局部阴影遮挡的太阳电池组件输出特性实验研究

结合太阳电池双二极管与雪崩击穿效应数学模型,设计太阳电池组件遮挡实验,并对组件性能进行实际测试。分别在有、无旁通二极管两种情况下,分析比较单片太阳电池小比例(1%～10%)、大比例(10%～100%)遮挡及多片电池阴影遮挡的太阳电池组件输出的I-V及P-V特性曲线。结果表明,有、无旁通二极管情况下,组件单片电池被遮挡1%～10%,整个组件输出功率下降比例均不超过2%,同一串电池片之间可允许存在小的功率差异或表面辐照强度差异(<5%)。同组件无旁通二极管多个电池遮挡实验显示,电池出现热斑效应时会被反向击穿,实验组件击穿电压约15V,为避免热斑损害,组件中应对少于15/0.6=25片串联电池并联一个旁通二极管。     

局部阴影遮挡下大尺寸光伏组件的输出特性研究

以太阳电池尺寸为210 mm×105 mm、电路结构为并串结构的大尺寸光伏组件为例,首先分析单片太阳电池不同阴影遮挡比例时的情况,然后分析光伏组件6种不同阴影遮挡比例和18种典型阴影遮挡位置和形状对大尺寸光伏组件输出特性的影响。结果表明：随着单片太阳电池阴影遮挡比例不断增大,二极管始终未导通,但光伏组件的最大功率逐渐降低,最后降至初始功率的2/3;阴影遮挡比例对采用并串电路结构的大尺寸光伏组件的I-V特性的影响是非线性的。对于整块光伏组件而言,阴影遮挡比例越大,光伏组件的最大功率越小;在同一阴影遮挡比例下,集中阴影遮挡对光伏组件最大功率损失的影响更大。     

阴影遮挡下光伏组件横竖向放置对发电量的影响

为了提高阴影遮挡时光伏组件的发电量,针对横、竖向放置时光伏组件相互遮挡产生的功率损失,建立了光伏组件在阴影遮挡情况下的数学模型,考虑了光伏组件并联旁路二极管的影响,仿真模拟了阴影遮挡下横、竖向放置时光伏组件的输出特性,进而以某地100kW光伏阵列为例,计算了光伏组件在不同摆放方式、不同倾角与间距下的辐射量、年发电量、阴影损失及年平均效率,为光伏电站的初步设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

局部阴影条件下光伏组件性能实验研究

局部阴影遮挡严重影响光伏组件的输出特性,通过光伏组件的变比例遮挡以及特定比例下变化遮挡部位的方式对上述问题开展实验研究。研究表明:光伏组件受到阴影遮挡的比例越大,输出特性越差,10%为遮挡比例的转折点,超过之后特性曲线下降斜率陡增,当组件被遮挡20%以上时,最大输出功率Pm接近于零,特性曲线已不完整。分析10%遮挡面积下不同遮挡方式对输出特性和发电量的影响,光伏组件的Pm随单体电池被遮挡比例的增加而减小,给出不同遮挡方式下组件的功率损失。     

高辐照量下遮挡时PV组件性能特性模拟分析

为研究高辐照量下(辐射强度为1200 W/m~2)遮挡时的组件可靠性,根据能量守恒定律,结合电池的单二极管和反向特性数学模型,建立适合分析遮挡情况的光伏模组仿真模型,用以分析标准工况和高辐照量条件下组件的光电转换性能和组件工作温度特性、二极管工作特性。模拟计算结果表明:在高辐照量遮挡情况下,组件最大输出功率比标准工况大18.5%;组件正常运行时的最高温度比标准工况时高14℃,比实际工况高30℃。因此,在高辐照量的地区,光伏组件尽量选择安放在通风处。旁路二极管分布可沿用标准工况的设计方案。     

细水雾抑制障碍物遮挡气体池火的缩尺度实验研究

大型仓库等场所由于存在明显的障碍物空间遮挡情形,一旦发生火灾,障碍物势必会对细水雾灭火效果及其作用机制产生影响．通过搭建1/6缩尺度实验平台,利用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)及粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,获取了细水雾与障碍物遮挡火焰相互作用的火焰羟基自由基浓度分布及细水雾流场数据．结果表明,细水雾可以有效熄灭最大有效雾量比大于0.59且火焰功率小于3.93 kW的遮挡火焰．PIV拍摄视场下雾滴最大速度随细水雾施加时间的特征规律,揭示了灭火过程中雾-焰相互竞争的动力学机制．     

