光子晶体中二阶非线性过程产生三次谐波的研究

运用非线性耦合波理论,分析了在非线性光子晶体中,通过二阶过程产生三次谐波的准相位匹配条件。数值模拟结果表明,在入射光中引入倍频光信号,能够极大地改变三次谐波的转换效率。当入射光中倍频光与基频光强度比以及两者复振幅的初相角满足一定的条件时,可在宽的入射光强范围内获得很高的三次谐波转换效率。     

基于光子晶体光纤飞秒激光技术的高功率紫外激光源

实验研究了一种基于大模场面积光子晶体光纤飞秒激光技术的紫外飞秒激光源.分析了群速失配下的倍频光和基频光的走离长度,并实验比较了不同长度的BBO晶体的倍频功率和效率.分别采用5 mm和0.18 mm的两块BBO晶体,在Ⅰ类相位匹配条件下,对光子晶体光纤放大器输出的脉宽为110 fs,重复频率50 MHz的1040 nm飞秒激光进行腔外二倍频(SHG)和四倍频(FHG),获得了高功率紫外飞秒激光.在20 W的平均功率抽运下,获得了8.88 W的二倍频绿光输出,转换效率为44.4%.同时获得了656 mW的四倍频260 nm紫外激光,单脉冲能量13 nJ,最高功率时二次谐波(SH)到四次谐波(FH)的转换效率为7.39%.     

Multiple-wavelength quasi-phase-matched nonlinear interactions

Quasi-phase-matching allows one to arbitrarily phase match a single interaction by periodic modulation of the material nonlinear coefficient. A partial extension is obtained by Fibonacci-based quasi-periodic modulation of the nonlinear coefficient. These Fibonacci-based structures allow for simultaneously phase matching two interactions, provided that their wavevector mismatch ratio obeys selection rules, which are governed by the golden ratio τ=(1+√5)/2. In this paper, we present a novel method for simultaneously phase matching any two nonlinear interactions by general quasi-periodic modulation of the nonlinear coefficient. These quasi-periodic structures, which also include the Fibonacci-based structures as a subgroup, provide greater design flexibility. Our method can be useful for various nonlinear devices, such as multiple-peak frequency doublers, frequency triplers, and frequency quadruplers. We show for two specific devices that similar efficiency, compared to a cascaded device, can be obtained. Furthermore, in contrast to some cascaded devices, these structures can be used in double-pass and standing-wave configurations, since they operate with the same efficiency in both directions of propagation     

Modeling and Optimization of Quasi-Phase Matching Via Domain-Disordering

Second-harmonic generation in a quasi-phase matched waveguide produced using a domain-disordered GaAs-AlAs superlattice is modeled including the effects of group velocity mismatch, nonlinear refraction, two-photon absorption, and linear loss. The model predicts our experimentally observed second-harmonic powers within an order of magnitude. Self-phase modulation and two-photon absorption led to reduced conversion efficiencies of up to 33% at input peak powers >50 W. Group velocity mismatch results in a reduction of 23% in conversion efficiency using estimated group velocities calculated from the measured effective refractive index. The modeling also shows that the conversion efficiency peaks at propagation lengths longer than the pulse walk off length and that duty cycle variations induced shifts in the tuning curves. Group velocity mismatch also increased the conversion bandwidth by ~ 30%. Incomplete modulation of chi⁽²⁾ in disordered regions reduced the output conversion efficiency by up to two orders of magnitude. Grating-assisted phase matching led to a 7% efficiency drop for a Deltan of 0.045 at the second-harmonic and 0.01 at the fundamental. This model serves as a valuable tool to provide insight into the optimization of these devices.     

