Hydrodynamics and mass transfer behavior in multiple draft tube airlift contactors

The draft tube configuration significantly affected the performance of an airlift contactor. The multiple draft tube configuration was demonstrated to give a better gas-liquid mass transfer when compared with a conventional one-draft-tube system. The airlift with a larger number of draft tubes allowed a higher level of bubble entrainment, which rendered a high downcomer gas holdup. This resulted in a higher overall gas holdup in the contactor. Liquid velocity was also enhanced by increasing the number of draft tubes. The ratio between downcomer and riser cross sectional areas, A _d /A _r , had a great effect on the system performance, where a larger A _d /A _r led to a lower downcomer liquid velocity and smaller quantity of gas bubbles being dragged into the downcomer. This resulted in low gas holdup, and consequently, low gas-liquid interfacial mass transfer area, which led to a reduction in the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The presence of salinity in the system drastically reduced the bubble size and subsequently led to an enhancement of gas entrainment within the system. As a result, higher gas holdups and gas-liquid interfacial area were observed, and hence, a higher rate of gas-liquid mass transfer was obtained.     

基于EMMS方法的鼓泡塔反应器CFD及群平衡模拟

能量最小多尺度（energy-minimization multi-scale,EMMS）方法已经被应用于气液体系中群平衡（population balance model,PBM）模型的改进。EMMS模型可计算气泡破碎聚并过程的能量,进而获得聚并速率的修正因子。应用这一模型对高气速鼓泡塔进行了模拟计算,并进一步对比了均一尺径模型、CFD-PBM模型以及CFD-PBM-EMMS模型的模拟结果与实验数据。结果表明,在高表观气速条件下,基于EMMS方法的群平衡模型可以更加准确地预测鼓泡塔中不同高度的气泡尺径分布和轴向液速,同时提高了对整体气含率和局部气含率的模拟准确性。在表观气速为0.16 m·s^-1和0.25 m·s^-1时,CFD-PBM-EMMS模型对气泡尺径分布的预测精度更高,同时整体气含率模拟的相对误差下降为5%和15%,局部气含率模拟平均相对误差下降为8%和17%。     

搅拌反应器内气液两相流的CFD研究进展

搅拌式气液反应器因其操作灵活、适用性强等优点,在过程工业中应用广泛.综述了采用计算流体力学CFD技术对搅拌反应器内气液两相流动行为的数值模拟研究.Euler-Euler双流体模型作为主要方法用于描述气液两相流动,在其基础上耦合相对简单的气泡数密度函数模型或复杂的群体平衡模型,可较为准确地预测搅拌反应器内气泡尺寸和局部气含率及其分布规律.CFD模拟结果可用以分析和评价不同搅拌桨叶、搅拌桨组合和气体分布器的气液分散性能,对气液反应器的结构优化和过程强化提供了有效手段.     

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器混合和传质性能的影响

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器的混合和传质性能具有重要的影响。以空气-水作为模拟介质,使用双探头电导探针、电解质示踪法和动态溶氧法,对比研究了缩径式圆形喷嘴和旋扭三角形喷嘴对射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸分布、平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数的影响规律。实验发现,随着气速或液体射流Reynolds数的增大,两种喷嘴对应的平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数具有相同的变化规律;与缩径式圆形喷嘴相比,采用旋扭三角形喷嘴的射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸更小,平均气含率更高,宏观混合时间更短;当气体输入功占总输入功比例超过20%时,喷嘴结构对气液传质系数的影响较小,当气体输入功占总输入功比例小于20%时,旋扭三角形喷嘴的气液传质性能优于缩径式圆形喷嘴。研究结果可为工业射流鼓泡反应器喷嘴结构的优化提供理论指导。     

鼓泡反应器中幂律型流体流动与传质特性

很多废水处理装置涉及非牛顿型流体中的多相流动和传质问题,研究其中的气液传质过程有助于实现装置的优化设计和高效节能运行。以鼓泡反应器内清水和不同质量分数的羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）水溶液为实验对象,分别研究气相表观气速和液相流变特性对气泡尺寸分布、全局气含率和体积氧传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,液相的流变特性对其传质特性参数均有较大影响。与清水相比,CMC水溶液中气泡平均直径和分布范围更大;清水和CMC水溶液的全局气含率均随表观气速的增加而增大;CMC水溶液的体积氧传质系数随CMC水溶液质量分数的增加而减小。基于实验研究,得出修正的体积氧传质系数公式和适用于幂律型非牛顿流体流动体系氧传递过程的无量纲关联式,可很好地实现非牛顿流体流动的废水处理装置中气液传质参数的计算。     

