Laser beam projection with adaptive array of fiber collimators. I. Basic considerations for analysis

We present a mathematical model and provide an analysis of optical beam director systems composed of adaptive arrays of fiber collimators (subapertures), referred to here as conformal optical systems. Performances of the following two system architectures are compared: A conformal-beam director with mutually incoherent output laser beams transmitted through fiber collimators (beamlets), and a corresponding coherent system whose beamlets can be coherently combined (phase locked) at a remote target plane. The effect of the major characteristics of the conformal systems on the efficiency of laser beam projection is evaluated both analytically and through numerical simulations. The characteristics considered here are the number of fiber collimators and the subaperture and conformal aperture fill factors, as well as the accuracy of beamlet pointing.     

Obscuration-free pupil-plane phase locking of a coherent array of fiber collimators

Control methods and system architectures that can be used for locking in phase of multiple laser beams that are generated at the transmitter aperture plane of a coherent fiber-collimator array system (pupil-plane phase locking) are considered. In the proposed and analyzed phase-locking techniques, sensing of the piston phase differences is performed using interference of periphery (tail) sections of the laser beams prior to their clipping by the fiber-collimator transmitter apertures. This obscuration-free sensing technique eliminates the need for a beam splitter being directly located inside the optical train of the transmitted beams--one of the major drawbacks of large-aperture and/or high-power fiber-array systems. Numerical simulation results demonstrate efficiency of the proposed phase-locking methods.     

Scintillation fiber array detector for measurement of neutron beam profile

We built and tested a detector to measure the profile of fast-neutron beams delivered by the MC50 cyclotron at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (KIRAMS). The core component of the detector is a 2×46 array of scintillation fibers. The light output of the scintillation fibers is transformed into a current signal by a 46-channel silicon photodiode and digitized by a current-mode signal processor. This scanning device was designed to cover a neutron beam area of . The detector was tested in a neutron beam delivered by the MC50 cyclotron at KIRAMS. We demonstrate that the detector can successfully measure the neutron beam profile at various beam currents from 10 to . The proposed neutron beam profile detector will be useful, for example, in radiotherapy applications with neutron intensities above .     

Laser beam scanning by rotary mirrors. II. Conic-section scan patterns

Part II of this study is an application of the general theory of Part I to the following scanners: the galvanometer-based scanner, the paddle scanner, and the regular polygon. The scan field produced by these scanners is (or approximates) a circular cone. Therefore the scan pattern on the plane of observation can be one of the following curves, circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola, depending on the position and orientation of the plane. Special topics to be addressed are (1) the effect of input offset, (2) the locus of the instantaneous scan center and the waist of the scan field, (3) the scanning on curved surfaces, and (4) the generalization of the scan-field expression. In Part III, X-Y scanning will be studied.     

光学参数对非相干光纤激光组束效果的影响

提高非相干光纤激光组束功率,需要尽可能大的光栅衍射效率。通过理论分析和数值仿真,结果表明PTR布拉格光栅存在最佳厚度,并且光栅衍射效率随着光栅频率和组束波长带宽的减小而增大。在光纤阵列宽度一定的条件下,存在最佳光栅频率值使得总体衍射效率取极大值。实际应用中应选取光栅频率200～700mm^-1,组束波长带宽0-20nm,在此基础上进一步设计组束光学系统的其他参数。     

Modular two-dimensional analysis of SAW filters. II. Analysis and compensation results

For pt.I see ibid vol.39, no.1, pp.61-72 (1992). Physical effects causing distortions of the transfer function of a broadband (36% fractional bandwidth) spectrum shaping filter for digital radio with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are analyzed separately and connected with the modular two-dimensional (2-D) model described in Part I, demonstrating the importance of every single effect. A compensation of the second-order effects is performed, yielding an agreement between simulation and measurement in amplitude and phase of more than +/-0.1 dB and +/-1 degrees all over the passband. The stopband is also predicted with high accuracy.     

Holographic projection of arbitrary light patterns with a suppressed zero-order beam

We present what is to our knowledge a novel technique for efficient suppression of the zero-order beam inherent in light patterns projected via phase-only computer-generated holograms (CGHs). Encoding a CGH on a spatial light modulator (SLM) with a limited fill factor produces a disturbing zero-order beam at the optical axis. Here, we propose to derive a CGH, which includes holographic information to project a corrective beam that destructively interferes with the zero-order beam. The CGH for projecting arbitrary light patterns plus a corrective beam are derived using the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm where the iterations impose both amplitude and phase constraints for the target field pattern at the Fourier plane. As proof of principle, we analyze the viability of the technique by simulating the performance when applied on a practical SLM with a limited fill factor, fixed number of phase-shifting pixels, and wavefront distortion associated with the surface roughness of the SLM.     