折返点匹配的宽带二倍频实验研究

在二次谐波转换中,基频光和倍频光的群速失配是限制转换带宽的主要因素。利用折返点匹配的宽带谐波转换技术能同时实现基频光和倍频光的相位匹配和群速匹配,理论计算表明在折返点匹配的情况下,倍频转换带宽将显著增加。分别利用厚度10 mm,氘含量12%的KD*P晶体和厚度12 mm的KDP晶体对中心波长为1053 nm,谱宽为31 nm,能量为620μJ的基频光进行折返点匹配二倍频和传统二倍频的对比实验,前者取得了22 nm的转换带宽,远大于后者7 nm的转换带宽。实验结果证实了理论计算的正确性,显示了折返点匹配宽带谐波转换技术的优越性。相应地,前者转换效率为25%,大于后者20%的转换效率,导致倍频转换效率较低的主要因素是入射基频光的光束质量和光谱质量较差。     

频率转换过程中强度调制的形成机制及抑制方法

通过理论推导建立了频率转换过程中强度调制形成的物理模型,认为基频光的强度和相位扰动都将导致三倍频光强度的调制。采用数值模拟方法定量研究了频率转换过程中强度调制的演化规律,研究结果表明通过优化倍频晶体失谐角可以降低基频光强度扰动对三倍频强度调制的影响,而增加频率转换器的接受带宽则可以抑制基频光相位扰动的影响。此外,由于三倍频效率最优和时间调制度最小时对应的混频晶体失谐角略有差别,在优化设计时应综合考虑两个因素的影响。     

Velocity-matching in millimeter wave integrated optic modulatorswith periodic electrodes

One method of increasing the efficiency of a high-frequency integrated optic modulator is to use a periodic electrode to repeatedly “correct” the phase mismatch that results from unequal RF and optical propagation velocities. The center frequency of such a modulator's passband can be determined analytically by expanding the traveling RF field in terms of space harmonics, and by then matching the phase velocity of the dominant space harmonic to the phase velocity of the optical carrier. The theory of space harmonic velocity-matching is presented for the simple case of periodic intermittent interaction and periodic phase reversal modulators having no back-reflections at electrode discontinuities. Velocity-matching with Bloch waves is then described for nonideal structures where significant back-reflections can occur. The measured modulation response for several 35-GHz periodic intermittent interaction modulators that were designed using these concepts is presented and compared with the theoretical predictions     

Effect of group velocity mismatch on the measurement of ultrashort optical pulses via second harmonic generation

The use of second harmonic generation as a technique for optical pulse width measurements is analyzed to determine the effects of both phase velocity and group velocity mismatch between fundamental and second harmonic fields. An expression for the time average second harmonic energy, which except for special cases differs from the intensity autocorrelation function, is derived. For Type I phase matching, the measurement yields an apparent correlation width which can be either shorter or longer than the actual intensity correlation width, depending on the specific pulse shape. When the group velocity mismatch is nonzero, the measurement becomes sensitive to the phase matching condition. Two special pulse shapes for which the measurement is independent of group and phase velocity mismatch are the Gaussian and the single-sided exponential.     

Theory of second-harmonic generation with high-conversion efficiency

We analyze second-harmonic generation (SHG) with focused pump beams in the high-conversion regime where pump depletion is significant. Numerical solutions of the coupled equations for pump and harmonic fields are obtained for the cylindrically symmetric case of collinear phase matching. The optimum values of phase mismatch and confocal parameters σ andbfound by Boyd and Kleinman are very nearly independent of pump power to above 95 percent conversion. When phase mismatch is not optimized, the best confocal parameter depends upon the input power. The conversion efficiency versus input power is determined numerically for optimumsigma, b, and approximate analytical formulas are given for this relation.     

高功率激光倍频过程的热效应分析

在高功率倍频过程中,非线性倍频晶体由于吸收了基波和谐波的功率,造成倍频晶体内温度的变化,破坏了晶体原来的相位匹配条件,从而导致频率变换效率降低、输出谐波功率不稳定等问题,对于高功率高重复频率激光器系统尤其严重.根据热传导方程分析了晶体内部的热分布,利用非线性晶体的折射率方程分析了非线性倍频晶体温度变化时,其相位匹配、允许参量以及光波走离角的变化情况,为实现高功率倍频激光奠定了理论基础.     

