Medium term market perspectives,goal prices and competitiveness of renewable resources in the Italian energy system

Using a multiperiodal LP model (MARKAL) the authors assessed the likely potential of solar thermal and biogas systems under various circumstances. The study covered the period 1980–2005, in five segments of five years. It focused only on the subsystem of the energy end-uses which can be substituted for by solar and biogas technologies. In this paper we show the main results of the study regarding the competitiveness of the single solar and biogas technologies in different scenarios and their sensitivity to incentives and prices, together with the essential technical data regarding demand and supply technologies which produced those results. The analysis performed of the potential penetration of renewable technologies into the Italian energy system shows that their contribution will remain very marginal if the price of conventional energy carriers remains constant in constant money. However, the objective of removing with renewable technologies 1.5 per cent of the total Italian energy consumption appears to be realistic in the short-medium term.     

广东地区办公建筑实现零碳排放的实例分析

以广东地区某办公建筑为例,将《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》（GB 55015—2021）作为节能基准,对比分析被动减碳技术、主动减碳技术、可再生能源利用技术对建筑碳排放的影响。结果显示：针对广东地区办公建筑,增设1.0 m的固定外遮阳使建筑冷负荷降低4.65%,节能效果优于降低外墙传热系数。采用主动式技术改造办公建筑,空调系统全年耗电量降低了30.0%,电梯系统全年耗电量降低了64.6%。采用可再生能源光伏及风力发电为建筑提供电力时,年减碳量达345.51 t,节能减碳效果显著。     

Alternatives to grid extension for rural electrification: Decentralized renewable energy technologies in Vietnam

This paper examines the economic viability of stand-alone, household-sized renewable energy technologies, namely wind generator and solar PV for application in remote and rural areas of Vietnam. Three reference technologies are chosen. These are two solar PV systems of 130 and 100 Wp for solar conditions in the North and the South, respectively, and one 150 W wind turbine. It is found for all regions that levelized costs of PV energy are lower than the cost of energy from gasoline gen-set, and are cost-competitive with grid extension, especially for areas with low load density and low number of households to be electrified. Regarding wind energy, the viability is dependent on the location due to the wide variation of wind resource to topography. However, in locations with proper resources, wind energy is even more cost-competitive than solar PV. Thus, the use of either wind generator or solar PV is economically feasible in rural villages and remote areas of Vietnam. Policy recommendations for promoting the market development of renewable energy technologies are discussed in the final section of the paper.     

日本大地震对全球能源发展产生的影响

2011年北京时间3月11日,日本东北部宫城县以东太平洋海域发生里氏9级特大地震并引发海啸.分析了此次地震、海啸及核泄漏对全球能源的影响:民众反对发展核电站的声音将可能更多,各国政府在核电利用问题上更为谨慎与保守.中短期内核电将较难实现大幅增长.短期而言,对核电有效替代的仍是化石能源,能源需求增长将进一步加大全球一次能源价格的上涨压力.长期而言,发达国家的替代选择更倾向于可再生能源,这种转换有助于较快地实现全球低碳转型.指出此次地震对中国油气供应影响不大.提出中国迫切需要建立较为灵活的能源安全预警防范机制,以适应由于能源供应短缺带来的种种问题.     

Sustainable energy in Baltic States

Integration of New Member States to the European Union has created a new situation in the frame of implementation of the Lisbon strategy and EU Sustainable Development. The closure of Ignalina NPP is the biggest challenge to the energy sector development of the Baltic States. The Baltic States have quite limited own energy resources and in the Accession agreement with the EU Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have verified their targets to increase the share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (RES-E) by the year 2010. A wider use of renewable energy and increase of energy efficiency can make a valuable contribution to meeting the targets of sustainable development. The article presents a detailed overview of the present policies and measures implemented in the Baltic States, aiming to support the use of RES and the increase of energy efficiency. The review of possibilities to use the EU Structural Funds (SF) for the implementation of sustainable energy projects in the Baltic States was performed.The use of regional social–economic–environmental indicators is the main key to integrate sustainable energy development at the program deployment level. The indicators to be used should describe the contribution of energy programs to the sustainable development, medium- and long-term trends and inter-relationship between them and the typical energy indicators (saved toe, improved energy efficiency, percentage of RES). Municipalities may play a considerable role by promoting sustainable energy since local authorities are fulfilling their functions in the energy sector via a number of roles. The Netherlands’ example shows that municipalities may act as facilitators by implementing national environmental policy and increasing energy efficiency in an integral part of these activities. The guidelines for Lithuanian local sustainable energy development using the SF co-financing have been presented.     

