计及风电机组齿轮箱疲劳的风电场可靠性评估

风电机组的齿轮箱是其机械部分失效造成停机时间最长的零部件,而疲劳是齿轮箱最主要的失效形式。传统风电可靠性模型未考虑齿轮箱疲劳对机组停运的影响,该文提出一种计及齿轮箱疲劳的风电场可靠性评估方法,可直观反映各齿轮箱疲劳损伤程度不同造成的失效率差异,且适用于其他以疲劳为主要失效形式的元件可靠性建模。基于风电机组齿轮箱疲劳分析建立齿轮箱疲劳失效率模型,将疲劳失效状态通过失效率嵌入到常规风电机组Markov模型中,并应用于含有风电场可靠性评估,进而提高评估准确性。研究结果表明风电场投运6 a,疲劳最严重的齿轮箱的疲劳失效率是其理论值3倍以上,导致风电场出力期望评估值高于实际,对于风电渗透率接近30%的系统,电力不足期望值(expected demand not supplied,EDNS)评估误差达到5%以上;另外,对于算例中渗透率仅5.21%的系统,在机组设计年限内随着疲劳损伤累积,EDNS评估误差逐渐达到2.32%。     

风电齿轮箱高速轴轴承疲劳寿命及动态可靠性分析

为探究风电机组齿轮箱高速轴圆柱滚子轴承在服役过程中的疲劳寿命和可靠度变化规律,以新疆达坂城风场年度风载荷为外部激励,建立基于威布尔分布的随机风速模型及考虑内部齿轮时变啮合刚度、轴承时变刚度等激励因素的风电齿轮传动系统齿轮-轴承耦合动力学模型,通过Newmark积分法求解高速轴轴承动载荷。运用雨流计数法及Goodman平均应力修正法得到对称循环应力,结合线性损伤理论和非线性损伤理论的对比,获得轴承的接触疲劳寿命和动态可靠度。结果表明：额定功率下,在外部随机风载激励和内部齿轮-轴承耦合共同作用下,内激励仍然对系统高速轴轴承动载荷起主要作用。与线性损伤累计理论相比,非线性损伤累计理论考虑载荷加载的顺序效应,能更好地描述轴承在整个疲劳寿命过程中各阶段的疲劳损伤情况。轴承在服役过程中,前15年的损伤较小,可靠度衰减缓慢,而在后期可靠度呈现出非线性迅速下降趋势,应及时调整维护策略。     

基于RBF-BP组合神经网络的短期风电功率预测研究

为提高风电输出功率预测精度,提出一种基于RBF-BP组合神经网络模型的短期风电功率预测方法。在考虑尾流等因素影响的基础上,对风速进行预处理。根据相关历史数据,建立RBF-BP组合神经网络短期风电功率预测模型,对风电输出功率进行预测。仿真分析结果表明,该预测方法能有效提高风电输出功率预测精度。     

双重不确定性预测下风电场超短期有功优化控制

针对风电场并网友好性提升问题,提出考虑风速预测不确定性和风电机组有功特性不确定性的风电场发电能力评估方案。对风速超短期预测误差和风电机组在各风速区间的出力特性进行双重不确定性分析并建立概率分布模型,进而利用贝叶斯网络构建风电机组超短期出力的双重不确定性概率预测模型。基于风电场各风电机机组超短期出力概率预测模型,以最大概率跟踪电网调度指令为目标设计场站功率分配策略。算例分析表明,所提考虑双重不确定性的概率预测模型对机风电组有功的概率分布描述更准确,该模型在场站控制中可有效提升电网功率指令的完成水平。     

基于物理原理的风电场短期风速预测研究

对符合功率预测要求的短期风速预测进行研究,提出了基于物理原理的预测方法,该方法以数值天气预报(Numerical-Weather-Prediction,NWP)风速为输入数据,采用粗糙度变化模型与地形变化模型反映风电场局地效应对大气边界层风的影响;通过与不同风况下的实测风速进行比较,表明预测结果基本能满足预测精度的要求,但预测准确性会随风速变化剧烈程度的增强而有所降低;根据误差分析,NWP风速的准确性是影响预测结果的最主要因素。     

随机风载作用下风力发电机齿轮传动系统疲劳寿命预测

针对风电齿轮传动系统在复杂随机风载下运行的特点,运用加权最小二乘支持向量机(Weight Sparse Least Squares Support Vector Machines,SLS-SVM)方法建立风场随机风速模型,进而得到随机风引起的系统外部载荷激励。建立考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度、综合啮合误差、滚动轴承变刚度的风电齿轮传动系统的平移-扭转动力学模型,求得传动系统各齿轮副的动态啮合力和各支承轴承的动态接触力及相应的应力时间历程。应用雨流计数法统计循环参量,结合Goodman公式将工作循环应力水平按等寿命原则转换为对称循环下的疲劳应力谱。基于Palmgren-Miner线性累积损伤法则和材料P-S-N(失效概率-应力-循环次数)曲线,预测风电齿轮传动系统各齿轮和轴承的疲劳寿命。为风力发电机齿轮传动系统动态疲劳寿命预测提供了理论方法。     

