A comprehensive review on pretreatment of microalgae for biogas production

Use of microalgal biomass for renewable energy production has gained considerable attention in the world due to increasing global energy demand and negative environmental impacts of nonrenewable fossil fuels. Anaerobic digestion is one of the renewable technologies that microalgal biomass is converted into biogas by anaerobic archea. One of the main drawbacks of using microalgal biomass for biogas production is that certain types of microalgae has rigid cell wall characteristics, which limits accessibility of anaerobic archea to microalgal intracellular organic matter during hydrolysis phase. This limitation lowers efficiency of biogas production from microalgal biomass. However, introducing pretreatment methods prior to anaerobic digestion provides disruption of rigid microalgal cell wall and improve biogas yields from microalgal biomass. The objective of this paper was to review current knowledge related to pretreatment methods applied prior to anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass. Efficiency and applicability of pretreatment methods mainly depend on type of microalgae, cell wall characteristics, and cost and energy requirements during pretreatment process. In this review, various type of pretreatment methods applied to microalgal biomass was discussed in detail with background knowledge and literature studies in their potential on maximization of biogas yields and their cost effectiveness, which is important for large‐scale applications. In the view of current knowledge, it was concluded that each pretreatment method has a relative contribution to improvement in biogas production depending on the type of microalgae. However, energy and cost requirements are the main limitations for pretreatment. So, further studies should focus on reduction of cost and energy demand by introducing combined methods, novel chemicals, and on‐site or immobilized enzymes in pretreatment to increase feasibility of pretreatment prior to anaerobic digestion in industrial scale.     

北京市餐厨垃圾产生状况及厌氧发酵产气潜力分析

随着餐饮行业的发展,越来越多的餐厨垃圾造成的污染成为我们亟待解决的问题.文章通过对北京市城区的餐馆进行实地调查,针对不同规模的餐馆,分别对其餐厨垃圾产生的数量、成分、性质及其收集处理方式、处理费用和最终用途进行了深入的调查分析;并对中国目前的管理政策进行了探讨.文章还通过批式厌氧消化实验对学校食堂的餐厨垃圾进行了产气潜力分析,结果显示在20g/L的容积污染负荷下,经过35 d的中温(35℃)消化,总产气量达到7 380 mL,总甲烷量达到4 023 mL,甲烷含量平均为54.51%,VS去除率为50%,产气率和产甲烷率分别达到369ml/g和201 ml/g,实验表明餐厨垃圾具有很好的产气性能,为进一步研究提供了理论基础.     

秸秆类木质纤维素原料厌氧发酵产沼气研究

介绍了以秸秆为主要原料的好氧预处理过程及厌氧干发酵工艺的试验结果.在预处理过程中,加入好氧降解菌种使木质纤维素降解率提高到50%.当发酵温度为(35±2)℃,,TS含量为20%,秸秆与猪粪配比为7:3时,原料滞留期为40 d,平均容积产气率为0.8～1 m3/(m3·d),甲烷含量为65%以上.     

Experimental investigation on the production of biogas from waste food

The production of biogas has been a substantial target to be utilized globally, especially in the agricultural sector. Most organic waste that is being produced from other forms of renewable energy systems is mainly used to reduce greenhouse emission (GHG), which as well reduces the daily consumption of fossil fuels. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been studied widely in recent years where its implementation in the industry has seen a mitigating impact on greenhouse gases. Unrestricted discharge of the big amount of waste food (WF) has become the main effect of severe environmental pollution worldwide. Among the various treatment methods, anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste food allows its valorization and the biogas produced can be used as biofuel enhancing the gas supply. In this study, a mechanical pre-treatment with Hollander beater has been applied to break down the particle size of waste food in the way to increase feedstock specific surface areas in other to enhance biogas production. Following, the pre-treatment of waste food during 30 min beating time, the biogas yield achieved a value of about 610.33 ml/gTS. Accordingly, a response surface methodology (RSM) can be used to critically evaluate the effects of process parameter (beating time and temperature) to the output response (biogas production). Pre-treated waste food by Hollander beater at beating time of 30 min enhances biogas production by 80%. An optimum biogas yield was achieved with pre-treatment of waste food at a beating time of 30 min.     