三相循环流化床中的气液相界面积和传质系数

采用溶氧法测量了三相循环流化床中液相溶氧浓度的轴向分布,并按轴向扩散模型处理实验数据,优化得到气液体积传质系数kLa,同时用光纤探头测量了体系中的气含率和气泡大小分布,计算得到了气液相界面积a和气液传质系数kL,并研究了主要操作条件(表观气速、表观液速和固含率)对气液传质系数的影响规律.     

Flow regimes and mass transfer in counter-current bubble columns

Counter current bubble columns have the feature that specific gas-liquid interfacial area and gas holdup are larger than those for standard and cocurrent bubble columns. In this study, three different flow regimes, churn-turbulent flow, bubble flow and bubble down-flow, have been observed in a counter-current bubble column and correlations of gas holdup and volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient have been proposed as functions of operating variables such as the superficial velocities of gas and liquid, the gas-liquid slip velocity and the liquid properties.     

低气速条件下CO_2在牛顿及非牛顿流体中气含率

实验测定了低气速下CO2气泡群在牛顿流体、剪切变稀流体及黏弹性流体中的气含率。讨论了流体的流变性、质量分数及表观气速对气含率的影响。结果表明:在3种不同性质的流体中,气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大。同时发现流体性质对气含率具有不同的影响:对于牛顿流体,表观气速较低时,质量分数对气含率影响可忽略;对于非牛顿流体,气含率随着流动指数n的减小而减小,即剪切变稀效应对气含率有负作用,而黏弹性对气含率的影响可忽略。气含率是气液传质过程设计中最重要的参数,因此研究结果为进一步研究CO2气泡群在非牛顿流体中的传质奠定了一定基础。     

搅拌反应器内三种桨型的气、液分散与相际传质特性研究

本文以改进搅拌发酵罐的桨型为目的,对空气-水、空气-亚硫酸钠溶液系统就六平叶、弯叶、箭叶三种圆盘透平桨产生的气泡平均直径、气含率及容量传质系数的变化规律作了较为系统的研究。实验发现:相同单位体积功率、表观气速条件下,三种桨型各自产生的气泡平均直径相差不大;箭叶桨的气含率较低;六平叶圆盘透平桨具有最大的容量传质系数。     

Mechanism and analytical models for the gas distribution on the SiC foam monolithic tray

Silicon carbide (SiC) foam material has been applied as monolithic tray for distillation column in our previous study. A systematic understanding of the gas distribution process on the foam tray should help to the design of commercial application. In this article, local gas holdup distribution and bubble size distribution are used to measure the gas distribution. The local gas holdup is tested by the conductive probe and the number of test point is counted in different local gas holdup. The bubbles are captured by the high‐speed camera to measure the bubble size. Bubble size is calculated as ellipsoidal bubble and counted with different pore sizes. Furthermore, a three‐stage process model is put forward to explain the uneven distribution of gas phase, and verified by the experimental values. The results show that the structure and the thickness of SiC foam is the decisive factor for the gas distribution performance. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4509–4516, 2015     

分布器对鼓泡塔中气泡直径分布的影响

采用电导探针测定了冷态鼓泡塔中不同气速下的气泡直径及气含率的轴向分布,考察了分布板对鼓泡塔操作性能的影响.结果表明:随着开孔率的减小,从均匀鼓泡区到过渡区的转变提前;在均匀鼓泡区,开孔率对气泡直径影响较小;在过渡区,开孔率大的分布器形成的稳定气泡直径较小、气含率较大;分布板开孔直径越大,形成的初始气泡直径越大,但对轴向气泡直径分布的影响仅限于分布器区.包含分布器影响的气泡直径经验关联式为d/D=140.2Bo-0.5Ga-0.12Fr0.099(h/D)-0.15T-0.34(0.5 cm/s＜ug＜7 cm/s).     