1.5 MW风电叶片多轴疲劳寿命分析

针对风电叶片极易发生疲劳破坏的现象,以1.5 MW风电叶片为研究对象,利用GH Bladed和ABAQUS分别进行叶片的载荷和危险截面的应力计算,基于复合材料多轴疲劳理论,对额定风速下叶片的多轴疲劳寿命进行分析,并将分析结果与单轴疲劳寿命分析结果进行对比。结果表明:传统的单轴疲劳寿命模型会过高估计叶片的疲劳寿命,多轴疲劳寿命分析方法能较准确地对风电叶片的疲劳寿命进行估计。因此,该方法对风电叶片的多轴疲劳寿命评估及可靠性设计具有一定的指导意义。     

基于动力学的风力机齿轮传动系统可靠性研究

为正确评估齿轮传动系统齿面接触疲劳寿命,以2 MW风力发电机齿轮传动系统为研究对象,引入风场风速变化规律并选用weibull分布建立随机风速模型。考虑外部风载以及由齿轮、轴承刚度等引起的内部载荷激励,建立行星齿轮传动系统平移-扭转动力学模型,求得传动系统各齿轮副动态啮合力并计算相应的应力历程。针对齿轮传动强度及受载随机性的特点,以轮齿的强度退化表征疲劳效应,基于非线性疲劳损伤累积理论建立剩余强度模型,在传统应力-强度干涉理论的基础上,得到随机风载作用下齿轮传动系统动态可靠度功能函数,通过摄动法对零部件的动态可靠度变化曲线进行描述。结果表明：在强度退化和随机载荷联合作用下,风力机系统各齿轮疲劳可靠度随服役时间出现逐渐下降的趋势,且服役前期可靠度下降趋势较快,中后期下降趋势逐渐减缓,强度退化形式及载荷大小影响着可靠度的变化趋势。该模型反映了齿轮传动系统可靠度随服役时间的变化规律,为产品的可靠性设计及疲劳寿命预测提供了参考。     

独立变桨控制下的风力机齿轮箱动力学仿真分析

针对大型风电机组齿轮箱动态载荷问题,以多体动力学理论为基础建立风力机齿轮箱动力学模型,研究系统的独立变桨控制技术,提出线性二次高斯控制(LQG)独立变桨控制策略,建立LQG控制器,利用SIMPACK软件与Matlab/Simulink进行联合仿真,计算在仿真风速下的风力机齿轮箱载荷变化情况,计算并比较在不同风速、不同控制方式下风力机齿轮箱齿轮和轴承所受的动态载荷。计算结果表明,相对于统一变桨,独立变桨控制能更好地降低齿轮箱内部载荷波动,从而降低风力机齿轮箱齿轮和轴承的疲劳载荷。     

基于改进型HMM的风电机组齿轮箱故障预测

以风电机组齿轮箱轴承齿轮为研究对象,将隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model,HMM)和优胜劣汰遗传算法相结合,对风电机组齿轮箱轴承齿轮的故障进行预测研究,并用实际监测的风电机组齿轮箱冲击数据进行故障预测验证。研究结果表明:该算法相对简单,结果不受模型初始值的影响,能收敛于全局最优,克服了HMM的Baum-Welch算法较复杂,结果受模型初始值的影响,易收敛于局部最优的缺点,为风电机组齿轮箱轴承齿轮故障预测的研究提供新的方法和思路。     

风电场风电机组的接地设计

较系统地介绍了风电场风电机组对接地电阻的要求、接地设计思路及方法,并提供实际工程中接地网布置图实例作为参考。     

风 风能 风力发电——21世纪新型清洁能源

一风的一般属性１风的形成风是人们非常熟悉的一种自然现象，人人都能感觉到它的存在。春风和煦，给万物带来生机；夏风吹拂，使人心旷神怡；秋风送爽，带来丰收的喜悦；冬风呼啸，迎来漫天飞雪。那么风是怎样形成的呢？众所周知，人类生活的地球表面被大气所包围，来自太阳的辐射不断传送到地球表面，因太阳辐射受热情况不同，地球表面各处的气温不同。在影响气压高低的因素中，气温起着最重要的作用。温度高的地区空气受热上升，气压减小；温度低的地方，空气下降，气压增大，于是产生了气压差。和水往低处流一样，空气也从气压高处向气压…     

Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm

Here, we quantify relationships between wind farm efficiency and wind speed, direction, turbulence and atmospheric stability using power output from the large offshore wind farm at Nysted in Denmark. Wake losses are, as expected, most strongly related to wind speed variations through the turbine thrust coefficient; with direction, atmospheric stability and turbulence as important second order effects. While the wind farm efficiency is highly dependent on the distribution of wind speeds and wind direction, it is shown that the impact of turbine spacing on wake losses and turbine efficiency can be quantified, albeit with relatively large uncertainty due to stochastic effects in the data. There is evidence of the ‘deep array effect’ in that wake losses in the centre of the wind farm are under‐estimated by the wind farm model WAsP, although overall efficiency of the wind farm is well predicted due to compensating edge effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic wind estimation based control for small wind turbines

