水热合成法合成SAPO-34分子筛

采用吗啉和四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,研究了不同因素对水热合成法合成SAPO-34分子筛的影响。结果表明,陈化时间、晶化时间和搅拌对合成分子筛都有重要影响,最佳陈化和晶化时间均为24 h,适宜的搅拌速度为100r/min。以吗啉和吗啉-四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,采用先陈化后晶化并搅拌的方式均可得到SAPO-34分子筛,四乙基氢氧化铵的加入有利于合成小晶粒的分子筛。甲醇制烯烃(MTO)结果表明,甲醇转化率达98%以上,乙烯和丙烯总选择性达85%以上。     

复合模板剂制备片状SAPO-34分子筛及催化MTO反应

采用三乙胺为主模板剂、双端氨基聚乙二醇800为辅助模板剂制备出片状SAPO-34分子筛,使用XRD、SEM、BET及NH₃-TPD对样品进行表征;并考察在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能。结果表明,所合成的片状SAPO-34分子筛具有较大的比表面积(720 m²/g)和适中的酸性。在催化甲醇制烯烃反应中表现出较长的寿命,甲醇转化率达到99%以上,乙烯和丙烯(双烯)选择性达到80%以上。     

复合模板剂诱导合成SAPO-34分子筛及其MTO性能研究

利用传统水热合成方法,分别采用单一模板剂、混合模板剂合成纯相SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD、BET、SEM、NH3-TPD和FTIR对样品进行表征,考察其在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能。结果表明,混合模板剂诱导合成的SAPO-34分子筛具有较小的颗粒尺寸,较大的比表面积和适宜的酸性,可以在MTO反应中表现出更优的催化性能。结果发现,MORTEAOH混合模板剂合成的SAPO-34分子筛的催化寿命达320 min,双烯选择性超过82%。     

模板剂对SAPO-34分子筛性能的影响

采用XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD等方法研究了以三乙胺(TEA)、四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)及二者的混合物为模板剂合成的产物的结构及物化性能,并以甲醇为探针分子,在固定床反应器上对合成产物在甲醇制取烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能进行了评价。结果表明,模板剂的种类及配比对所得产物的晶相结构、晶粒大小、酸强度、酸量以及催化性能有重要影响。双模板体系中,当n(TEAOH)/n(TEA)=0.037～0.186时,得到纯相SAPO-34分子筛;且当n(TEAOH)/n(TEA)=0.093时,得到的SAPO-34分子筛晶粒较小(1.0μm左右)且均匀,酸度适中,低碳烯烃(C2=～C4=)的选择性94.98%,催化寿命415min,较单独以TEA〔n(TEA)/n(Al2O3)=2.15〕或TEAOH〔n(TEAOH)/n(Al2O3)=2.0〕为模板剂合成的催化剂的低碳选择性(88.22%和89.29%)和寿命(170min和165min)均有明显提高,且积炭速率(0.016%/min)明显降低。     

二次生长法合成SAPO-34沸石膜及其气体渗透性能

以四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为模板剂,采用二次生长法在α-Al_2O_3多孔陶瓷管上合成了SAPO-34沸石膜.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及气体渗透对合成的膜进行了表征.XRD结果表明合成的膜具有典型的CHA型沸石特征峰,无其它杂相存在.SEM显示膜厚大约为5 μm,膜表面晶粒交织共生完好,且连续、致密,没有发现明显的针孔和裂纹.室温下, 当膜两侧压降为0.1 MPa时,CO_2/CH_4的理想选择性和混合气体分离选择性分别为7和40.     

SAPO-34分子筛的合成

以吗啉和四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,合成SAPO-34分子筛,研究不同温度和物料比对SAPO-34分子筛合成的影响。结果表明,在180℃和n(吗啉)∶n(SiO_2)∶n(Al_2O_3)∶n(P_2O_5)∶n(H_2O)=2∶1∶1∶1∶30条件下,SAPO-34分子筛的相对结晶度达100%。     

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of SAPO-34 synthesized using diethylamine as a template

SAPO-34 molecular sieve was successfully synthesized using diethylamine (DEA) as a template. The influence of template concentration and silica concentration on the synthesis were investigated. Pure SAPO-34 could be obtained when n(DEA)/n(Al₂O₃)  1.5 and n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃) > 0.1 in the synthesis gel. Further increase of DEA concentration in the starting gel [n(DEA)/n(Al₂O₃) > 3] has a negative effect on both crystallinity and crystal yield. The products were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, NMR, FT-IR, TG-DTA and nitrogen adsorption techniques. It was found that SAPO-34 synthesized with DEA as a template has the characteristic of high silicon incorporation and exhibits good thermal and hydrothermal stability. The catalytic performance of SAPO-34 was tested by methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction and high olefins (C₂H₄ + C₃H₆) selectivity was obtained.     

