Evolution of Glucose Dehydrogenase for Cofactor Regeneration in Bioredox Processes with Denaturing Agents

Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is a general tool for driving nicotinamide (NAD(P)H) regeneration in synthetic biochemistry. An increasing number of synthetic bioreactions are carried out in media containing high amounts of organic cosolvents or hydrophobic substrates/products, which often denature native enzymes, including those for cofactor regeneration. In this work, we attempted to improve the chemical stability of Bacillus megaterium GDH (BmGDH_M0) in the presence of large amounts of 1-phenylethanol by directed evolution. Among the resulting mutants, BmGDH_M6 (Q252L/E170K/S100P/K166R/V72I/K137R) exhibited a 9.2-fold increase in tolerance against 10 % (v/v) 1-phenylethanol. Moreover, BmGDH_M6 was also more stable than BmGDH_M0 when exposed to hydrophobic and enzyme-inactivating compounds such as acetophenone, ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, and ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. Coupled with a Candida glabrata carbonyl reductase, BmGDH_M6 was successfully used for the asymmetric reduction of deactivating ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate with total turnover number of 1800 for the nicotinamide cofactor, thus making it attractive for commercial application. Overall, the evolution of chemically robust GDH facilitates its wider use as a general tool for NAD(P)H regeneration in biocatalysis.     

负载型PVP-Pt催化剂催化2-氧-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的不对称加氢

分别采用乙醇、甲醛、甲酸钠、硼氢化钠为还原剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为稳定剂,制备了负载型PVP-Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂,考察了催化剂对2-氧-4-苯基丁酸乙酯不对称加氢合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的性能,其中硼氢化钠作为还原剂时性能最佳。研究了制备条件如还原温度、还原浓度、还原介质、PVP/Pt物质的量比以及反应溶剂、时间等因素对催化结果的影响。实验结果表明,在PVP/Pt=5∶1、还原温度0 ℃、NaBH4浓度为0.5 mol/L、乙醇作为还原介质制备的催化剂,对2-氧-4-苯基丁酸乙酯（EOPB）不对称加氢的转化率可达100%,对映选择性为76.8% e.e.。     

活性干酵母与湿酵母催化不对称还原合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的对比研究

研究有机溶剂中面包酵母催化2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯(OPBE)不对称还原合成标题化合物((R)-HPBE),分别考察用干酵母和湿酵母作催化、底物浓度、反应体系和湿酵母保存时间等凶素对OPBE转化率(X<,OPBE>)、HPBE产率(Y<,HPBE>)及(R)-HPBE的光学纯度(e.e.%)的影响.实验结果表明,湿酵母的立体选择性好于干酵母,但转化率和产率很低;乙醚为湿酵母催化较为适宜的介质.另外,湿酵母培养好后应立即反应.     

醇脱氢酶KpADH的127位点对催化活性和对映选择性的影响

醇脱氢酶可用于合成手性化合物,在医药、材料等领域应用广泛。来源于多孢克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces polysporus）的醇脱氢酶KpADH同时具有还原(4-氯苯基)-(吡啶-2-基)-甲酮（CPMK）和氧化异丙醇、1,4-丁二醇的活性。通过分子对接和结构分析,发现Y127是紧靠底物的关键位点。本文通过对127位点定点饱和突变来提高催化活性和对映选择性,突变体Y127V和Y127I还原CPMK的比活力达到95.0U/mg和84.0U/mg,分别是野生型的6.5倍和5.8倍,突变体Y127L催化CPMK生成(R)-(4-氯苯基)-(吡啶-2-基)-甲醇[(R)-CPMA]的e.e.值由82％提高到99.2％。同时,127位点的突变提高了对醇类底物的氧化活性,突变体Y127I对异丙醇的比活力是野生型的1.46倍,而Y127C更青睐于对1,4-丁二醇的催化氧化,其比活力是野生型的3.00倍。分子间作用力分析表明,Y127L与底物CPMK间增加的氢键和π-π作用力稳定了底物构象,进一步提高了还原CPMK的对映选择性。本文为醇脱氢酶KpADH的分子改造和机制解析提供了指导,提高了该酶的工业应用潜力。     

