Pt/HZSM-5水相重整山梨醇合成生物汽油的研究

考察了Pt/HZSM-5载体的酸性(硅铝比)、反应温度、反应压力、反应时间等因素对水相重整山梨醇合成生物汽油反应的影响。结果表明:在载体的硅铝比为38、反应温度260℃、压力5.0MPa、反应时间8h的条件下,该反应的总转化率高达95%,烷烃产物中C_(5+)的选择性接近90%,其中异构烷烃的选择性大于50%。     

生物质多元醇水相催化合成烃类燃料的研究进展

概述了生物质多元醇水相催化合成烃类燃料的研究现状和发展趋势,重点论述了水相催化合成汽油类烃燃料的关键技术及发展动态,并展望了水相催化技术未来的发展方向。     

荷兰航空将开通以“地沟油”为燃料的航班

荷航说,使用生物煤油驱动航班将更有利于可持续发展。这种生物煤油以特殊技术从地沟油中提炼出来,其技术标准与普通的航空煤油一样,不需要对现有飞机发动机进行改造。荷航总裁卡米尔.厄尔林斯说,荷航早在2009年就进行过试验,证明利用生物煤油飞行在技术上是可行的,这将把全世界带入一个新阶段。     

美国研发出把生物质直接转化为燃料的微生物

<正>美国的能源独立所承诺的负担得起的生物质运输燃料(一种可持续的碳中性路径)长期以来一直受转化工艺经济性的困扰。佐治亚大学的一项最新研究已解决这一问题,可将柳枝稷直接转化为燃料。该项研究发表在《美国国家科学院学报》杂志上,报道使用了一种名为Caldicellulosiruptor bescii(C.bescii)的工程菌株,这种工程菌株不需要经     

Long range transport aircraft using hydrogen fuel

Hydrogen is since long seen as an outstanding candidate for an environmentally acceptable, future aviation fuel. Given that most comprehensive studies on its use in aviation were performed over two decades ago, the current article evaluates its potential as a fuel for long range transport aircraft at current and future technology levels. The investigations show that hydrogen has the potential to reduce the energy utilisation of long range transport aircraft by approximately 11%. The use of hydrogen namely allows a much smaller wing area and span since the wing size is not restricted by its fuel storage capacity. At a given price per unit energy content, the smaller wings lead to a reduction of around 30% in take-off gross weight and 3% in direct operating costs for a given fuel price per energy content. The hydrogen-fuelled aircraft are furthermore slightly more sensitive to a possible reduction in operating empty weight in the future and 20% less sensitive to further improvements in engine thrust specific fuel consumption.     

A new fuel cell using aqueous ammonia-borane as the fuel

Ammonia-borane (NH₃BH₃), as a source of protide (H⁻), is initially proposed to release its energy through a fuel cell (direct ammonia-borane fuel cell, DABFC). Cell performance has been elucidated in a 25 cm² laboratory cell constructed with an oxygen cathode and an ammonia-borane solution fed anode, where the catalyst layers are made of Vulcan XC-72 with 30 wt.% Pt. The potential is 0.6 V at the current density of 24 mA cm⁻², corresponding to power density >14 mW cm⁻² at room temperature. The direct electron transfer from protide (H⁻) in NH₃BH₃ to proton (H⁺) has been further proved by the open circuit potential and the cyclic voltammetry results, which show the possibility of improvement in the performance of DABFC by, for example, exploring new electrode materials.     

Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources

This article is an up-to-date review of the literature available on the subject of liquid biofuels. In search of a suitable fuel alternative to fast depleting fossil fuel and oil reserves and in serious consideration of the environmental issues associated with the extensive use of fuels based on petrochemicals, research work is in progress worldwide. Researchers have been re-directing their interests in biomass based fuels, which currently seem to be the only logical alternative for sustainable development in the context of economical and environmental considerations. Renewable bioresources are available globally in the form of residual agricultural biomass and wastes, which can be transformed into liquid biofuels. However, the process of conversion, or chemical transformation, could be very expensive and not worth-while to use for an economical large-scale commercial supply of biofuels. Hence, there is still need for much research to be done for an effective, economical and efficient conversion process. Therefore, this article is written as a broad overview of the subject, and includes information based on the research conducted globally by scientists according to their local socio-cultural and economic situations.     

Multi-agent direct current systems using renewable energy sources and hydrogen fuel cells

Direct current provides accumulation of electricity and is therefore necessary when using renewable energy sources. Hydrogen energy storage devices in the form of fuel cells are the most effective and environmentally friendly way of energy storage and conservation. Shortcomings of electric power networks compared with DC networks in terms of stability, controllability, reliability and redundancy are noted. The necessity of transition from digitalization in the form of automated process control systems to smart grids, and subsequently to multi-agent DC networks with a high degree of redundancy, is revealed. Besides, the paper deals with application of distributed generation consisting of traditional and renewable energy sources, as well as accumulators and static converters. Characteristics of the above mentioned elements are given for simulating the modes in order to select the structure and control algorithms that provide increased power supply reliability.     

