界面相多重开裂对纤维强度的影响

当纤维表面的界面相(如涂层)较脆时,纤维发生断裂之前界面相一般会发生多重开裂的损伤,这种损伤裂纹垂直于纤维轴向,故能导致纤维强度下降.本文以四相(纤维,界面相,基体,复合材料)圆柱体模型为基础,并假设界面脱粘后不再传递剪应力.首先用剪切滞后理论求得了界面相发生多重开裂后,纤维、界面相中的应力集中系数,以及界面上的剪应力,并同时考虑了纤维与界面相间界面部分脱粘的影响;然后,假设纤维强度统计特性用Weibull分布函数表示,从而根据界面相多重开裂在纤维中引起的应力集中系数K_f得到广纤维破坏概率的变化.最后利用界面脱粘区的大小,定性研究了界面剪切强度τ0对纤维强度的影响,结果表明:存在一个最佳的界面剪切强度τ0,使界面相多重开裂对纤维强度的影响最小.     

基于迟滞耗散能的纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料疲劳寿命预测方法

纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料(CMCs)在疲劳载荷作用下,纤维相对基体在界面脱粘区往复滑移导致其出现疲劳迟滞现象,迟滞回线包围的面积,即迟滞耗散能,可用于监测纤维增强CMCs疲劳损伤演化过程。提出了一种基于迟滞耗散能的纤维增强CMCs疲劳寿命预测方法及考虑纤维失效的迟滞回线模型,建立了迟滞耗散能、基于迟滞耗散能的损伤参数、应力-应变迟滞回线与疲劳损伤机制(多基体开裂、纤维/基体界面脱粘、界面磨损与纤维失效)之间的关系。分析了疲劳峰值应力、疲劳应力比与纤维体积分数对纤维增强CMCs疲劳寿命S-N曲线、迟滞耗散能和基于迟滞耗散能的损伤参数随循环次数变化的影响。疲劳寿命随疲劳峰值应力增加而减小,随纤维体积含量增加而增加;迟滞耗散能随疲劳峰值应力增加而增加,随应力比和纤维体积分数增加而减小;基于迟滞耗散能的损伤参数随纤维体积分数增加而减小。      

三点弯曲模式下C/SiC复合材料界面脱粘强度的数值模拟

利用ABAQUS软件对不同纤维方向下C/SiC复合材料界面在三点弯曲模式下的应力应变行为进行数值模拟,将引入内聚力模型模拟界面失效的仿真结果与实验结果进行分析对比。本研究模拟了PyC(热解碳)界面的脱粘过程,并得到了纤维方向和界面厚度对三点弯曲过程中界面脱粘强度的影响规律。结果表明,内聚力模型用于表征C/SiC复合材料的界面比较合理。纤维方向为横向和法向时的界面脱粘强度大致相等,约为26～28MPa。界面脱粘强度先随界面厚度增大而增大之后基本不变,界面厚度约为0.2～0.3μm时,界面脱粘强度达到最大。     

纤维增强复合材料界面疲劳裂纹扩展的模拟研究

脱粘是纤维增强复合材料界面裂纹扩展的主要表现形式。基于剪切筒模型和常用的实验加载方式,研究了纤维增强复合材料中纤维与基体界面在拉-拉循环荷载作用下的裂纹扩展。借助描述疲劳裂纹扩展的Paris公式,得到了疲劳裂纹扩展速率、扩展长度以及界面上摩擦系数与加载次数的关系。在分析中,考虑了疲劳加载引起的脱粘界面的损伤及损伤分布的不均匀性,同时还考虑了材料的泊松效应。     

三维四向编织复合材料界面损伤机理数值分析

考虑界面脱粘表面压应力下摩擦力对材料界面力学性能的影响,建立损伤-摩擦相结合的界面本构模型,编写用户材料子程序VUMAT,实现其在有限元软件ABAQUS中的嵌入。基于周期性胞元分析思想,在单胞模型中纤维束/基体、纤维束/纤维束分界面引入界面单元,结合损伤-摩擦相结合的界面本构模型,建立含界面相三维四向编织复合材料的细观有限元模型。模拟典型载荷下界面损伤的起始和扩展过程,分析界面应力传递和界面破坏机理,研究界面性能对复合材料宏细观力学性能的影响规律,为实现三维四向编织复合材料界面性能优化设计和控制提供参考。      