金鸡纳-铂催化2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的不对称加氢

Enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate to ethyl （R）-2-hydroxy-4-phenyl- bu- tyrate on Pt/γ-Al2O3 modified by 10,11-dihydrocinchonidine was studied by investigating the influences of the amount of modifier, initial concentration of reactant, pressure and temperature on conversion and enantiometric excess in a stirred autoclave and the effects of the liquid velocity, gas velocity, modifier concentration and various catalytic beds in a trickle-bed reactor. The maximum optical yields were about 50% and 60% in the two types of reactors, respectively. It was assumed that the total hydrogenation rate included the reaction rates over the unmodified and modified active sites on platinum surface and a kinetic model, which fitted the experimental data well in autoclave, was obtained. A simplified plug-flow model was proposed to describe the bed average efficiency of trickle-bed reactor.     

2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯不对称加氢滴流床反应器模型

研究了滴流床反应器中2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯在10,11-二氢辛可尼定修饰的Pt/A l2O3作用下不对称催化加氢反应特征,实验在4个不同催化床层中进行。考虑催化剂部分润湿和静、动持液量,结合复杂的传质和反应过程,建立了不对称催化加氢滴流床反应器模型。在本征动力学研究的基础上,用模型模拟了滴流床中反应物和产物沿反应器轴向的浓度分布,并对不同操作条件下不对称加氢反应的转化率和光学收率进行了预测,与实验数据比较一致,表明此反应器模型对非均相不对称催化反应的工程化有重要的指导意义。     

不对称合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的动力学

采用10,11-二氢辛可尼定修饰的Pt/Al2O3催化体系,不对称加氢合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯,研究了各因素影响反应速率和光学收率的一般规律.根据推测的机理,建立了未修饰体系中加氢反应的本征动力学模型,结合实验数据选定了较佳的模型.假设不对称加氢反应总速率包括反应物在催化剂表面修饰位上和未修饰位上两部分的加氢速率,建立了不对称加氢的动力学模型,经拟合得到参数并进行了验证和讨论.     

不对称催化合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯

用Pt—Cinchona生物碱体系催化加氢合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯。进行了催化剂的制备和比较研究,并考察了修饰剂用量、2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的初始浓度、反应氢压和温度对转化率和(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯得率的影响,得到了适宜的反应条件,在此条件下产物中(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯得率可达70％以上。实验结果表明,本研究中不对称加氢速率与光学收率呈良好线性关系,对研究不对称合成反应的规律有一定的意义。     

两相体系中固定化黏红酵母CCZU-G5催化合成 (R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯

通过筛选得到一株高立体选择性还原2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯（OPBE）合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯[(R)-HPBE]的菌株并鉴定为黏红酵母。研究了在异辛烷/水两相体系中固定化黏红酵母CCZU-G5不对称还原OPBE合成(R)-HPBE的反应条件。结果表明最适的反应条件为：在异辛烷比例为10%条件下,底物浓度为100 mmol/L,催化剂用量为0.45 g/mL,辅底物为40 g/L的葡萄糖。在建立的反应体系中反应16 h,(R)-HPBE产率最高,达83.5%,e.e.值99%以上。固定化酵母经7次重复使用后,产率和e.e.值分别维持在70%和99%以上。     

Zur Reaktivität des Methoxybutenons

Reactivity of Methoxybutenone (trans)4-Methoxy-but-3-en-2-one shows as a vinylen homologous ethyl acetate 4 functional groups: C,C-double bond, methyl, carbonyl, and methoxy group. Examples for the special reactivities are given. Cyclization reactions are reported mostly with the carbon atoms 4+2 and 4+3.     

Investigation of Structural Determinants for the Substrate Specificity in the Zinc‐Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase CPCR2 from Candida parapsilosis

Zinc‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are a class of enzymes applied in different biocatalytic processes ranging from lab to industrial scale. However, one drawback is the limited substrate range, necessitating a whole array of different ADHs for the relevant substrate classes. In this study, we investigated structural determinants of the substrate spectrum in the zinc‐dependent ADH carbonyl reductase 2 from Candida parapsilosis (CPCR2), combining methods of mutational analysis with in silico substrate docking. Assigned active site residues were genetically randomized, and the resulting mutant libraries were screened with a selection of challenging carbonyl substrates. Three variants (C57A, W116K, and L119M) with improved activities toward different substrates were detected at neighboring positions in the active site. Thus, all possible combinations of the mutations were generated and characterized for their substrate specificity, yielding several improved variants. The most interesting were a C57A variant, with a 27‐fold increase in specific activity for 4′‐acetamidoacetophenone, and the double mutant CPCR2 B16‐(C57A, L119M), with a 45‐fold improvement in the k_cat?K_M^?1 value. The obtained variants were further investigated by in silico docking experiments. The results indicate that the mentioned residues are structural determinants of the substrate specificity of CPCR2, being major players in the definition of the active site. Comparison of these results with closely related enzymes suggests that these might even be transferred to other ADHs.     