链霉素菌渣中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能研究

为实现链霉素菌渣的无害化、资源化利用,文章以链霉素菌渣为原料,在菌渣含固率为2%,温度为30±2℃的条件下进行60 d的厌氧发酵试验。试验结果表明:链霉素菌渣的累积产气量为18.20 L,中温产气能力为364.07 mL/g;在稳定产气阶段,发酵液的氨氮、VFAs含量均维持在较低水平,pH值大于7.0;厌氧发酵结束后,发酵液的VS去除率达64.32%;以金黄色葡萄球菌作为指示菌,在厌氧发酵后的沼液中未检测到链霉素残留。     

混合原料在不同发酵工况下的产气规律研究

分别在五种不同条件下进行了沼气产气对比试验。试验条件分别为:干牛粪,温度为20℃,排气方式分别为持续排气、间歇排气(每天排气4次);干牛粪,温度为35℃,排气方式分别为持续排气、间歇排气;干牛粪与小麦秸秆按质量比1∶1配比的混合物,温度为35℃,排气方式为间歇排气。将原料装入100 L自动生物发酵罐中,并控制发酵温度和压力,检测发酵过程中沼气的日产气量、料液pH及产气中甲烷体积分数。结果发现,在间歇排气条件下,干牛粪与小麦秸秆混合物与相同质量的干牛粪相比总产气量提高约20%,但日产气量降低,产气周期延长近40%。相同质量的干牛粪,在35℃时发酵与在20℃时发酵相比总产气量提高约35%,高峰产气速度提高约1倍;持续排气相比于间歇排气,日产气量提高约1倍,但甲烷平均体积分数降低约10%。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的工艺比选研究

研究了餐厨垃圾两段法厌氧消化工艺与整体一段法的性能差异。两种工艺的累积产气量几乎不存在差异,产气率分别达到135．66L／kgVS和134．56L／kgVS。两种工艺相比,一段法的产气周期短,但是产气的稳定性不佳,在整个消化过程中产气量波动明显,规律性不明显。研究认为：对于餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化．整体一段法的产气周期短,工艺运行简单,应用到工业化生产上,一段法具有明显优势。     

葡萄籽提油前后发酵产沼气潜力研究

在恒温25℃条件下,采取批量发酵工艺,研究了葡萄籽提油前后产沼气潜力。结果表明:葡萄籽TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为473.65 mL/g和484.55 mL/g,能源转换效率为37.25%;葡萄籽油枯TS,VS发酵产沼气的潜力分别为450.03 mL/g和460.44 mL/g,能源转换效率为36.43%。     

梨渣与猪粪混合厌氧消化产气试验研究

试验研究了梨渣和猪粪在分批厌氧发酵和连续厌氧发酵工艺中的产气性能.分批厌氧发酵考察不同接种量、渣粪比以及发酵温度对梨渣产气量和甲烷含量的影响,结果表明,接种量为30％和40％时发酵可以正常启动;梨渣中加入猪粪后产气性能提高,渣粪比为1:∶1时,甲烷含量在60％以上;高温条件下的总产气量比中温条件下高32％,但所产沼气中甲烷含量偏低.连续厌氧发酵试验表明,梨渣的添加比例从15％提高到50％时,干物质产气率从207 L/kg降低到109 L/kg,甲烷含量从81.2％降低到57.0％.     