硅改性拟薄水铝石合成SAPO-34分子筛的研究

SAPO-34分子筛常用于甲醇制烯烃（MTO）反应中。以硅酸钠、硝酸铝和氨水为原料采用碱滴酸加料方式制备一种硅改性拟薄水铝石,再以硅改性拟薄水铝石为硅源和铝源、磷酸（H₃PO₄）为磷源、四乙基氢氧化铵（TEAOH）为模板剂采用水热合成法制备SAPO-34分子筛。采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD等表征手段对合成的硅改性拟薄水铝石及SAPO-34分子筛进行表征并对其MTO催化性能进行评价。结果表明,在硅铝物质的量比为0.08~0.5时,硅的引入对合成纯相拟薄水铝石无影响,但硅的引入量对拟薄水铝石的结晶度及形貌有一定影响;在硅铝物质的量比为0.2~0.5时,以硅改性拟薄水铝石为硅源和铝源可以合成纯相SAPO-34分子筛,MTO催化反应甲醇转化率可达99%以上,双烯选择性最高达87%以上,并拥有较高的乙烯选择性。     

SAPO-34分子筛催化剂制备及发展现状

乙烯和丙烯作为重要的化工原料,在经济发展中的需求量越来越大。在石油资源越来越匮乏的今天,甲醇制烯烃作为一种可以代替常规石油路线生产低碳烯烃的新工艺受到广泛关注。SAPO-34分子筛因为高甲醇转化率和优良烯烃选择性成为当前甲醇制烯烃工艺催化剂的研究重点。合成SAPO-34分子筛的影响因素有模板剂、合成原料和反应条件等。通过调节分子筛粒径尺寸、酸性、金属改性可以实现分子筛的性能优化。介绍了SAPO-34分子筛催化剂常用的制备方法和一些分子筛催化剂改进的专利。使用一定时间后催化剂由于积炭而失活,再生工艺目前主要采用烧焦再生。2011年,神华煤制烯烃示范工程进入工业化运行,近年陆续有多套甲醇制烯烃装置投产和在建,煤制烯烃正在改变中国聚烯烃市场格局。     

模板剂对SAPO-34分子筛性能的影响研究

采用XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD等方法深入研究了以三乙胺(TEA)、四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)及二者的混合物为模板剂合成的产物的结构及物化性能。并以甲醇为探针分子,在固定床反应器上对合成产物在甲醇制取烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能进行了评价。结果表明,模板剂的种类及配比对所得产物的晶相结构、晶粒大小、酸强度、酸量以及催化性能有重要影响。双模板体系中,当TEAOH/ TEA=0.037～0.186时,可以得到纯SAPO-34分子筛;且当TEAOH/TEA=0.093时,得到的SAPO-34分子筛晶粒较小(1.0μm左右)且均匀,酸度适中,低碳烯烃(C2=～C4=)的选择性94.98%,催化寿命415min,较单独以TEA(TEA/Al2O3=2.15)或TEAOH(TEA/Al2O3=2.0)为模板剂合成的催化剂的低碳选择性 (88.22%和89.29%)和寿命(170min和165min)均有明显提高,且积炭速率(0.016%/min)明显降低。     

硅含量对氯甲烷制取低碳烯烃的SAPO-34分子筛酸性的影响

以三乙胺-四乙基氢氧化铵为复合模板剂,合成了不同硅含量的SAPO-34分子筛,并采用XRD、NH₃-TPD、以及²⁹Si MASNMR等方法对其进行了表征,最后考察了不同硅含量SAPO-34分子筛催化转化氯甲烷制取乙烯、丙烯的反应性能。结果表明:硅铝比在0.10~0.80时,均能合成规整的SAPO-34立方晶粒;硅铝比低于0.05或高于1.00时,易伴随形成片状和无定形晶相。当硅铝比为0.6时,SAPO-34的结晶度最大,微孔比表面积为588m²/g,微孔体积为0.267cm³/g。硅铝比从0.05到0.60逐渐增大时,SAPO-34酸强度和酸数目明显增多,继续增大硅铝比,酸强度增强,弱酸数目减少。在T=425℃、氯甲烷WHSV=2.73h^-1时,对所合成SAPO-34分子筛催化氯甲烷的反应性能进行了评价,随硅铝比增大,SAPO-34的酸性增强,氯甲烷的初始转化率逐渐升高,然而二次反应加剧致使乙烯丙烯选择性略有下降。     