Mutagenesis of an Asn156 Residue in a Surface Region of S‐Selective Hydroxynitrile Lyase from Baliospermum montanum Enhances Catalytic Efficiency and Enantioselectivity

The S‐selective hydroxynitrile lyase from Baliospermum montanum (BmHNL) has broad substrate specificity toward aromatic substrates as well as high temperature stability, although with low enantioselectivity and specific activity. To expand the industrial application of this enzyme, we improved its enantioselectivity and specific activity toward (S)‐mandelonitrile by mutagenesis. The specific activity of the BmHNL H103C/N156G mutant for (S)‐mandelonitrile production was raised to 154 U mg^?1 (WT BmHNL: 52 U mg^?1). The enantiomeric excess was increased to 93 % (WT BmHNL: 55 %). The kinetic analysis revealed K_m for (R)‐mandelonitrile and k_cat for (S)‐mandelonitrile increased by the mutation at Asn156, thus contributing to the increase in enantiomeric excess. This is the first report on an improvement in catalytic efficiency and enantiomeric excess of BmHNL for (S)‐mandelonitrile synthesis by random and site‐directed mutagenesis.     

Spontaneous hydrolytic degradability of copolyesters having tetrahydropyran rings in their backbones

Homo- and copolyesters, containing 2,5-linked tetrahydropyran rings in their backbones, were prepared by cationic ring-opening polymerization of bicyclic lactones, 2,6-dioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-3-one ( 1 ), and its 4-methoxy-carbonyl and 4-methoxy-carbonyl and 4-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives ( 3 and 4 ). Copolyesters, having pendant carboxyl groups, were derived from the copolymers containing 4 as one of the comonomers by the catalytic hydrogenolysis of the pendant benzyloxy–carbonyl groups. Copolyesters, containing both 2,5-linked and 2,6-linked tetrahydropyran rings in the main chains, were obtained by the copolymerization of 1 with 6,8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-7-one ( 13 ), which is a structural isomer of 1 . Spontaneous hydrolytic degradability of these polyesters was investigated in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5) at 27°C. The degradability of the polyesters markedly depended on the molecular structure: hydrophobic pendant groups retarded the hydrolytic degradation, whereas hydrophilic pendant groups accelerated it. In particular, a small amount of pendant carboxyl groups significantly enhanced the hydrolytic degradability of the copolyesters from 1 . Polyesters, containing 2,6-linked tetrahydropyran rings in their backbones, underwent hydrolytic degradation more readily than those entirely consisting of 2,5-linked tetrahydropyran rings. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物催化不对称还原法制备(R)-和(S)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯

用全细胞催化法合成2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯(EHPB)的两种对映异构体。筛选得到两株高立体选择性菌株,能催化前手性酮还原分别生产相应的手性醇。考察了这两株菌株的反应特性,得到了合适的反应条件:菌株短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilusPhe-C3),反应24 h,底物浓度25 mmol/L,体系pH7.0,温度30℃,R-EHPB的产率达74.5%,对映体过量值(e.e.)达97%;菌株肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumomiaePhe-E4),反应20 h,底物浓度15 mmol/L,体系pH7.0,温度30℃,S-EHPB的产率达71.7%,e.e.达95%。     

Hagen's gland morphology and chemical content analysis for three species of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The morphology and chemical content analysis of Hagen's glands of the braconid waspsBiosteres longicaudatus, B. tryoni, andB. arisanus were shown to be useful taxonomic markers.B. longicaudatus glands contain two components tentatively identified as (3aα,5β,6aα)-5-butyltetrahydro-furo[3,2-b]furan-2(3H)-one and a corresponding 5-hexyl derivative, whileB. tryoni glands contained dodecan-4-olide andB. arisanus glands contained ethyl octanoate, ethylZ-4-octenoate, and octan-4-olide.     