蓄冷降温式太阳电池组件的实验研究

根据太阳电池温度特性,研究通过工程热物理途径来提高太阳电池光电转换效率的方法,开发出新型蓄冷降温式太阳电池组件,利用夜间大气自然冷量吸收太阳电池热量,降低其工作温度。室外试验于07年10月～08年11月在广州地区进行,测试分析了该组件及对照组平板式太阳电池组件的温度—电能输出及转换效率特性。结果表明:与平板式组件相比,蓄冷降温式太阳电池组件工作温度大大降低,效率相应提高。蓄冷降温式组件最大温降达26.5℃,瞬时电能输出相对提高18%,全天电能输出增长14%以上。     

基于石墨烯提升光伏组件散热性能实验研究

采用新型石墨烯材料用于光伏组件背板散热,以提高光伏组件能量转换效率.在硅太阳电池组件基础上分别设计并制作普通石墨烯薄膜组件以及石墨烯肋片复合结构组件,建立2种石墨烯光伏组件的热力学模型,搭建石墨烯组件散热性能测试平台进行实验研究,此外进行组件室外光伏电站的性能测试.实验结果表明,添加石墨烯及肋片能增强光伏组件散热性能和...     

两种阀门结构的部分进气涡轮在不同阀门开度下的性能研究

为满足日益严格的排放法规,可变截面涡轮增压器正广泛地应用于车用发动机,针对一种新型的部分进气可变截面涡轮增压器,采用数值研究方法对采用两种阀门结构的涡轮在阀门不同开度的性能及内部流场进行分析,掌握了在阀门小开度和大开度下两阀门结构涡轮的工作特性及内部流动损失的机理。     

沙尘对光伏组件表面冲蚀行为影响实验研究

文章根据野外沙漠的环境因素,基于气流挟沙喷射法,利用风沙冲蚀系统模拟沙漠的风沙环境,分析不同安装倾角、风速下,沙尘的冲蚀对光伏组件输出特性的影响,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察光伏组件表面的冲蚀形貌。分析结果表明,光伏组件表面钢化绒面玻璃的冲蚀率随着冲蚀角的增加而增加,并在冲蚀角为90°时达到最大值。通过实验还发现,当冲蚀速度分别为25,30 m/s时,不同冲蚀角下,光伏组件的输出功率比未冲蚀光伏组件的输出功率分别降低了9.82%～16%,15.42%～24.46%,输出功率降低率的平均值分别为13%,19.39%。此外,通过比较发现,当冲蚀角为90°时,光伏组件的输出功率与未冲蚀光伏组件输出功率之间的差值较大,输出功率降低率的最大值为24.46%。     

Flexible polymer photovoltaic modules with incorporated organic bypass diodes to address module shading effects

We present experimental results on large-area low-cost processed flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) modules incorporating organic bypass diodes to eliminate the negative effects of shading on the module power output. A fully organic-based structure (organic solar module combined with an organic bypass diode) is essential to allow monolithic interconnection of the bypass diode during the solar module production within the same printing steps. The origin of shading losses in organic photovoltaic modules is analyzed in detail, and guidelines for the design and architecture of flexible OPV modules are derived. Inorganic and organic diodes were tested on their functionality as bypass diodes, and a set of diode specifications to minimize shading losses is summarized. Organic bypass diodes were found to efficiently reduce the adverse shading effects in OPV modules.     

沙漠沙尘对光伏组件输出性能影响实验研究

针对风沙环境下光伏组件的积沙现象,以积沙特性(积沙密度及沙尘粒径)为研究对象,采用人工铺沙的室外试验方式,结合温度性能探讨沙尘对光伏组件最大输出功率及填充因子的影响规律。研究表明:随积沙密度逐渐增大,最大输出功率呈下降趋势——积沙导致组件温度的降低进而对转换效率的提高无法弥补其削弱组件透光度带来的功率损失。填充因子变化趋势相反,且在35 g/m~2时(组件温度谷值处)达到峰值;随沙尘粒径逐渐增大,组件最大输出功率先增大后减小再增大,在粒径0.08～0.10 mm处发生突降,同时填充因子在该区间出现谷值。研究可指导风沙运动频发地区沙漠光伏电站的清洁规划以及不同粒度特征下沙漠光伏电站的产能损失预估。     