Rigorous coupled wave analysis applied to transmission efficiency of diffractive beam array relays for free-space optical interconnects

Parallel high-density free-space optical interconnects typically relay multiple channels in an array configuration; thus, they require good uniformity across their aperture for optimum performance. Rigorous coupled wave analysis is used to determine the throughput off-axis diffraction efficiency for Fresnel lenses within a diffractive imaging relay. The rigorous results are compared with scalar theory and show a significant nonuniformity not predicted by scalar theory. However, the polarization sensitivity is found to be negligible for the f-numbers considered (f/2.9 to f/10.2). These results are supported by experiment.     

Experimental evaluation of a nested microphone array with adaptive noise cancellers

This paper proposes a near-field broadband adaptive beamforming scheme for intelligent computer telephony and teleconferencing applications, namely the nested microphone array with adaptive noise canceller (NMA-ANC). The NMA-ANC scheme incorporates an harmonically nested array with a nonuniformly subbanded multirate filter bank. Each subband array employs several near-field delay-filter-and-sum beamformers and an adaptive noise canceller (ANC). The proposed NMA-ANC is evaluated via a noise rejection experiment and dereverberation experiment performed in an anechoic chamber and a real conference room, respectively. The experiment data are recorded by a multichannel digital recording system developed using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipments. A perceptual analysis/measurement system (PAMS) test is also carried out using a COTS digital speech level analyzer. The results of the experimental evaluation and PAMS test show that the proposed NMA-ANC scheme is able to improve the sound quality by adaptively rejecting multiple interfering signals and attenuating the reverberant noises and avoiding the desired signal cancellation.     

Average intensity and spreading of an astigmatic sinh-Gaussian beam with small beam width propagating in atmospheric turbulence

Propagation properties of astigmatic sinh-Gaussian beams (ShGBs) with small beam width in turbulent atmosphere are investigated. Based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral, analytical formulae for the average intensity and the effective beam size of an astigmatic ShGB are derived in turbulent atmosphere. The average intensity distribution and the spreading properties of an astigmatic ShGB propagating in turbulent atmosphere are numerically demonstrated. The influences of the beam parameters and the structure constant of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation properties of astigmatic ShGBs are also discussed in detail. In particular, for sufficiently small beam width and sinh-part parameter as well as suitable astigmatism, we show that the average intensity pattern converts into a perfect dark-hollow profile from initial two-petal pattern when ShGBs with astigmatic aberration propagate through atmospheric turbulence.     

High frame rate imaging system for limited diffraction array beam imaging with square-wave aperture weightings.

A general-purpose high frame rate (HFR) medical imaging system has been developed. This system has 128 independent linear transmitters, each of which is capable of producing an arbitrary broadband (about 0.05-10 MHz) waveform of up to +/- 144 V peak voltage on a 75-ohm resistive load using a 12-bit/40-MHz digital-to-analog converter. The system also has 128 independent, broadband (about 0.25-10 MHz), and time-variable-gain receiver channels, each of which has a 12-bit/40-MHz analog-to-digital converter and up to 512 MB of memory. The system is controlled by a personal computer (PC), and radio frequency echo data of each channel are transferred to the same PC via a standard USB 2.0 port for image reconstructions. Using the HFR imaging system, we have developed a new limited-diffraction array beam imaging method with square-wave aperture voltage weightings. With this method, in principle, only one or two transmitters are required to excite a fully populated two-dimensional (2-D) array transducer to achieve an equivalent dynamic focusing in both transmission and reception to reconstruct a high-quality three-dimensional image without the need of the time delays of traditional beam focusing and steering, potentially simplifying the transmitter subsystem of an imager. To validate the method, for simplicity, 2-D imaging experiments were performed using the system. In the in vitro experiment, a custom-made, 128-element, 0.32-mm pitch, 3.5-MHz center frequency linear array transducer with about 50% fractional bandwidth was used to reconstruct images of an ATS 539 tissue-mimicking phantom at an axial distance of 130 mm with a field of view of more than 90 degrees. In the in vivo experiment of a human heart, images with a field of view of more than 90 degrees at 120-mm axial distance were obtained with a 128-element, 2.5-MHz center frequency, 0.15-mm pitch Acuson V2 phased array. To ensure that the system was operated under the limits set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the mechanical index, thermal index, and acoustic output were measured. Results show that higher-quality images can be reconstructed with the square-wave aperture weighting method due to an increased penetration depth as compared to the exact weighting method developed previously, and a frame rate of 486 per second was achieved at a pulse repetition frequency of about 5348 Hz for the human heart.     

带温度补偿结构的高灵敏度光读出红外成像阵列器件设计

本文提出了一种光读出红外成像阵列器件的结构设计,该设计提高了器件的热-机械灵敏度,同时能有效降低周围环境温度变化所带来的影响.理论计算表明,该阵列器件的关键性能指标热-机械灵敏度和噪声等效温差分别为2.39×10-3和2.42,此外,ANSYS模拟仿真的结果验证了该设计能抑制周围环境温度波动对器件红外目标探测的影响.     

