太阳能热水器和电热水器的环境和经济效益分析与评价

运用生命周期方法（LCA）对家用太阳能热水器进行了系统、全面的环境影响评价。主要分析了太阳能热水器的用材、生产和运输3个阶段，分别计算3个阶段的单位能耗和环境影响，并与电热水器进行了比较。结果表明，太阳能热水器具有显著的节能和环保效应。     

秸秆直燃发电系统的生命周期评价

以装机容量25 MW的生物质秸秆直燃发电系统为评价对象,进行生命周期评价.结果表明,秸秆直燃发电1万kWh,可吸收CO2 2502.87 kg,向环境排放SO237.39 kg,NOx90.37 kg,与燃煤发电相比,虽然氮氧化物的排放量有所增加,但减少了温室气体及硫氧化物的排放,污染物的排放主要发生在秸秆燃烧阶段.每发电1万kWh消耗能量15 340.2 MJ,秸秆预处理阶段是能量消耗的主要阶段,须要输入能量13 830.5MJ.秸秆直燃发电过程对环境影响的总负荷为35.18人当量.在此过程中,烟尘居环境影响总负荷的首位.     

秸秆直燃发电的生命周期评价

应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以秸秆直燃发电项目为研究对象,对秸秆的种植、运输、粉碎干燥和燃烧发电等4个过程进行了清单分析,并分别计算出4个过程的能耗及其对环境的影响.结果表明,每燃烧100kg秸秆发电,对环境的总影响负荷水稻秸为247.36毫人当量,小麦秸为268.74毫人当量,玉米秸为267.33毫人当量.秸秆直燃发电对环境影响主要为烟尘和灰尘,对局部地区的影响占据首位.以水稻秸秆为例,100kg水稻秸秆在直燃发电过程中整个系统共从环境吸收CO2167.60kg,向环境释放CO2164.24kg,由此看到,秸秆直燃发电项目在减少温室气体排放上能起积极作用.     

槽式和塔式太阳能热发电的热效率及环境影响分析与评价

选取槽式和塔式两种太阳能热发电系统为研究对象,运用生命周期方法（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）分别对槽式和塔式太阳能热发电进行系统、全面的环境影响评价。主要对两种太阳能热发电的用材、生产和运输3个阶段进行分析,分别计算了3个阶段的单位能耗和环境影响,并对两个系统的分析结果进行比较。同时,采用朗肯循环对两种系统进行了热效率方面的比较。     

能源环境政策评价模型的比较分析

本文综述了在能源和环境政策评价中常用的2种数学模型——自上而下的能源经济模型和自下而上的能源技术模型的基本特点,在此基础上对其中2种最为主要的模型——可计算一般均衡模型(CGE)模型和动态能源优化模型进行了分析和评述,提出了对2种模型进行连接的总体思路和基本框架。本文分析认为,能源政策评价模型对于提高我国在制定能源和环境政策方面的能力具有非常重要的意义;2种能源环境政策评价模型具有各自的优点和缺点,适用范围也不尽相同,且具有很强的互补性;实现2种模型的连接,特别是2种模型之间的"软连接",是未来提高模型分析能力的关键所在。     

基于环境外部成本的长期资源规划模型及应用

针对传统的化石燃料发电带来的负面环境影响已成为电力体制改革的争论焦点,提出了考虑环境外部成本和断电成本的电力市场长期资源规划模型,以社会总成本最小化建模,并运用折现率体现成本的动态变化,形成一整套以发电为约束的长期资源规划综合模型。以云南省未来发电资源规划的实例验证了该模型的科学性和可行性。     

基于生命周期评价的生物质发电系统环境影响分析

以我国建设中的装机容量为25MW的秸秆直燃发电系统为研究对象,采用生命周期评价的方法,系统、全面地评价它对生态环境的显见和潜在的影响.对生物质直燃发电系统的关键技术环节改善与降低环境影响的关系进行了讨论.     