界面脱粘对正交铺设SiC/CAS复合材料基体开裂的影响

采用细观力学方法研究了正交铺设SiC/CAS复合材料在单轴拉伸载荷作用下界面脱粘对基体开裂的影响。采用断裂力学界面脱粘准则确定了0°铺层纤维/基体界面脱粘长度, 结合能量平衡法得到了主裂纹且纤维/基体界面发生脱粘(即模式3)和次裂纹且纤维/基体界面发生脱粘(即模式5)的临界开裂应力, 讨论了纤维/基体界面剪应力、 界面脱粘能对基体开裂应力的影响。结果表明, 模式3和模式5的基体开裂应力随纤维/基体界面剪应力、 界面脱粘能的增加而增加。将这一结果与Chiang考虑界面脱粘对单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料初始基体开裂影响的试验研究结果进行对比表明, 该变化趋势与单向SiC增强玻璃陶瓷基复合材料的试验研究结果一致。     

短纤维增强金属基复合材料的多重损伤分析

用细观计算力学的方法分析了短纤维增强金属基复合材料(MMC)多重损伤的相互作用及对拉伸强度的影响。采用唯象的内聚力模型模拟界面的脱粘;G-T模型描述延性基体的损伤。在胞元模型的基础上研究了界面强度、纤维长径比等细观参数对材料损伤模式及强韧性的影响。研究表明,界面较弱时,损伤以界面脱粘为主,界面的强度决定了材料强度;当界面较强时,晶须将发生断裂,材料的最终强度由晶须的强度决定。不同界面强度条件下基体中损伤的分布不同。      

纤维增强聚合物复合材料的三相动态粘弹模型及其界面结构参数

本文以复合材料界面作为中间相(界面相),借助Takayanagi的两相共混模型及Ziege的修正公式,导出了单向纤维增强聚合物复合材料的三相动态粘弹共混模型,得到了界面层的几何结构混合参数(r_i、V_i、λ_L及中间参数B)及界面相的各个动态粘弹性参数.这些参数可以根据复合材料的动态粘弹性实验结果求得,利用上述导出的模型,对玻璃纤维单向增强不饱和聚酯的动态粘弹性进行了试验,结果表明,随着温度的变化,界面相的厚度r_i、体积分数V_i及动态粘弹参数也会发生一定的变化,存在着界面相与基体相之间的相互转变.      

SiCf/Al复合丝变形损伤过程的原位观察

采用扫描电镜原位观察方法研究了束丝SiC纤维增强铝复合丝在低频疲劳和静拉伸过程中的损伤过程。实验发现,经过较短时间的疲劳加载或在较低的载荷下就出现纤维裂纹,裂纹向基体方向扩展,没有明显的界面脱粘现象。损伤过程可分为三个阶段,包括以纤维裂纹萌生为主的损伤起始阶段、以纤维多次断裂和基体裂纹扩展为主的损伤累计阶段以及裂纹迅速扩展和主裂纹连接的失稳破坏阶段。根据剪滞模型计算的表观界面强度表明该复合丝为强结合界面。     

两级载荷作用下复合材料界面的脱粘

研究了两级拉伸疲劳载荷作用下,纤维增强复合材料界面的脱粘。首先基于剪切筒模型,建立了求解纤维与基体应力的控制微分方程,并求得了相关解答。然后借助断裂力学中描述疲劳裂纹扩展的公式和能量耗散率理论,给出了界面脱粘长度、加载次数以及脱粘应力之间的关系式。最后通过实例模拟了两级拉伸疲劳载荷作用下的界面裂纹扩展,分析了界面疲劳裂纹扩展速率、脱粘长度在不同加载方式下的变化规律,以及材料泊松比的变化对界面脱粘的影响。从而为进一步研究工程结构的疲劳破坏和材料的最优设计提供一定的理论依据。      

Effect of interphase properties on fracture behavior of TCP/PLA composites

In the present study, the effects of interphase on the mechanical properties of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) particle-dispersed bioabsorbable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were investigated. In order to improve interfacial strength between PLA and β-TCP, the surface of β-TCP was modified with L-lactic acid (LLA) monomer. The weight ratios of LLA to β-TCP are selected as 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5%. Tensile strength decreased with the incorporation of β-TCP to PLA, whereas the tensile strength of composites was improved in the case of modification with the weight ratio of 3%. From acoustic emission measurements, initial interfacial debonding was also suppressed up to 3%. From finite elemental analysis, elastic modulus of interphase is about 30–70% of that of PLA and elastic modulus of the composites do not depend on interphase thickness. From the stress distributions at initial debonding onset, it is clarified that interfacial debonding is caused by shear stress between particle and interphase and interfacial shear strength seems to be about 20 MPa.     