草酸溶液处理对SAPO-34分子筛物性和催化性能的影响

用XRD、SEM、N₂物理吸附、XRF、ICP-AES以及NH₃-TPD、FT-IR、固体NMR和固定床甲醇制烯烃技术（MTO）反应评价等表征手段,研究了草酸溶液处理对SAPO-34分子筛的改性作用。结果表明,用草酸溶液对SAPO-34分子筛进行后处理可以通过刻蚀骨架在晶体中产生大孔,调变孔道结构,改善微孔扩散性能;选择性地降低分子筛的骨架硅含量,从而降低分子筛的酸强度和酸中心密度。将改性前后的分子筛应用于MTO反应中。评价结果表明,适度的酸处理能够在保证分子筛收率和乙烯、丙烯选择性的前提下,明显提高催化剂的单程寿命。草酸溶液处理是一种值得研究的SAPO-34分子筛后处理改性方法和MTO催化剂制备手段。     

Effect of the rehydration on the acidity and catalytic activity of SAPO molecular sieves

The structural changes occurring in the template-free SAPO-5 and SAPO-34 upon the rehydration are reversible and do not affect their acidity and catalytic activity. The rehydrated SAPO-37 loses irreversibly a considerable part of its initial crystallinity, surface area, acidity and catalytic activity. Nevertheless the remaining acid centers are stable against dehydrationrehydration cycles.     

Dimethyl ether conversion to light olefins over the SAPO-34/ZrO2 composite catalysts with high lifetime

The SAPO-34/ZrO₂ composite catalysts using ZrO₂ as a binder were prepared and their performance was investigated for the dimethyl ether to olefins (DTO) reaction. The composite catalysts showed higher catalytic lifetimes than the free SAPO-34 catalyst, while maintaining high selectivity toward light olefins. This suggests that the binder-filled space between the SAPO-34 crystals can provide additional diffusion paths for mass transfer. In the SAPO-34/ZrO₂ composite catalysts with different ZrO₂ contents, the SAPO-34(11 wt%)/ZrO₂ composite catalyst showed the highest catalytic lifetime. It can be concluded that ZrO₂ is one of the best binders for the preparation of SAPO-34/binder composite catalysts.     

硅源与磷源对合成SAPO-34分子筛结构和形貌的影响

采用水热合成法制备了小晶粒SAPO-34分子筛,主要考察了不同硅源(硅溶胶,二氧化硅纳米粉和正硅酸乙酯)和磷源(磷酸,多聚磷酸)对合成SAPO-34分子筛的影响.实验结果表明:在合成液配比为1.0 Al2O3∶2.0 P2O5∶0.6 SiO2∶4.0 TEAOH∶105.0 H2O以及晶化温度为180 ℃晶化时间为48 h的条件下,二氧化硅纳米粉是较为理想的硅源,所合成的SAPO-34分子筛具有较高的结晶度,晶体呈现典型的立方体结构,晶粒大小为300 nm左右;而将多聚磷酸取代磷酸作为磷源后可以有效缩短合成时间至36 h,同时晶型由立方体结构转变为片状结构,但晶粒增大至为500 nm左右.     

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of metal-incorporated SAPO-34 for chloromethane transformation to light olefins

SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34s (MeCo, Mn, Fe) molecular sieves have been synthesized and used as catalysts for chloromethane transformation to light olefins. The influences created by metal incorporation are characterized with XRD, XRF, SEM, NMR, TG and H₂-TPR. The synthesized MeAPSO-34s have the same CHA topology structure, while metal incorporation gives rise to the increase of unit cell parameter and crystalline particle size. The coexistence of metal species in the synthesis starting gel has effect on the Si substitution into AlPO framework. Co, Mn or Fe incorporation generates a negligible difference on the chemical shift in ³¹P and ²⁷Al MAS NMR. ²⁹Si MAS NMR study has demonstrated that metal incorporation favors the Si island formation, predicting the stronger acidity. The reducibility of metal species in the synthesized MeAPSO-34s has been investigated by H₂-TPR with the comparison of metal-impregnated SAPO-34. Two weight losses in TG analysis from template decomposition in diluted oxygen suggest different chemical location of template molecules in the molecular sieves. For MeAPSO-34, more template removal occurrence at high temperature range indicates stronger template-framework interaction and stronger acidity than SAPO-34 after calcinations. All the SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34 molecular sieves are very active and selective catalyst for light olefins production. Metal incorporation improves the catalyst life and favors the ethylene and propylene generation. These catalytic properties enhancements are possibly related to the mechanism of chloromethane conversion with deposited coke species as reaction center.     