Chemical method to increase extreme ultraviolet microchannel-plate quantum efficiency. II. Analysis and optimization

Enhancement of the extreme ultraviolet quantum detection efficiency (QDE) of microchannel plate (MCP) detectors by use of a wet chemical method is examined. It is shown that the chemical process of ion exchange, in addition to physical processes that increase surface roughness and decrease surface density, augments the secondary electron emission coefficient, which in turn increases the quantum detection efficiency of the input MCP. The method has been demonstrated with nitric acid, acetic acid, or water used as the active reactant. By monitoring and optimizing the ion-exchange process, we achieved a 2.6-4.4 increase in the MCP QDE from 1216 to 304 A, respectively, with an absolute QDE of approximately 50% at 304 A.     

Curved elastic beam with opposed fiber-Bragg gratings for measurement of large displacements with temperature compensation

In this paper, a temperature-compensated configuration for extending the working range of fiber-Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors has been proposed. This technique consists of the application of two FBGs to the opposite surfaces of a straight elastic beam which was bent in a horizontal direction. The difference of the two FBGs' wavelengths depends on the beam curvature, while the mean value is taken in order to compensate for the temperature effects. The sensor proposed is less fragile than the bare fiber and seems particularly suited as large displacement sensor, and for structures in which it is impossible to affix the bare fiber, such as breaks or separate elements.     

Improved heterodyne mixing efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio with an array of hexagonal detectors

An array of hexagonal pixel geometries is considered and its improvement in the mixing efficiency as well as the signal-to-noise ratio is compared with an equal-area array of square pixel detectors. We also consider the phase-front misalignment between the signal and the local oscillator wave fronts for both pixel geometries.     

Spectral imaging of O(2) infrared atmospheric airglow with an InGaAs array detector

A linear InGaAs array was used in an interference filter spectral imager to monitor the twilight decay of the O(2) Infrared Atmospheric (0-1) band in the twilight airglow. The interference filter was centered at 1.582 μm and had a bandwidth (full width at half-maximum) of 1.0 nm. The imaging lens was a simple doublet, and a Fresnel lens was used for smearing any possible sky inhomogeneities. Spectra measured over Toronto in October 1994 show that the sensitivity and spectral discrimination against the contaminating OH spectrum are potentially sufficient to infer meaningful rotational temperatures. The improvements that would result from an area InGaAs array are discussed.     

Analysis of the effects of aberrations on coherent polarization beam combining of fiber laser beams

In this paper, the influence of aberrations on coherent polarization beam combining (CPBC) of fiber laser beams is analyzed in detail for the first time to our knowledge. The expression of the coherently polarization combined output power is obtained, which contains the geometry and nongeometry factors of the CPBC system. The geometry and nongeometry aberrations are numerically studied to investigate their effects on the combining efficiency. It is found that to ensure the combining efficiency of a CPBC unit (we studied) to be more than 90%, the overlap error (the beams in the polarization beam combiner cannot be superposed entirely) should be controlled to be less than 0.45, the tilt error should be less than 2π/15 rad, and the RMS value of the phase error should be limited to be within λ/10. The generalized methodology that we present offers a good reference for investigating the CPBC system in an extensive way.     

机器人关节摩擦建模与自适应RBF神经网络补偿计算力矩控制

目的:补偿机器人关节摩擦力矩,提高关节轨迹跟踪效果。方法:以直流伺服电机和谐波减速器组成机器人关节为对象,基于Stribeck模型建立摩擦模型;采用最小二乘法和Matlab编程辨识模型参数;利用自适应RBF神经网络算法对系统模型参数误差引起的未建模动态进行在线观测;将观测结果补偿到计算力矩控制器中,建立含摩擦模型的自适应RBF神经网络补偿计算力矩控制器,推导出控制参数的约束条件。结果:基于自主设计的机器人关节进行对比实验。实验表明,含摩擦模型的自适应RBF神经网络补偿计算力矩控制追踪误差是无摩擦模型的自适应RBF神经网络补偿计算力矩控制追踪误差的55.12%,是传统计算力矩控制追踪误差的31.28%。结论:本文的控制方法提高了机器人关节轨迹跟踪精度。     

Compensation of distant phase-distorting layers. II. Extended-field-of-view adaptive receiver system

We analyze the anisoplanatic adaptive receiver system field of view (FOV) and the possibility of controlling the system FOV by using an adaptive optics system with multiple wave-front sensors that sense wave-front phase aberrations of reference waves with different arrival angles. The conventional decoupled stochastic parallel gradient descent (D-SPGD) technique is generalized to include output signals from multiple wave-front sensors. The multiple-reference D-SPGD control algorithm introduced here is applied to obtain an anisotropic FOV in adaptive receiver systems by using two and three reference waves.