A Numerical Method for Simulating the Microscopic Damage Evolution in Composites Under Uniaxial Transverse Tension

In this paper, a new numerical method that combines a surface-based cohesive model and extended finite element method (XFEM) without predefining the crack paths is presented to simulate the microscopic damage evolution in composites under uniaxial transverse tension. The proposed method is verified to accurately capture the crack kinking into the matrix after fiber/matrix debonding. A statistical representative volume element (SRVE) under periodic boundary conditions is used to approximate the microstructure of the composites. The interface parameters of the cohesive models are investigated, in which the initial interface stiffness has a great effect on the predictions of the fiber/matrix debonding. The detailed debonding states of SRVE with strong and weak interfaces are compared based on the surface-based and element-based cohesive models. The mechanism of damage in composites under transverse tension is described as the appearance of the interface cracks and their induced matrix micro-cracking, both of which coalesce into transversal macro-cracks. Good agreement is found between the predictions of the model and the in situ experimental observations, demonstrating the efficiency of the presented model for simulating the microscopic damage evolution in composites.     

Machining of UD-GFRP composites chip formation mechanism

The chip formation mechanism in orthogonal machining of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polymer (UD-GFRP) composites is simulated using quasi-static analysis. Dynamic explicit finite element method with mass scaling is used for analysis to speed up the solution. A two-dimensional, two-phase micromechanical model with elastic fiber, elasto-plastic matrix and a cohesive zone is used to simulate the debonding interface between the fiber and the matrix. The elements of the fiber are failed once the maximum principal stress reaches the tensile strength and the matrix elastic modulus is degraded once the ultimate strength is reached. The effect of fiber orientation, tool parameters and operating conditions on fiber and matrix failure and chip size is also investigated. The degradation of the matrix adjacent to the fiber occurs first, followed by failure of the fiber at its rear side. The extent of sub-surface damage due to matrix cracking and interfacial debonding is also determined.     

Determination of interface properties from experiments on the fragmentation process in single-fiber composites

This paper attempts to quantify the fracture properties (strength and toughness) of the fiber–matrix interface in composites, using the fragmentation process and debonding growth for HI-Nicalon™ SiC single-fiber and T300 carbon single-fiber epoxy (Bisphenol-A type epoxy resin with triethylenetetramine (TETA) as curing agent) composite systems. This method is based on the numerical modeling for the microscopic damage and fragmentation process in single-fiber composite (SFC) tests, with a cohesive zone model (CZM). For the HI-Nicalon™ SiC single-fiber epoxy composite in which the major damage near a fiber break is interfacial debonding, interface properties were reasonably determined as (T_II,max, G_IIc) = (75 MPa, 200 J/m²). In contrast, for T300 carbon single-fiber epoxy composite, we could not determine unique interfacial properties, since the variation of the cohesive parameters hardly affects the microscopic damage process due to the transition to the damage pattern dominated by matrix cracking.     

Incremental damage theory of particulate-reinforced composites with a ductile interphase

This paper deals with a new micromechanics model of particulate-reinforced composites (PRCs) describing the evolution of debonding damage, matrix plasticity and particle size effect on the deformation. A ductile interphase was considered in the frame of incremental damage theory to analyze the dependence of elastic–plastic–damage behavior on particle size. Progressive debonding damage was controlled by a critical energy criterion for particle–matrix interfacial separation. The equivalent stresses of the matrix and interphase were determined by field fluctuation method. The influences of progressive debonding damage, particle size and interphase properties on the overall stress–strain response of PRC were explained simultaneously. Due to the existence of a ductile interphase, stress transfer and plastic initiation in PRC become very complicated, and thus a unit-cell (UC) based FEM was used to simulate their evolutions and demonstrate the role of the interphase. Finally, particle size effect on the mechanical behaviors of composites was interpreted.     