Gas phase hydrodynamics in a surface-aerated tank with a long-short blades agitator

This work aims to study the gas phase hydrodynamics in a stirred tank with a surface-aerated long-short blades agitator by the Eulerian–Eulerian approach coupled with population balance model. Predicted local gas holdup and bubble size distribution agree well with those measured by a conductivity probe technique. The predictions demonstrate that the pressure depression in the center is the main driving force for gas suction and the downward flow carries the bubbles down to redistribute in the whole tank. The gas phase has higher gas holdup with large bubble size in the upper part and lower gas holdup but with small bubble size in the lower part of the tank. The predicted liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients agree well with our previous experimental results and just depend on the power consumption per unit volume when the aspect ratio of the liquid height to the tank diameter varies from 1.1 to 2.0.     

Gas-liquid mass transfer in bubble columns with a T-junction nozzle for gas dispersion

Bubble break-up, gas holdup, and the gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient are studied in a bubble column reactor with simultaneous injection of a gas and liquid through a T-junction nozzle. The theoretical dependence of bubble break-up and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient on liquid velocity in the nozzle is developed on the basis of isotropic turbulence theory. It is shown that correlations which are developed based on liquid jet kinetic power per nozzle volume explain average gas holdup and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient within an error of 15% for all gas and liquid flow rates and nozzle diameters used. Experiments with a larger scale column, height 4.64 m and diameter 0.98 m, show a transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous flow at a certain liquid flow rate through the nozzle. Liquid composition was found to have a significant effect on gas-liquid mass transfer. A phenol concentration of 10–30 mg/l in water increases the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen by 100%. This phenomenon may have significance in the chemical oxidation of wastewater.     

剪切变稀体系同心双轴搅拌釜内的气液分散模拟

气液搅拌设备因其良好的适用性被广泛应用于过程工业中。为更好地比较不同工况下剪切变稀体系中的气液分散情况,通过实验研究整体气含率和相对功耗确定适宜的转动模式,进而模拟研究表观气速、体系黏度、搅拌转速对气含率和气泡尺寸的影响。结果表明,相同功率下内外双桨反向旋转模式在理想气液分散条件下,相较于单轴内桨和内外双桨同向旋转模式具有更高的气含率和更好的气体泵送能力;表观气速的增加有利于气泡的均匀分散,但气泡尺寸也会随之增大;有效黏度的增加使得搅拌桨的影响区域变小,不利于气泡的均匀分散,气泡尺寸也随之增大;搅拌转速的增加使得循环涡流的影响区域变大,高气含率区不断扩大。     

Bubble size fractal dimension,gas holdup,and mass transfer in a bubble column with dual internals

As the scale of residual oil treatment increases and cleaner production improves in China, slurry bubble column reactors face many challenges and opportunities for residual oil hydrogenation technology. The internals development is critical to adapt the long-term stable operation. In this paper, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, gas holdup and bubble size in a gas-liquid up-flow column are studied with two kinds of internals. The gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient increase by 120% and 42% when the fractal dimension of bubbles increases from 0.56 to 2.56, respectively. The enhanced mass transfer processing may improve the coke suppression ability in the slurry reactor for residual oil treatment. The results can be useful for the exploration of reacting conditions, scale-up strategies, and oil adaptability. This work is valuable for the design of reactor systems and technological processes.     

气液两相逆流-错流撞击洗涤器内两相流动与传质特性

针对一种能实现气液两相逆流-错流撞击的洗涤喷嘴,采用溶氧法、摄像法和电导探针法等考察了操作参数对洗涤器内两相流型、传质性能、局部气含率的影响,并分析了洗涤器内流型、气含率与传质特性的关系. 结果表明,由于气液两相沿洗涤器径向分布不均,文献中通过直观观察描述流型的方法明显欠准确. 在直观观察的基础上,依据局部气含率分布将两相流型分为液柱型、环流型和泡沫型三类,其中泡沫型分为环状泡沫型和碗状泡沫型两种. 为了定量分析不同流型的传质效果,定义了有效传质区(气液接触、传质过程中形成的两相流中气含率75%≤eg≤85%的区域),得出了有效传质体积的计算表达式. 气液逆流撞击的洗涤器内有效传质体积越大,传质效果越好.     