利用Ⅱ类相位匹配实现稳定倍频输出

提出利用Ⅱ类相位匹配方法实现稳定倍频输出,并对该方法进行了理论分析和数值模拟。数值模拟是对KTP晶体xy平面内的Ⅱ类相位匹配倍频过程进行的。数值计算结果表明,Ⅱ类相位匹配倍频过程中,当基频光以除最佳入射偏振角之外的偏振方向入射时,倍频强度曲线随倍频晶体长度增加而呈周期性变化;由于这种周期性变化的存在,当基频光起伏变化时,倍频强度曲线会交叉汇聚,出现倍频稳定区;当偏离角(入射偏振角与最佳入射偏振角差值)一定时,随着基频光入射强度的增大,实现稳定倍频输出所需的倍频晶体长度减小,稳定输出时倍频效率不变;当基频光强度一定时,随着偏离角的增大,倍频输出稳定性提高,倍频效率稍有下降。     

GaAs pHEMT工艺6～18GHz有源倍频器MMIC

基于GaAs pHEMT工艺,设计了一个6～18 GHz宽带有源倍频器MM IC,最终实现了较高的转换增益和谐波抑制特性。芯片内部集成了输入匹配、有源巴伦、对管倍频器和输出功率放大器等电路。外加3.5 V电源电压下的静态电流为80 mA;输入功率为6 dBm时,6～18 GHz输出带宽内的转换增益为6 dB;基波和三次谐波抑制30 dBc。当输出频率为12 GHz时,100 kHz频偏下的单边带相位噪声为-143 dBc/Hz。芯片面积为1 mm×1.5 mm。     

高功率全固态激光器腔内倍频晶体KTP温度场的解析分析

在激光二极管泵浦的全固态激光器系统中谐振腔内有较高的基频光功率密度 ,非线性晶体采用腔内倍频方式可提高晶体的谐波转换效率。但是非线性晶体吸收基频光辐射也会引起内部非均匀的温升 ,导致晶体内部各点的折射率的改变 ,破坏晶体本征的位相匹配条件 ,从而影响了晶体的谐波转换效率。通过对谐振腔内非线性晶体工作状态的分析 ,利用解析的方法得出了全固态激光器中非线性晶体KTP内部温度场的精确计算方法 ,并分析了影响KTP晶体内部温度场变化的各种因素。所得出的结果具有一定的普适性 ,可以应用到具有轴对称形式内热源的其它热模型温度场的计算分析中 ,对连续波腔内倍频激光系统的设计将起到指导作用     

Optical frequency conversion in quasi-phase-matched stacks of nonlinear crystals

We present a quantitative theory of nonlinear frequency conversion in stacks of crystals where the phase mismatch due to dispersion is compensated by changing the sign of the nonlinear coupling coefficient in successive crystals-a method first proposed by Armstrong et al. We include pump depletion in our calculations of the second harmonic generation and sum and difference frequency generation. We start with ideal stacks in which the crystal lengths are tailored to achieve perfect phase compensation. When the conversion in each coherence length is small, all crystal lengths tend to equal the coherence lengthpi/Deltak. Frequency conversion in such stacks is well approximated by that in an equivalent phase-matched crystal with the nonlinear coupling coefficient reduced by a factor of2/pi. The effect of systematic as well as random departures in crystal lengths are studied with special attention to the evolution of the relative phase. We show that with appropriate choice of the signs of the nonlinear coupling coefficient in various crystals, high efficiency frequency conversion should be possible using practically any sufficiently large set of nonlinear crystals. The theory of second harmonic generation in periodic stacks and in rotationally twinned crystals of zinc-blend structure is described in detail.     

