胞活性及耐冻性的影响

将超声辅助酶解制取的大米多肽、酪蛋白胨、酵母氮源3种不同氮源加入培养基培养酵母细胞,比较酵母的生长曲线、细胞湿质量、面团发酵和冷冻后面团发酵及细胞存活率,评价大米多肽对酵母细胞活性及耐冻能力的影响。结果表明,与相同量的其他氮源相比, 25 g/L大米多肽作为培养基氮源得到的酵母细胞在冷冻后发酵活力更好,能够促进酵母细胞增殖、增强酵母细胞的耐冻性、提高面团的发酵效果。     

酵母中的还原性物质对冷冻面团稳定性的影响

冷冻对酵母的伤害加了从酵母细胞中浸提的低分子巯基（SH）化合物的数量。将冷冻酵母的浸提物添加于面粉中以进行流变学和焙烤试验的研究。酵母冷冻6周后的浸提物对粉质和拉伸试验所产生的影响相当于添加了50×10^-6的纯谷胱甘肽。将这种浸提物用于无发酵面团系统中，对面包体积没有影响。添加50×10^-6谷胱甘肽得到相似的结果。拉伸试验的圆柱形面团试样冷冻至10周后表明，延伸性随冷冻贮存而下降，但添加酵母浸提物增加了面团延伸性。试验证明，酵母面团和非酵母面团在冷冻贮存16周后其游离SH含量变化对两种面团的流变学性质没有影响。     

酵母中的还原性物质对

冷冻对酵母的伤害增加了从酵母细胞中浸提的低分子巯基（ＳＨ）化合物的数量。将冷冻酵母的浸提物添加于面粉中以进行流变学和焙烤试验的研究。酵母冷冻６周后的浸提物对粉质和拉伸试验所产生的影响相当于添加了５０×１０－６的纯谷胱甘肽。将这种浸提物用于无发酵面团系统中，对面包体积没有影响。添加５０×１０－６谷胱甘肽得到相似的结果。拉伸试验的圆柱形面团试样冷冻至１０周后表明，延伸性随冷冻贮存而下降，但添加酵母浸提物增加了面团延伸性。试验证明，酵母面团和非酵母面团在冷冻贮存１６周后其游离ＳＨ含量变化对两种面团的流变学性质没有影响。     

Effect of frozen storage on physical properties of pasta filata and nonpasta filata Mozzarella cheeses

The effects of 1) ripening 2, 7, and 14 d at 7 degrees C before freezing; 2) tempering 7, and 14 d at 7 degrees C after freezing; and 3) frozen storage for 1 and 4 wk at -20 degrees C, on the meltability, stretchability, and microstructure of pasta filata and nonpasta filata Mozzarella cheeses were investigated. Cheeses were cut into 5 x 10 x 7-cm blocks and vacuum-sealed 1 d after manufacture. The results were compared to the corresponding results obtained with unfrozen control samples, aged at 7 degrees C between 2 and 21 d. The changes in physical properties of frozen-stored pasta filata and nonpasta filata Mozzarella cheeses were consistent with critical damage to the cheese microstructure as compared to the unfrozen control samples. Generally, aging before and tempering after freezing resulted in increased meltability of both frozen-stored pasta filata and nonpasta filata Mozzarella cheeses. The stretchability of frozen-stored pasta filata Mozzarella cheese increased during tempering, but that of nonpasta filata Mozzarella cheese decreased during aging and tempering. In most cases, one-week frozen stored pasta filata Mozzarella cheese had higher meltability and stretchability than 4-wk frozen-stored sample. For 1-wk frozen-stored nonpasta filata Mozzarella cheese, the meltability increased but stretchability decreased when it was frozen-stored for 4 wk.     

影响冷冻面团的因素及其品质改良研究进展

冷冻面团技术因具有延长货架期、防止老化、便于冷藏和运输等优越性,在国内外食品工业得到了广泛的应用。然而,冷冻面团的生产和储存也会面临诸多困难,例如酵母活性降低、面筋结构破坏和冰晶形成等,这些都会破坏冷冻面团的质量。本文概括总结了影响冷冻面团品质因素的作用机理及研究现状,并总结了提高酵母耐冻性、改善面筋结构和面团特性的有效方法。添加改良剂可以减小由于冻藏或冻融循环致使面筋网络破坏的程度,添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶可改善冷冻面团的粘弹性与面筋网络结构,还可明显增加冷冻面团面包的比容,减小面包芯的硬度。选用优质酵母可提高酵母在冷冻期间的发酵力,改善冷冻面制品的风味和口感,其中高产胞外多糖的乳酸菌可以有效改善冷冻馒头面团品质。冷冻面团技术推动了我国馒头、包子、饺子、月饼等中式面食制品快速发展,具有一定的发展潜力。     

Effect of freezing and frozen storage on microstructure of Mozzarella and pizza cheeses

Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the effect of aging before (2, 7, and 14 days at 7 °C) or tempering after (1, 7, and 14 days at 7 °C) freezing, and frozen storage (1 and 4 weeks at −20 °C) on protein matrix of pasta filata Mozzarella and non-pasta filata pizza cheeses using unfrozen samples as controls. Pores and ruptures of reticular structure were observed in frozen-stored pasta filata Mozzarella cheese protein matrix, but cracks and clumps of bacteria were found in frozen-stored non-pasta filata pizza cheese. No obvious differences were discernable between the microstructures of pasta filata Mozzarella cheeses frozen stored 1 and 4 weeks. Formation of the reticular structure in frozen-stored pasta filata Mozzarella cheese progressed during tempering. Microstructure of non-pasta filata pizza cheese frozen stored for 4 weeks contained more extensive cracking and more areas of clumps of bacteria than that was frozen stored for 1 week. Aging of cheese before frozen storage was considered responsible for microstructural cracking; fewer cracks were found in the frozen-stored cheese tempered 1 and 2 weeks, but the clumps of bacteria were still observed.     