Photobiostimulation of anaerobic digestion by laser irradiation and photocatalytic effects of trace metals and nanomaterials on biogas production

Biogas generation from the latent energy in biomass is one of the most attractive renewable energy sources. This can be attributed to the environmental friendly nature of the process and its less energy requirements. This article reviews the anaerobic digestion of biomass (livestock manure and crop residues) for biogas and methane production as a source of renewable energy. Furthermore, this study investigates the enhancement of biogas and methane production using light and laser radiations. The laser radiation accelerates bacterial division and growth, where this process is termed as “photobiostimulation.” Additionally, laser radiation photoactivates the inactive enzymes. The results of this literature review showed that the irradiation of methanogenic bacteria with laser sources increased the biogas production by one and a half fold the traditional method of biogas production. The simultaneous irradiation of both nanomaterials and methanogenic bacteria using laser radiation increased the biogas volume by twofolds the biogas volume resulted from the traditional method of biogas production.     

温度条件对猪粪厌氧发酵沼气产气特性的影响

以猪粪为发酵原料、以中温厌氧发酵瓶的底物为接种物,在自制的小型厌氧发酵装置上,研究了温度条件对猪粪厌氧发酵产气特性的影响。结果表明,在发酵初、中期,中温（37℃）试验组显现了明显的优势,日产气量和累积产气量都高于高温（52℃）和室温试验组。高温和室温试验组的微生物活性因受到环境温度改变的影响,甲烷化反应受到明显抑制。当发酵进行到后期时,高温试验组日产气量高于室温和中温试验组。中温、高温和室温3个试验组在发酵15d时,沼气中甲烷含量分别为59．8％,70％,62.3％。     

氨化水饱和预处理麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的研究

试验以氨水为预处理试剂,研究在水饱和状态下,氨水添加量及负荷率对麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的影响。对氨化预处理前后麦秸的主要组分进行测定,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对氨化水饱和预处理秸秆及秸秆中木素、纤维素和半纤维素的结构变化进行研究。结果表明,在3种负荷率下,氨化水饱和预处理后麦秸单位质量VS产气量分别提高了14%~23%,26%~36%和31%~45%。4%氨化预处理后的麦秸在65 g/L负荷率下获得最大377 mL/g的生物气产量。组分分析表明,氨化水饱和预处理可有效脱除39%~42%的半纤维素及11%~20%的纤维素,对木素含量影响较小。结构分析表明,氨化水饱和预处理可脱除细胞壁中的蜡质成分,使木素中部分官能团、纤维素中的氢键和糖苷键、半纤维素的部分氢键和糖单元之间的连接键发生断裂;从而使纤维素从木素的包裹中释放出来并发生溶胀,破坏其晶体结构;使半纤维素亲水性增强且更易于降解。这些秸秆内部结构的变化是提高麦秸厌氧消化产气性能的根本原因。     

大型热电肥联产沼气发电工程分析

从工艺流程、技术参数、运行状况以及效益分析等方面对现今国内畜禽场规模最大的沼气发电工程进行技术分析。运行表明,通过全混式厌氧发酵（CSTR）两级工艺,纯鸡粪进行厌氧发酵沼气发电是确实可行的;该工程的成功既解决了鸡粪污染,又产生了巨大的经济社会效益,对实现畜禽粪便综合利用具有良好的示范效果,并可为同类型沼气发电工程设计和建设提供参考。     

Dry anaerobic fermentation of agricultural residues

The dry anaerobic fermentation plays an important role in the field of bioengineering, especially in the production of energy (biogas) and organic fertilizer. Meanwhile the pollution effect of the solid wastes are decreased. Dry anaerobic fermentations of different organic solid wastes were studied. These included cotton stalks, treated cotton stalks, corn stalks, rice straw, and water hyacinth. The effect of the initial solid concentration, temperature, starter, and buffer additives on dry anaerobic fermentation on biogas production rate and yield has been studied.     