We introduce a novel scheme for small wind turbines that gives dynamic estimation of wind speed from rotor angular velocity measurements. The estimation proceeds in two different dynamic observers, one giving a valid estimate for higher Tip Speed Ratios (TSRs) and which we call the Upper Wind Estimator (UWE) and the other called the Lower Wind Estimator (LWE) valid for lower TSRs. The meaning of “higher” and “lower”, and the precise regions of validity, are quantified. We further propose a coordinated control scheme using the UWE. Simulations are presented showing closed-loop performance of the turbine and the estimators both in the optimal TSR regulation condition, and the dynamic power-shedding condition caused by a wind gust. An analytic analysis of closed-loop stability and of the convergence and bias properties of the estimator is provided. Empirical data showing performance on a real turbine is also presented.     

分散式风力发电机组的电压控制

风电的分散式开发不同于大规模开发和分布式开发,由于分散风电靠近负荷中心,直接接入配电网,且不加装无功补偿调节装置SVC,配网中较大的电压波动给分散风电的并网运行带来影响。文章讨论了配网对分散风电的电压控制特点和要求,结合风电机组无功控制能力,并推导出满足配网电压调节要求的风电机组无功控制范围和对机组设备的要求。     

适用于特殊风区的风电机组塔架的再设计

由于IECⅠ级机型性能不能满足超Ⅰ类风区的要求,因此以IECⅠ级机型塔架的结构为基础,对其进行了再设计,并利用有限元方法,对再设计后的塔架的静强度、模态、稳定性进行了分析。分析结果表明:再设计后的塔架的强度、固有频率和刚度均满足要求;以满足强度、频率特性和刚度为约束条件,以减轻重量、降低成本为目标的塔架的再设计是可靠的。     

某风电场风力发电机组故障诊断

为了准确判断风电机组的运行状态及故障,提出了基于常规分析—振动幅值分析—波形频谱分析的故障诊断流程,阐述了针对风电机组的幅值分析方法和波形频谱分析方法,并通过对某机组异响的根源探究实例,准确地诊断出机组异响来源于齿轮箱太阳轮,可为风电机组故障诊断技术提供依据。     

Simulation of hourly wind speed and array wind power

Statistical summaries of wind speed are sufficient to compute many characteristics of turbine-generated power, such as the mean, variance and reliability of various power levels. However, a wind speed time series is necessary to produce a sequence of power values as used for investigating load matching and storage requirements. Since a long historical record of wind speed may not be available at a wind turbine candidate site, it is desirable to be able to generate a simulated numerical sequence of hourly wind speed values. Two such approximate procedures are developed in this paper. One procedure generates sequential wind speed values at a site based on the Weibull parameters of hourly wind speed and the lag-one autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values. Comparison with historical data at a site is made. The second procedure generates sequential hourly wind power values for a regional array of wind turbines. It utilizes the typical site wind characteristics, the spatial and lag-one cross correlation and autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values and an equivalent linearized relationship between array average wind speed and array power. Comparison with results for six different wind turbines in three different regional arrays indicates good agreement for wind power histograms, autocorrelation function and mean persistence.     

Characterization of wind speed data according to wind direction

Knowledge of the wind speed distribution and the most frequent wind directions is important when choosing wind turbines and when locating them. For this reason wind evaluation and characterization are important when forecasting output power. The data used here were collected from eleven meteorological stations distributed in Navarre, Spain. We obtained data for the period extending from 1992 to 1995, with each datum encompassing 10 minutes of time. Wind speed data of each station were gathered in eight directional sectors, each one extended over 45 degrees according to the direction from which the wind blows. The stations were grouped in two blocks: those under the influence of the Ebro valley and those in mountainous areas. For each group the Weibull parameters were estimated, (according to the Weibull probability paper because the Weibull distribution gives the best fit in this region). Kurtosis and skewness coefficients were estimated as well. The Weibull parameters, especially the scale parameter c, depend strongly on the direction considered, and both Weibull parameters show an increasing trend as the direction considered moves to the more dominant direction, while both kurtosis and skewness show a corresponding decreasing trend.     

A new formulation for rotor equivalent wind speed for wind resource assessment and wind power forecasting

The spurt of growth in the wind energy industry has led to the development of many new technologies to study this energy resource and improve the efficiency of wind turbines. One of the key factors in wind farm characterization is the prediction of power output of the wind farm that is a strong function of the turbulence in the wind speed and direction. A new formulation for calculating the expected power from a wind turbine in the presence of wind shear, turbulence, directional shear and direction fluctuations is presented. It is observed that wind shear, directional shear and direction fluctuations reduce the power producing capability, while turbulent intensity increases it. However, there is a complicated superposition of these effects that alters the characteristics of the power estimate that indicates the need for the new formulation. Data from two field experiments is used to estimate the wind power using the new formulation, and results are compared to previous formulations. Comparison of the estimates of available power from the new formulation is not compared to actual power outputs and will be a subject of future work. © 2015 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.