Production of hydrogen from renewable resources and its effectiveness

At present, hydrogen is used mainly in a chemical industry for production of ammonia and methanol. In the near future, hydrogen will become a significant fuel which can solve the local problems connected with an air quality. Because the hydrogen is most widespread component on the Earth, it can be obtained from a number of sources, both renewable and non-renewable, moreover, by various processes. Pure hydrogen can be acquired by the energy-demanding electrolysis of water. Global production has so far been dominated by hydrogen production from fossil fuels, with the most significant contemporary technologies being the reforming of hydrocarbons, pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis. In the near future, biological method can be used.     

Production of fuel range oxygenates by supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic model systems

Lignocellulosic model compounds and aspen wood are processed at supercritical hydrothermal conditions to study and understand feedstock impact on biocrude formation and characteristics. Glucose and xylose demonstrate similar yield of biocrude and biochar, similar biocrude characteristics, and it is hypothesized that reaction mechanisms for the two model compounds are indistinguishable. Glucose and xylose are main sources of substituted cyclopentenones and substantial contributors to oxygenated aromatics mainly in the range of C₆–C₉ number of carbon atoms, and potential, sustainable biogasoline candidates. Lignin yields predominantly aromatic biocrudes having similar C₆–C₉ number of carbon atoms. Model mixtures show good predictability in the distribution of substituted cyclopentenones and oxygenated aromatics, but aspen wood-derived biocrude is more aromatic than predicted by model mixtures. The work extends previous work on the understanding of the chemical mechanisms of lignocellulose liquefaction and the biocrude formation. Potential applications for the biocrudes are identified, where significant sustainability issues for the transport sector can be addressed.     

Production of hydrogen and light hydrocarbons as a potential gaseous fuel from microwave-heated pyrolysis of waste automotive engine oil

Waste automotive engine oil was pyrolyzed in a continuous stirred bed reactor using microwave energy as the heat source; the yield and characteristics of the incondensable gaseous products are discussed. The recovered gases (41 wt% yield) were found to contain substantial concentrations of light aliphatic hydrocarbons (up to 86 vol.%) that could potentially be used as a chemical feedstock or a fuel source to power the process, or to be reformed to produce hydrogen for use as a second-generation fuel. Examination of the composition of the gases also showed the formation of H₂ (up to 19 vol.%) and CO that could also be used as a valuable syngas (with a H₂ + CO content of up to 35 vol.%). The high yield of gaseous hydrocarbons can be attributed to the unique heating mode and chemical environment present during microwave-heated pyrolysis. The use of a microwave-heated bed of particulate-carbon showed advantages in transforming waste oil into valuable gases. Hence an environmentally unfriendly waste material can be transformed into a useful resource and serves as an alternative source of hydrogen or hydrocarbon energy. The recovery of valuable gases shows advantage over traditional destructive approaches and suggests excellent potential for recycling problematic waste oil.     

Sulfonated mesoporous Y zeolite with nickel to catalyze hydrocracking of microalgae biodiesel into jet fuel range hydrocarbons

To promote catalytic performances of Ni-based mesoporous Y (meso-Y) zeolite in the hydrocracking conversion of microalgae biodiesel to jet fuel range hydrocarbons, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane was utilized as sulfonating agent to improve the acid density of meso-Y zeolite. The physiochemical properties of sulfonated meso-Y zeolite were characterized via temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and N₂ physisorption. It was detected that sulfonic acid groups (-SO₃H) composed of SO and SO bonds were successfully grafted onto meso-Y zeolite framework. The strong acid density significantly increased from 0.31 mmol/g to 1.21 mmol/g when meso-Y zeolite was treated with 0.38 mL/g sulfonating agent. The crystalline interplanar spacing of meso-Y zeolite expanded with a shifted position (2θ) of X-ray diffraction peak from 15.72° to 15.70°. The enhanced hydrocracking capacity of 10% Ni/sulfonated meso-Y zeolite catalyst resulted in improvements in microalgae biodiesel conversion (from 82.1% to 99.7%) and jet fuel range alkane selectivity (from 31.2% to 52.3%).     

A mobile renewable house using PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system

A photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system for stand-alone applications is proposed and demonstrated with a mobile house. This concept shows that different renewable sources can be used simultaneously to power off-grid applications. The presented mobile house can produce sufficient power to cover the peak load. Photovoltaic and wind energy are used as primary sources and a fuel cell as backup power for the system. The power budgeting of the system is designed based on the local data of solar radiation and wind availability. Further research will focus on the development of the data acquisition system and the implementation of automatic controls for power management.