飞秒光参量放大过程中高阶非线性效应的影响

用计算机仿真模拟了高强度飞秒激光抽运下的光参量放大 (OPA)过程 ,着重讨论了高阶非线性效应对参量转化效率和波形的影响。为了抑制高阶非线性效应对放大信号光波形的调制 ,改善波形质量 ,防止信号光的能量倒流回抽运光 ,并为进一步从抽运光中抽取出尽可能多的能量 ,提高参量转化效率 ,引入了适当的相位失配以抵消高阶非线性效应。利用级联非线性相移从理论上解释了这一物理原因     

双端抽运腔内和频紫外激光器的实验研究

为了获得高功率全固态355nm紫外激光器,采用平平腔结构,通过LD双端抽运Nd:YVO4晶体,在声光Q开关调制作用下产生1064nm脉冲基频光,利用两块LBO晶体分别进行腔内倍频、和频产生355nm紫外激光。在LD抽运功率54W、调制频率40kHz的条件下,获得紫外的最高输出功率为6.67W,脉冲宽度为20ns, M2=1.1。结果表明,腔内和频可得到高效率、高光束质量的紫外激光输出。     

Design of broadband class-F power amplifier for multiband LTE handsets applications

A broadband class-F power amplifier for multiband LTE handsets applications is developed across 2.3-2.7 GHz. The power amplifier maintains constant fundamental impedance at the output matching circuit which is operating for broadband. The nearly zero of second harmonic impedance and nearly infinity of third harmonic impedance are found for highly efficient class-F PA. The harmonic control circuits are immersed into the broadband output matching for fundamental frequency. For demonstration, the PA is implemented in InGaP/GaAs HBT process, and tested across the frequency range of 2.3-2.7 GHz using a long-term evolution signal. The presented PA delivers good performance of high efficiency and high linearity, which shows that the broadband class-F PA supports the multiband LTE handsets applications.     

掺Tm光纤MOPA准相位匹配单程倍频的单频激光器

为获得0.9 μm近红外波段连续波单频激光输出,用50 mm长的PPLN晶体对掺Tm光纤激光MOPA的连续波1 925.08 nm单频激光输出进行单程倍频,通过聚焦参数和准相位匹配温度优化,在43.4 W基频光功率实现了最高9.07 W的962.5 nm二次谐波输出,转换效率达到20.9%。二次谐波为单纵模运转,水平和竖直方向光束质量因子分别为1.36和1.52。实验中研究了聚焦因子和相位匹配温度对倍频转换效率的影响,并讨论了聚焦条件和准相位匹配温度带宽之间的相互关系。实验结果表明:Tm光纤激光准相位匹配单程倍频是获得0.9 μm波段连续波单频激光输出的有效方法。     

光学晶体K2Al2B2O7用于全固态紫外激光器的理论研究

讨论了(KABO)晶体的折射率与群速指数随光波长参数的变化.基于非线性光学晶体的谐波理论,详细分析比较了KABO晶体倍频和三倍频的频率变换特性.得到了LD泵浦的调QNd:YAG激光器在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类相位匹配下的倍频,三倍频、四倍频的相位匹配角、有效非线性系数、光波走离角等参量.     

Comments on "Error in Impedance Measurement When the Signal is Introduced Across the Slotted-Line Probe" (Letters)

In the above short paper,l an attempt was made to calculate the errors in VSWR and phase caused by detector mismatch in a backwards connected (power into the probe) slotted line. The short paper is wrong. There will be no first-order errors as predicted theoretically in the referenced short paper. The errors encountered in measuring nonlinear devices (diodes) are more complex than those encountered in measuring linear devices. It is very important that the harmonics generated by tbe diode being measured be absorbpd in a matched load and kept out of the detector (especially for high-VSWR diodes). A low-pass filter is commonly used in front of the detector, but (unless it is padded) this filter reflects the harmonic power back into the diode. When the diode being measured does not see a match at the harmonic frequencies, then the harmonic mismatch will interact with the diode to make more efficient or less efficient the conversion to harmonics, depending on the phase relationship between diode and harmonic mismatch. The variable conversion to harmonics will change the impedance of the diode being measured (at the fundamental frequency) as the phase between diode and harmonic mismatch (unpadded low-pass filter) is varied. Therefore, when using a backwards-connected slotted line, it is important to have in front of the detector a low-pass filter that is padded or otherwise matched at the harmonic frequencies as seen from the diode. It is not important for the detector to be matched at the fundamental frequency in a backwards-connected slotted line, as proven in the following discussion.