水资源环境与城市生态经济系统耦合模型及评价

随着城市化进程的加快,水资源环境与城市生态经济的矛盾不断深化,研究其耦合机理对于优化两者的关系具有指导意义。利用系统分析方法建立由水资源、城市生态经济、水环境治理等方面组成的耦合度评价指标体系,通过耦合协调度模型对长江经济带11省(市)的水资源环境与城市生态经济的耦合度进行评价,计算水资源子系统、城市生态经济子系统、水环境治理子系统的综合评估值,得到11省(市)水资源环境与城市生态经济系统间的平衡关系,然后利用耦合协调度模型计算11省(市)的耦合协调结果,并进一步分析处于高度协调、基本协同、过渡和失调衰退等类型的城市耦合状态。     

秸秆资源化利用技术分析

秸秆是重要的可再生的生物质资源,是仅次于煤、油、气的第四大能源.对我国各地的秸秆年产量、流向等方面进行了详细的调研,提出了秸秆资源化的方法.针对秸秆资源分布范围广阔而分散的特点,提出了农村区域性供能的设想.并通过对秸秆的燃烧机理的研究,为秸秆的能源化提供了一定的设计依据.     

北京市生物质废弃物资源化利用潜力评估

针对北京市废弃生物质资源进行系统调研和初步评估,估算北京市的废弃生物质资源潜力,由目前生物质资源的保有量数据构建了ARIMA模型,对北京市潜在废弃生物质资源进行预测,估算未来几年生物质废弃物资源化利用量,为生物质能替代化石能源,减小北京能源供应压力提供依据。研究结果表明:2017年北京市农业生物质废弃物的资源化利用潜力为44.08万t标煤,未来可开发量趋于平稳;2017年餐厨垃圾的资源化利用潜力为46.81万t标煤,未来总量仍不断增长,可开发潜力巨大。     

Economic and environmental evaluation of transporting imported pellet: A case study

This work compares the different methods of transport used to import pellets, through a case study of pellets imported into Italy. The objective was to evaluate the economic and environmental sustainability of the different transport methods, the former via a cost analysis, and the latter via an LCA analysis. In particular, the method of transport by sea from Virginia (USA) was compared to overland transport from some European locations. Industrial pellet markets strictly depend on the import of wood pellets from outside the EU-27. The analysis of transport phase is therefore crucial, for inspecting the consequences of transporting such a commodity along considerable distances and allowing decision makers to make strategic decisions about trade planning, optimize international routes, and choose the most sustainable transport methods. The economic analysis showed that road transport cost ranged from 18 to 112 € t⁻¹, while sea cost from 68 to 82 € t⁻¹. Concerning the environmental evaluation, the impact categories most involved were Fossil Fuels, Respiratory Inorganics and Land Use, showing that the critical points in the transport phase are the oil consumption per km and the production of high quantities of SO₂ and NO_x. Basically, transport by sea appeared to be better, from the economic viewpoint, and for what concerns one of the major environmental impacts involved (fossil fuels) and primary energy consumption, compared to road transport from some of the European locations normally supplying the Italian market. On the contrary, road transport was preferred if transporting pellets from locations nearest to Italy.     

废弃矿井资源的可再生能源开发利用

随着中国煤炭供给侧改革的深入,煤炭淘汰落后产能工作持续推进,废弃煤矿数量将逐步增加,开展废弃矿井煤及可再生能源开发利用战略研究具有重要的意义。文章梳理了中国废弃矿井可再生能源开发利用现状及存在的问题,分析了废弃矿井可再生能源开发利用模式,评价了废弃矿井可再生能源开发利用前景,提出了废弃矿井可再生能源开发利用的发展建议。     

Municipal solid waste gasification for environmental management: A modeling study

The aim of this study was to predict the effect of operating conditions (temperature and equivalence ratio (ER)) on product distribution and gasification performances during air-steam gasification of MSW. To predict the gas composition, an Aspen Plus model was developed based on Gibbs free energy minimization. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) and model deviation percentage (MDP) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. Validation showed good agreement of the reported and predicted values for the gas caloric value. Increasing the temperature from 650 to 850^°C led to an increase in H₂ content (3.97?4.27 vol %) in the gases. An optimal temperature of 650°C resulted in the highest syngas lower caloric value (LHV) and lowest CO₂ content.     