Instrumental and sensory evaluation of cooked pasta during frozen storage

Food consumption patterns have changed significantly during the last years, showing an increase in the consumption of convenience foods. Frozen foods represent an important segment of this market. The aim of the present paper was to study the influence of frozen storage on the quality of cooked organic tagliatelle. Instrumental measurements of different quality parameters (moisture content, colour, textural and rheological characteristics of frozen cooked pasta) were performed during twelve months of storage. The sensory properties of pasta were also evaluated by means of an acceptability study. In general, both instrumental and sensory analysis found that frozen storage affects negatively the acceptability of cooked pasta. The advantages obtained through fast freezing procedures are not maintained along storage, being hardness (instrumental) and consistency (sensory) the most relevant quality indices. Finally, the shelf life of the product was calculated as 3.6 and 3.8 months in the cryogenic device and air‐blast tunnel, respectively, based on simple kinetic models.     

Intracellular concentration of exogenous glycerol inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeprovides for improved leavening of frozen sweet doughs

Addition of glycerol to baker's yeast coupled with an incubation period under conditions of refrigeration to allow equilibration of the polyol across the yeast membrane, resulted in improved frozen sweet (10% sugar) dough leavening and keeping, relative to doughs made with yeast containing no added glycerol. Glycerol-loaded yeast showed smaller proof time increases after initial freezing and thawing. Also, glycerol treatment led to slower deterioration of the frozen sweet doughs during storage at −21°C for up to 8 weeks (proof time increases were significantly lower in stored frozen doughs made with glycerol-added yeast). Benefits of glycerol loading of yeast for the purpose of production of frozen plain (unsugared) doughs were less significant. The glycerol treatment effects became more significant as the yeast was stored refrigerated prior to mixing and freezing of doughs, i.e. shelf-life of yeast for use in frozen dough manufacture was improved by addition of glycerol. The improvements were dependent on glycerol concentration.     

Frozen Sangak dough and bread properties: Impact of pre-fermentation and freezing rate

The impact of pre-fermentation time and freezing rate on Sangak frozen dough and bread quality were studied. The pre-fermented doughs for 0, 30, 60, 90, or 120 min were frozen under –20, –25, or –30°C in air blast freezer. After 24 h storage at –18°C, dough samples were baked after final fermentation. The yeast viability, gassing power, and dough development for fresh and frozen Sangak doughs were determined. Crust color, density, and shear stress of bread obtained from fresh and frozen Sangak dough were evaluated. The results showed that yeast survival initially increased and then decreased with increasing freezing rate. The maximum yeast survival was observed at short pre-fermentation (30 min). A direct relationship was observed between gassing power, dough development, and yeast viability. From bread quality point-of-view, short pre-fermentation and higher freezing rate led to a more desirable bread.     

抗冻蛋白对预发酵冷冻面团发酵流变特性和馒头品质的影响

运用F4发酵流变仪、质构仪等研究冻藏和冻融循环下抗冻蛋白对预醒发冷冻面团发酵流变学特性和馒头品质的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长和冻融循环次数的增加,冷冻面团馒头的比容减小,硬度和咀嚼性明显增大,弹性和回复性下降。冷冻面团的最大发酵高度、气体总释放量和气体释放最大高度均明显下降。说明冻藏和冻融循环严重影响了酵母的产气能力和面团的持气性,与冻藏和冻融循环过程中重结晶和大冰晶的形成有关。添加抗冻蛋白的冷冻面团馒头品质得到明显改善,说明抗冻蛋白能够减缓冷冻面团馒头冻藏和冻融循环过程中品质下降。     

Effects of freezing treatments on the fermentative activity and gluten network integrity of sweet dough

The effect of freezing treatments on sweet dough was studied. The dough was frozen at ?20 °C, ?30 °C and ?40 °C in air-blast freezer cabinet and by immersion in liquid nitrogen. The yeast viability, gassing power, dough volume and dough network integrity from fresh and thawed sweet doughs were assessed. The results showed that both parameters depend on the freezing rate, which controls ice crystals size and location. Dough volume loss after freezing was attributed to reduced yeast fermentative activity and gluten network alteration in frozen dough. Fermentative activity reduced significantly in frozen dough using liquid nitrogen, causing 70% decrease on yeast population. Gluten integrity seemed to be affected by slow freezing treatment, i.e. ?20 °C and ?30 °C. Gas loss was also evaluated as a decrease of 25% ± 2 in dough volume. A correlation was observed between the freezing rate and osmotic pressure effects which influence strongly the yeast viability.     

Fermentation Process and Grain Structure of Baked Breads from Frozen Dough Using Freeze-Tolerant Yeasts

The fermentation process for frozen doughs using freeze‐sensitive (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kyowa for sweet bread; S. cerevisiae, FC for white bread) and freeze‐tolerant (S. cerevisiae, YF for sweet bread) yeasts was traced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Grain network structures of baked breads were also visualized by MRI. Prefermentation before freezing, punching and remolding, or resheeting and molding treatments increased loaf volume by 10 to 110% for the baked breads using freeze‐tolerant yeast, while these treatments decreased loaf volume by 70% using freeze‐sensitive yeast. The first fermentation before freezing and the second fermentation with punching or resheeting after thawing are useful for obtaining good quality breads from frozen dough using freeze‐tolerant yeast.