An Application of Solar Energy Storage in the Gas: Solar Heated Biogas Plants

Abstract

Temperature is an important factor that may affect the performance of anaerobic digestion. Therefore, biogas plants without heating system work only in warmer regions for the whole year. In regions with extreme temperature variations, for instance in Turkey, the biogas plant should be built with heating system. One of the methods is to use solar energy to increase the reactor temperature. In this study, solar heated biogas plants were reviewed. Furthermore, the optimization of insulation thicknesses and solar energy systems for 5 m³ biogas reactor were carried out for two different cities for three different climatic zones in Turkey. Based on the obtained results, the ratio of annually produced biogas used for reactor heating was calculated for each city, with and without solar heating system. Obtained results indicate that the biogas consumption for reactor heating is decreased by approximately 19% for average of six cities when solar heating system is used. This means that available biogas potential would be increased.     

广东省沼气资源潜力与养殖场沼气工程效益分析

文章介绍了广东省养殖场的沼气工艺流程,并利用广东省2017年统计年鉴的数据,评估计算了生猪、奶牛、肉牛、羊和鸡的粪尿量及其潜在的沼气资源量.评估结果表明:2016年广东省沼气资源量为24.37亿m3,若按沼气中含有50％的甲烷气体计,则折合甲烷12.19亿m3,约占广东省同年天然气消费量的7.3％.文章以广州市花都区大...     

小桐子油枯厌氧消化产气潜力研究

在23±1℃条件下,采取批量发酵工艺,研究了小桐子油枯发酵产沼气的潜力.试验结果表明:小桐子油枯TS,VS产沼气的潜力分别为404.23,435.12 ml/g,原料的TS,VS利用率分别为19.90%,34.30%;通过稀碱溶液调节发酵料液的pH值,有利于厌氧发酵产气的进行,TS,VS产沼气潜力分别升至478.79,515.38 ml/g,原料的TS,VS利用率分别升至25.89%,48.02%.     

鸡粪厌氧消化过程中水解酶与沼气产量的关系研究

研究了鸡粪在厌氧消化全过程中几种水解酶活的变化与沼气产量的关系。结果表明,纤维素酶、脂肪酶、液化型淀粉酶和糖化型淀粉酶 的酶活在发酵过程中是变化的,与产气量是相关的;酶活最大值出现在产气高峰期的附近;酸、中、碱蛋白酶活性在消化过程中不断降低。     

3MW集中式热电肥联产沼气工程设计与建设

山东民和牧业股份有限公司利用所属23家养殖场的鸡粪和污水作为沼气发酵原料,投资建设大型畜禽养殖场集中式沼气发电工程.原料经水解除砂工艺将鸡粪中的砂砾除去,保证发酵效率;采用中温(38 ℃)发酵工艺,产沼气30 000 m3/d;采用高效率低运行成本的生物脱硫工艺,将沼气中的H2S含量降至200×10-6以下;经净化的沼气在双膜干式贮气柜中贮存,供给热电联产的发电机组使用.发电量60 000 kWh/d,机组余热用于冬季发酵系统自身增温;发酵后的沼液用作周围葡萄、苹果及玉米地的有机肥料.项目实现了温室气体减排84882tCO2当量.文章介绍了该沼气发电工程的工艺特点和技术要点,为同类型沼气发电工程设计和建设提供参考.     

三种能源草厌氧发酵制备生物燃气初步研究

以华南地区生长的多年生草本植物象草、芒草和五节芒为原料,采用序批式中温（35 ± 1℃）厌氧发酵工艺,研究这三种能源草制备生物燃气的性能。结果表明：象草、芒草和五节芒的最高日产气率分别为31.33、24.84和19.51 Nml•(gVSadded)−1•d−1,原料产气率分别为355.78、285.58和235.38 Nml•(gVSadded)−1,产甲烷率分别为166.43、109.89和97.20 Nml•(gVSadded)−1,占理论产甲烷率的33.83%、21.67%和19.48%,象草的厌氧发酵性能优于芒草和五节芒的主要原因是象草中纤维素、半纤维素等易降解的有机物含量较高。修正的Gompertz方程拟合效果较好,象草、芒草和五节芒的累积产气量分别为344.81、290.11和279.01 Nml•(gVSadded)−1,延滞期分别为5.96、0.71和0 d。