Experimental study on cogasification mechanisms of straw and kitchen waste in the fixed-bed gasifier

The cogasification experiments were carried out by an electric fixed-bed gasifier to explore the cooperative gasification mechanisms of straw and kitchen waste. The effects of temperature, equivalence ratio as well as mixing ratio of straw and kitchen waste containing rice and trench oil on the gasification behaviors were investigated, combining the characterizations with SEM and FTIR. The results showed that the CH₄ release volume fraction of single trench oil could up to 90%, as for the mixtures of straw, rice, and trench oil, the rapid reaction of oil could increase the gasification temperature, promote the bond fractures of CC and C H. Thereby those fractured matters could combine CO and H₂ to generate CH₄, which consequently improved the gas quality from straw gasification. As the equivalence ratio being 0.1 at 800°C, the actual calorific value of released gaseous from the mixture of straw, rice, and oil was at least 26% higher than the theoretical weighting value. When the mass ratio of straw, oil, and rice was 2:0.5:0.5, that superiority even reached 49.31%. Furthermore, in another fixed-bed gasifier without external heating, the mixture of sun-dried straw and actual kitchen waste containing much water could still achieve continuous gasification, and the experimental phenomena were similar to those above with the electric fixed-bed gasifier. The real calorific value of the mixture of straw and kitchen waste was still higher than the theoretical weighting value.     

衡水市地热资源开发利用模式探讨

通过对衡水市地热资源特点、开发利用现状及存在问题的分析,结合产业规划和利用需求提出了适合衡水市的地热资源开发利用模式。逐步建设以地热采暖为主,集工农业生产、温泉康乐、旅游度假、生活洗浴等多元化的地热利用格局,以期提高地热资源利用率,做大做强衡水市地热产业,实现社会经济、生态环境的共赢。     

GIS-based energy-economic model of low temperature geothermal resources: A case study in the Italian Marche region

This paper presents a computational procedure designed to derive a regional model of the low temperature geothermal potential and its economic exploitability. The model was applied to the Italian Marche region and developed with the support of a Geographic Information System (GIS), which highlights the spatial dependencies in the distribution of geothermic resources. The Low Temperature Geothermal Energy has already gained attention as a renewable energy resource for domestic heating and represents a growing opportunity for investment. Although it is common practice to conduct an accurate evaluation of the geothermal potential and its exploitability on a site during the construction of a single installation, there is not an established practice or guidelines for estimating this resource over large territories. This information could support an institution’s ability to conduct regional energy planning and guide private entrepreneurship to meet new economic opportunities. To address these issues, the main contribution of this work is a model that reduces the distance between the physical knowledge of the territory/environment and economic analysis. The model is based on a useful assessment of low temperature geothermal potential obtained from physical parameters on a regional scale, from which a set of economic indicators are calculated to evaluate the actual economic accessibility to the geothermal energy resource.     

A new approach for evaluation of renewable energy resources: A case of Turkey

The energy needs of Turkey, especially electricity and heating, will eventually increase in the next years since Turkey is one of the developing countries. The current energy policy of Turkey is mainly based on the fossil fuels and natural gases. However, the fossil fuels and natural gas are extremely harmful energy resources for environment as the emissions of greenhouse gases are very high level. Therefore, a long-term renewable energy policy planning should be developed. In this study, the evaluation of renewable energy resources for Turkey is accomplished using intuitionistic fuzzy Visekriterijumsko Kompromisno Rangiranje method in which criteria are expressed in both a quantitative and qualitative way for the first time in the literature. In the evaluation process, wind, hydro, solar, geothermal, and biomass are evaluated. Four main criteria – technological, environmental, sociological, and economic – are considered as main evaluation criteria and totally 12 subcriteria related to main criteria are also taken into consideration. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis has been conducted to identify which renewable energy resource is a better option under different circumstances.     

新能源系统社会评价模型方法研究

指出了对新能源系统的评价要立足于其对全社会能源、环境、费用和效益的影响；讨论了新能源系统的社会能源评价、环境评价、经济评价的模型和方法。