多级孔ZSM-5/SAPO-34复合分子筛制备及催化MTO性能研究

为制备性能更加优异的甲醇制烯烃（MTO）催化剂及进一步探究多级孔道对MTO催化反应的影响,采用柠檬酸溶液（CA）运用后处理方法对复合分子筛进行刻蚀,成功制备了具有多级孔道结构的ZSM-5/SAPO-34复合分子筛（CA-Z-S）。对复合分子筛的晶相、骨架、孔结构等理化性质进行了表征;将复合分子筛用于催化MTO反应,考察了复合分子筛的催化性能。表征结果表明,使用CA处理对ZSM-5/SAPO-34复合分子筛的形貌、结构会产生影响,使CA-Z-S具有更紧密的复合结构、适量的弱酸中心和多级孔道复合结构。催化测试结果表明,甲醇转化率达到100%时,CA-Z-S的寿命为1 200 min,较SAPO-34提高79%,较ZSM-5/SAPO-34提高30%;CA-Z-S对轻烯烃的选择性达到90.5%,较SAPO-34提高约3.7%。研究结果表明,利用CA对复合分子筛进行后处理,有利于复合分子筛催化MTO反应性能的提升。     

La2O3协同增强SAPO-34的二甲醚制烯烃催化性能

La₂O₃不需要与SAPO-34接触,便可显著延长SAPO-34的二甲醚制烯烃（DTO）反应寿命,并且La₂O₃与SAPO-34比例越大,SAPO-34的反应寿命越长。当La₂O₃和SAPO-34的质量比为1：1时,SAPO-34寿命提高了约1倍。进一步的研究表明,只有当La₂O₃层夹在SAPO-34层中间时,才能提高SAPO-34的寿命,La₂O₃无论是处于SAPO-34上游还是下游,均不能提高SAPO-34的寿命。动力学和催化剂的积炭量研究表明,La₂O₃是通过降低SAPO-34的积炭速度提高其反应寿命的。初步提出了La₂O₃提高SAPO-34寿命的机理：在DTO反应过程中,二甲醚在SAPO-34分子筛上形成一种积炭前体,这种积炭前体转移到La₂O₃的表面上,反应生成不能积炭的化合物（CO、CO₂和H₂等）,从而降低了SAPO-34的积炭失活速度,提高了其寿命。     

Busting the efficiency of SAPO-34 catalysts for the methanol-to-olefin conversion by post-synthesis methods

As an effective non-petroleum based process for producing light olefins, the methanol-to-olefin(MTO) route has become an indispensable alternative to the industrial production of light olefins. The silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-34 zeolite(CHA-type structure) has proven to be an efficient industrial catalyst for the production of ethylene and propylene by the MTO reaction. However, the inherent structure and related diffusion limitations of SAPO-34 limit the mass transport and thus cause rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Fabrication of hierarchical SAPO-34 zeolite is one of the most effective strategies to address the intrinsic diffusion limitation. As simple, inexpensive, and efficient approach, the post-synthetic route has attracted considerable attention and widely used to introduce secondary meso-/macropores into the microporous SAPO-34 material. Significant effort has been dedicated to the development of post-synthesis strategies to prepare hierarchical SAPO-34 zeolite, thereby enhancing its catalytic performance in the MTO process. This mini-review addresses the post-synthesis preparation of hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts and their MTO performance. Furthermore, some current problems and prospects of the post-synthesis route to hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts are also revised. We expect this minireview to inspire the more efficient preparation of hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts for the MTO process.     

高岭土微球原位合成SAPO-34分子筛及其在流化床甲醇/二甲醚制烯烃过程中的应用(英文)

SAPO-34 zeolite is considered to be an effective catalyst for methanol or dimethyl ether conversion to olefins. In this study, we developed the in situ synthesis technology to prepare SAPO-34 zeolite in kaolin microspheres as a catalyst for fluidized methanol or dimethyl ether to olefins process. The silicoaluminophosphate zeolite was first time reported to be synthesized in kaolin microspheres. The SAPO-34 content of synthesized catalyst was about 22% as measured by three different quantitative methods (micropore area, X-ray fluorescence and energy dispersive spectroscopy element analysis). Most of the SAPO-34 zeolites were in nanoscale size and distributed uniformly inside the spheres. The catalytic performance was evaluated in fixed bed and fluidized bed reactors. Compared with the conventional spray-dry catalyst, SAPO/kaolin catalyst showed superior catalytic activities, better olefin selectivities (up to 94%, exclusive coke), and very good hydrothermal stability. The in situ synthesis of SAPO-34 in kaolin microspheres is a facile and economically feasible way to prepare more effective catalyst for fluidized MTO/DTO (methanol to olefins/dimethyl ether to olefins) process.