福岛核危机后日本新能源格局的转变及其影响与启示

日本新能源的发展趋势会对全球的能源变革产生巨大作用。从第一次石油危机至今,日本的新能源无论是总量还是在能源结构中所占的份额都有了质的飞跃,这不仅是因为新能源的技术和设备有了长足进步,更重要的是来自日本政府能源政策的支持,但2011年的福岛核危机将彻底改变日本的能源格局。日本政府宣布将中止核电发展计划,可再生能源将成为下一步能源发展战略的核心。然而日本的规模化可再生能源过程也面临着如何弥补核电站退役后的电力缺口、国土面积狭小、电网网架薄弱以及因电价过高导致的巨额补贴费用等诸多困难。与此同时也给日本带来了新的发展机遇,可再生能源将成为日本经济新的增长点。日本核危机使全球核能遭遇低潮期,而可再生能源将迎来新的发展机遇,这有可能催生第三次产业革命。同时也认识到,能源来源的过于单一化使得能源风险加剧,需要建立健全的、快速的能源应急机制,加大国际间能源合作,突破能源技术壁垒。此次日本核危机促使中国反思自身的核电发展策略。中国具有丰富的可再生能源资源,当前应抓住这一发展机遇,加大产品技术含量,切勿盲目扩大生产规模,同时拓展非主流型可再生能源生产设备市场。政府要把握整体布局,避免出现区域性生产"过度"。     

美国经济危机的复兴与应用清洁能源、节能技术的关系

大规模使用新能源、节能技术可以降低对外国燃料进口的依赖,减缓环境污染,加速经济发展,促进社会和谐。所以,推广清洁能源和节能技术已作为各国一条非常重要的国策。本文将阐述美国为何将应用新能源、节能技术与经济复兴和持续发展联系在一起,并深入地揭示其中更高层次的战略意义,以使读者明了应用新能源、节能技术对中国的必要性和迫切性。     

福岛核危机对日本能源战略的影响及启示

至本世纪前10年,核能已成为日本能源供应中不可或缺的重要因素,然而,2011年因东日本大地震引发的福岛核危机却动摇了日本继续发展核能的信心,不得不对现有的能源战略进行调整。福岛核危机对日本原来制定的能源战略产生了巨大影响,其中包括能源战略目标难以实现,加剧了对化石燃料的依赖;造成大量的电力缺口,总发电量减少了1/4,导致消费者用电成本急剧增加;短期内不得不增加液化天然气、原油、燃料油和煤炭等化石能源的进口量,加剧了日本能源安全的不确定性。为了缓解福岛核危机所造成的一系列负面影响并保障能源安全,日本政府重新制定了能源战略——重点集中在去核能化,去核能化是顺应民意、安抚民心,并防止核事故再次发生的根本性战略,是日本的必然选择;同时高度重视可再生能源的发展,可再生能源发电比例将由2010年的10%跃升至2030年的35%,总发电量将由2010年的1100×108kW.h提高到2030年的3000×108kW.h;大力实施节约能源战略,提出2030年电力消耗量在2010年的基础上节约1100×108kW.h,能源消耗量在2010年的基础上节约720×108L;另外,日本政府还对电力系统进行改革。结合我国的能源战略及核电发展现状,日本的能源战略调整给予我国的启示包括:要将核安全置于首要地位、加速可再生能源发展和坚持节约能源战略。     

Wind power and photovoltaic power: How to improve the accommodation capability of renewable electricity generation in China?

China's wind curtailment and photovoltaic curtailment was one of the prominent issues in 2014, and the renewable curtailment worsened in 2015. With the rapid growth of renewables, the phenomenon of the insufficiency in renewable accommodation capability is becoming more and more serious in 2016. In that case, the problem of the insufficient accommodation capability is pointed out by analyzing China's development requirements. The renewable power generation scale, the renewable power consumption, and the restrictions on the renewable electricity generation are discussed from the China's market perspective. Meanwhile, the legal environment, the planning requirement, the institutional setting, and the policy tools are introduced from the perspective of governmental regulation. An empirical analysis, a cause analysis and a trend analysis are illustrated before explaining the problem of renewable curtailment and proposing a solution for enhancing the accommodation capability. According to the analysis results, the solution for addressing the wind curtailment and PV curtailment is offered with respect to the technology, the institution, the legislation, and the political aspect. Through the research, the research conclusions are drew finally and the corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.     

What is a rational energy policy and who is the judge? Comments on Smyrgała’s “Fukushima and Energiewende”

In this article, we respond to a number of points raised by Dominik Smyrga?a in his recent piece “Fukushima and Energiewende.” We believe his piece, although timely and taking on an important topic, suffers from three important issues. Smyrga?a makes selective use of statistical data and opinions, and bends some facts and the spirit of certain documents to fit his thesis. Lastly, the question he asks about the impact of a single event on an entire energy system trajectory is epistemologically very difficult to tackle and the research design he proposes does not acknowledge it – thus failing to answer the research question. We further discuss “irrationality” as a handy rhetorical device used to criticize energy policy decisions one doe snot agree with. The goal of this response is also to provide some additional information on the changes taking place in the German energy sector and deepen the understanding of this massive social, economic, and political experiment.     

Global Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable energy sources (RES) supply 14% of the total world energy demand. RES are biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, and marine energies. The renewables are the primary, domestic and clean or inexhaustible energy resources. The percentage share of biomass was 62.1% of total renewable energy sources in 1995. Large-scale hydropower supplies 20 percent of global electricity. Wind power in coastal and other windy regions is promising as well.     

Quick assessment of the performances of the electricity power supplies on the black sea shore using renewables

Sizing of the applications using renewable sources of energy can be a difficult task because both solar and wind energy are unpredictable. The present paper presents such a process step-by-step with a numerical application to ilustrate it.