Impact of uneven shading and bypass diodes on energy extraction characteristics of solar photovoltaic modules and arrays

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is becoming an increasingly important part of the world's renewable energy. In order for effective energy extraction from a solar PV system, this paper investigates I–V and P–V characteristics of solar PV modules and arrays. The paper particularly focuses on I–V and P–V characteristics of PV modules and arrays under uneven shading conditions, and considers both the physics and electrical characteristics of a solar PV system in the model development. The article examines how different bypass diode arrangements could affect maximum power extraction characteristics of a solar PV module or array. It is found in this article that under uneven shading conditions, solar PV cells may perform in very different ways and a solar PV system may exhibit multiple peaks in its P–V characteristics. The study of this article also shows that the arrangement of largely distributed bypass diodes within a PV module could effectively improve efficiency and maximum power point tracking strategies for energy conversion of solar PV systems.     

An investigation on partial shading of PV modules with different connection configurations of PV cells

Partial shading is a commonly encountered issue in a PV (photovoltaic) system. In this paper, five different connection configurations of PV cells are studied to compare their performance under the condition of partial shading. They are SS (simple series), SP (series-parallel), TCT (total-cross-tied), BL (bridge-linked) and HC (honey comb) configurations. The electric network of each connection configuration is analyzed, taking into account the nonlinear nature of PV cells, by writing the Kirchhoff’s voltage and current equations. The analysis is followed by solving the simultaneous nonlinear equations using the Newton-Raphson algorithm, which allows the I-V (current-voltage) characteristic of the module with a specific configuration in response to different types and levels of partial shading to be evaluated. Comparison of the maximum power and fill factors of the five connection configurations is then carried out. Also studied is the reverse voltage across each PV cell. It is found that in most cases, the TCT configuration has a superior performance over the other four configurations in most comparison indices.     

Efficiency study of different photovoltaic plant connection schemes under dynamic shading

An important growth in the power of the photovoltaic systems connected to a grid has recently been observed. In spite of the advances in module technology, the problems in the system design increased, especially regarding the surface of the earth they occupy. In this work we propose a complete model for plant simulation with different wiring diagrams and under dynamic shading. Results obtained from simulations showed that the configuration with the lowest performance was that of only one serial-parallel group, whereas the highest efficiency corresponded to a design of groups of modules in parallel connected then in series. In general, a higher efficiency was obtained diminishing the quantity of modules in series and increasing their number in parallel. The simulation model proposed allows exploring different alternatives of wiring modules and finding the most efficient configurations for photovoltaic plants of medium and high power.     

Computer simulation of shading effects in photovoltaic arrays

A simulation of shading effects in arrays with different string configurations has been done. Simulation has been performed using as the basic unit the solar cell, modelled in direct bias by the conventional one exponential model, and in reverse bias by an equation previously validated in different types of photovoltaic cells reverse characteristics. The influence of the amount of shading, the type of reverse characteristic of the cell, the string length and the number of shaded cells has been analysed, and some recommendations are extracted.     

Laser patterning of P2 interconnect via in thin-film CIGS PV modules

The use of laser scribed Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ as a high-speed and low-stress alternative to the standard mechanical scribing has been investigated for thin-film PV modules on glass substrates. Laser scribe lines were smooth, narrow and straight compared to the chipped and jagged mechanically scribed lines. Modules fabricated using laser patterning have reached a 15% module efficiency and fill factors as high as 73%. Contact resistances were found to be in the range of for standard scribing and for the laser-formed contacts. In spite of the elevated contact resistance performance is comparable to conventionally processed modules and dry heat stability tests are encouraging.     

Experimental study of mismatch and shading effects in the I–V characteristic of a photovoltaic module

A conventional photovoltaic module has been prepared with the purpose of accessing its cells either individually or associated. Measurements of every cell and of the whole module have been performed in direct and reverse bias, with the objective of documenting the scattering in cell parameters, working point of the cells and shading effects. Several shading profiles have been tested, and the influence of the reverse characteristic of the shaded cell in module output is stressed.