(Z)-4-氯-2-羟亚胺基乙酰乙酸乙酯的合成

采用4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料,对(Z)-4-氯-2-羟亚胺基乙酰乙酸乙酯的合成条件进行了研究,确定了优化条件:反应温度5℃、反应时间4h、亚硝酸乙酯气体与4-氯乙酰乙酯的摩尔比n(ONOC2H5)∶n(ClCH2COCH2CO2C2H5)=1.4∶1。优化条件下产物收率约96%。     

一种新的高立体选择性羰基还原酶的性质及分离

从近平滑假丝酵母（Candida parapsilosis CCTCC 203011）中分离得到了新的NADPH依赖型羰基还原酶。粗酶经硫铵分级沉淀、DEAE Sepharose离子交换层析、Phenyl-sepharose FF疏水层析、Blue Sepharose FF亲和层析后在SDS-PAGE上显示为单一条带,其酶蛋白的相对分子质量为30 kD。该酶还原反应的最适pH值为4.5,最适温度为35 ℃,Cu2+对羰基还原酶有强烈的抑制作用。该酶具有较高的底物专一性和立体选择性,对α-羟基苯乙酮和4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯具有较高的不对称还原活力,其产物分别为（S）-苯基乙二醇和(R)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯,e.e值分别为100%和94.3%。因此该酶蛋白是不对称合成手性醇有效的生物催化剂之一。经LC-MASS-MASS分析得到了酶蛋白中一个肽段的氨基酸序列,通过比对发现该酶与假定蛋白（hypothetical protein CaO19.10414）具有一定的同源性。     

Some Insights into the Preparation of Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts for the Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α-Ketoesters

Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by two different impregnation methods and characterized by XRD, TEM, and CO chemisorption. The Pt particle sizes ranged in 2.4–23.3 nm for these 5.0 wt% Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts. The catalysts were also characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy using CO as a probe molecule before and after the chiral modification with cinchonidine. Two IR bands (2078 and 2060 cm^-1) due to CO linearly adsorbed on the Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, calcined at 500 °C before reduction in sodium formate solution were observed, whereas only one IR band at ～2070 cm^-1 was observed for other catalysts. A red shift of the IR band was observed after chiral modification of all the catalysts, except the one with the largest Pt particle size and lowest Pt dispersion. The catalytic performance of the cinchonidine-modified Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts was tested for the enantioselective hydrogenations of ethyl pyruvate and ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (EOPB). A 95% ee value was obtained for the ethyl pyruvate hydrogenation and about 83% ee was achieved for the enantioselective hydrogenation of EOPB under the optimized preparation and reaction conditions. It is deduced that the interaction of Pt with γ-Al₂O₃ is a crucial factor for obtaining high activity and that the adsorption abilities (adsorption of reactant, solvent and chiral modifier molecules) of the catalyst surface affect the catalytic performance significantly.     

Alumina incorporated with mesoporous carbon as a novel support of Pt catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation

Mesoporous carbon incorporated with different alumina contents has been prepared by chelate-assisted co-assembly method. These composites were used as supports for Pt particles, and the as-prepared catalysts were reduced at 873 K in hydrogen atmosphere. Our current study by using N₂ sorption, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed that carbon incorporated with 10–15 wt% alumina was favorable for the high Pt dispersion and retained the mesostructure of carbon. Moreover, 15 wt% alumina-carbon composite supported Pt particles modified by cinchonidine afforded the highest (84.8%) enantiomeric excess and could be reused at least five times for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate in acetic acid.     

Enzymes in organic synthesis. 2. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure prostaglandin intermediates by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of (1SR, 5RS, 6RS, 7RS)-7-acetoxy-6-acetoxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one

Subtilisin DY as well as alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis 41 p catalyze the hydrolysis of (1SR, 5RS, 6RS, 7RS)-7-acetoxy-6-acetoxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one ( rac-1 ) with practically useful enantio- and regioselectivity. Under the hitherto found optimal conditions (1S, 5R, 6R, 7R)-7-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one ( 4 ), an important intermediate in prostaglandin syntheses, could be prepared in a yield of 16% with an enantiomeric excess of 99%. The enantiomer ( ent-4 ) was obtained with the same enantiomeric excess in 20% yield. The chemical yields are related to the racemic starting material rac-1 .