Evaluation of the interfacial strength of carbon-fiber-reinforced temperature-resistant polymer composites by the micro-droplet test

This paper presents an evaluation method for the fiber/matrix interfacial strength. The interfacial strength is determined by comparing experimental data with numerical simulations. The micro-droplet test is conducted, and the fiber axial stress at the point of interface debonding is obtained. A numerical simulation is performed with ABAQUS using an axisymmetric finite-element model. In the numerical simulation, an accurate value of the thermal residual stress based on the thermo-viscoelasticity and the damage to the resin around the blade-contacting point is considered to simulate the experimental phenomena ideally. In the thermal residual stress analysis, the actual thermal residual stress is calculated by considering the relaxation modulus and the time–temperature superposition principle for the resin. Damage initiation criteria for both dilatational and shear cases, based on continuum damage mechanics, are considered for the resin. Interfacial debonding is simulated using a cohesive zone model, and the interfacial strength is taken as the strength of the cohesive zone element at the simulated fiber maximum stress corresponding to the experimental value.     

Irreversible deformation of metal matrix composites: A study via the mechanism-based cohesive zone model

An elastic–plastic interface model at finite deformations is utilized to predict the irreversible deformation of metal matrix composites (MMCs) under the transverse loading and unloading conditions. The associated benefit of the cohesive model is to provide a physical insight on the main irreversible deformation mechanisms, i.e., the geometrically nonlinear, localized plastic deformation and damage induced debonding, at the interface of MMCs. The extensive parametric study is conducted using this cohesive model to investigate the effects of the cohesive parameters on the stress–strain response of MMCs under transverse loading. Further, the ductile mechanism of the matrix is considered to characterize the competition between the plastic flow of the matrix and the inelastic interface induced irreversible deformation. Moreover, the predictions using the cohesive model are compared with those available experimental data in the literature to demonstrate the inelastic behaviors, including the interfacial plasticity and damage induced debonding, as well as the plastic flow of the matrix. The numerical results of the stress–strain responses for both loading and unloading conditions show good agreements with those obtained by the experiment. The deformation and failure modes of MMCs predicted by the model are also consistent with the observations of the experiment.     

Progressive failure analysis of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymers with inhomogeneous interphase and randomly distributed fibers under transverse tensile loading

The effect of damage due to interfacial debonding on the post initial failure behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymers subjected to transverse tension was investigated using numerical homogenization techniques based on the finite element method. Calculations were performed for unit cells containing fibers distributed at random over the transverse cross-section with inhomogeneous interphase layers. The mechanism of progressive failure was examined at both a global and a local level. A detailed analysis of the proposed micromechanics model revealed that it is able correctly to simulate the evolution of damage and to explain the softening mechanism. It was found that the post initial failure behavior of unidirectional lamina under transverse tension is mainly controlled by the interface strength and the interphase stiffness. The present study showed that local fiber array irregularities are a significant contributor to matrix cracking through local stress concentrations and the occurrence of localization.     

Microscopic failure mechanisms of fiber-reinforced polymer composites under transverse tension and compression

The mechanical behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composites subjected to tension and compression perpendicular to the fibers is studied using computational micromechanics. The representative volume element of the composite microstructure with random fiber distribution is generated, and the two dominant damage mechanisms experimentally observed – matrix plastic deformation and interfacial debonding – are included in the simulation by the extended Drucker–Prager model and cohesive zone model respectively. Progressive failure procedure for both the matrix and interface is incorporated in the simulation, and ductile criterion is used to predict the damage initiation of the matrix taking into account its sensitivity to triaxial stress state. The simulation results clearly reveal the damage process of the composites and the interactions of different damage mechanisms. It can be concluded that the tension fracture initiates as interfacial debonding and evolves as a result of interactions between interfacial debonding and matrix plastic deformation, while the compression failure is dominated by matrix plastic damage. And then the effects of interfacial properties on the damage behavior of the composites are assessed. It is found that the interfacial stiffness and fracture energy have relatively smaller influence on the mechanical behavior of composites, while the influence of interfacial strength is significant.     

基于内聚力模型的形状记忆合金短纤维增强树脂基复合材料的模拟分析

通过单纤维拔出实验和单轴拉伸实验, 测定了形状记忆合金(SMA)增强树脂基复合材料的界面脱粘剪切强度和单向随机分布SMA短纤维增强复合材料的拉伸强度。根据蒙特卡罗法和边界条件控制方程, 编写了适于软件调用的单向随机分布短纤维增强复合材料的APDL语言生成程序, 建立数值模拟模型。基于指数型内聚力模型, 对SMA纤维与环氧树脂基体界面分离(即界面脱粘)过程进行了有限元模拟。结果表明: 相同纤维体积分数下, 随着纤维长细比的减小, 复合材料整体弹性模量逐渐降低; 温度驱使SMA纤维弹性模量发生变化, 可以有效提高复合材料整体弹性模量。