LOCAL HYDRODYNAMICS IN AN EXTERNAL LOOP AIRLIFT SLURRY REACTOR WITH AND WITHOUT A RESISTANCE-REGULATING ELEMENT

The hydrodynamic behavior of an external loop airlift slurry reactor (ALSR) with and without a resistance-regulating element was studied with a fiber optic probe and ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. The influences of the superficial gas velocity and solid holdup on the global gas holdup and radial profiles of the suspension circulation velocity in the downer and of gas holdup, bubble size, and bubble rise velocity in the riser were studied. Local measurements allow a better understanding of the flow behavior in the reactor and can be used for CFD modeling and validation. Experimental results show that the resistance-regulating element increases the gas holdup and decreases the suspension circulation velocity, indicating that an optimum design of the flow resistance is needed to obtain the maximum gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient for a specific superficial gas velocity. A high superficial gas velocity and low solid holdup are favorable for increased uniformity of the radial profile of the gas holdup and bubble rise velocity. Hydrodynamic models that predict the gas holdup and suspension circulation velocity were developed for an ALSR with and without a resistance-regulating element. Good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted values.     

LOCAL HYDRODYNAMICS IN AN EXTERNAL LOOP AIRLIFT SLURRY REACTOR WITH AND WITHOUT A RESISTANCE-REGULATING ELEMENT

The hydrodynamic behavior of an external loop airlift slurry reactor (ALSR) with and without a resistance-regulating element was studied with a fiber optic probe and ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. The influences of the superficial gas velocity and solid holdup on the global gas holdup and radial profiles of the suspension circulation velocity in the downer and of gas holdup, bubble size, and bubble rise velocity in the riser were studied. Local measurements allow a better understanding of the flow behavior in the reactor and can be used for CFD modeling and validation. Experimental results show that the resistance-regulating element increases the gas holdup and decreases the suspension circulation velocity, indicating that an optimum design of the flow resistance is needed to obtain the maximum gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient for a specific superficial gas velocity. A high superficial gas velocity and low solid holdup are favorable for increased uniformity of the radial profile of the gas holdup and bubble rise velocity. Hydrodynamic models that predict the gas holdup and suspension circulation velocity were developed for an ALSR with and without a resistance-regulating element. Good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted values.     

HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER IN BUBBLE COLUMNS: EFFECT OF SOLIDS

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a large diameter bubble column (D_c 0.305 m), specifically, the effects of gas velocity and the presence of solids on the gas holdup structure, gas-liquid interfacial area, and volumetric mass transfer coefficients in viscous as well as low viscosity solutions are studied. The sulfite oxidation technique was employed to measure the gas-liquid interfacial area. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured using a chemical method (sulfite oxidation) as well as physical absorption of oxygen from air, and the overall gas holdups were measured using the hydrostatic head technique. The effect of solids on the gas holdup structure was examined using the dynamic gas disengagement method. With the addition of polystyrene particles, the gas-liquid interfacial area decreased for low viscosity systems, whereas it increased for viscous systems. This was shown to be due to the effect of solids on bubble coalescence. The wettability characteristics of solid surfaces in the presence of different liquids have been suggested as the reason for the effect of solids on coalescence. Oil shale slurries presented a special case because of the mineral dissolution effect.     

CFD在自吸反应器气液流动和传质特性研究中的应用

针对配置气体分布器的六叶轮自吸反应器建立了欧拉气液两相流三维瞬态模型,耦合Higbie气液传质模型,采用CFX软件对其气液混合过程的流场、气含率、吸气速率及溶氧传递过程进行数值模拟,获得了反应器的流动特性、气液分散性能、吸气特性及气液传质特性.分析了反应器内水平及竖直位置上的流型特征及溶氧传递性能,结合实验数据及经验关联式对比分析了对气含率及吸气速率的预测作用.结果表明,六叶轮转子及其配置的气体分布器可以获得较均匀的气液混合,气含率及吸气速率的预测与实验值偏差分别为5.2% 和17.6%,模拟发现在反应器底部近壁处溶氧及混合效果不佳.