Study on a novel process for CO2 compression and liquefaction integrated with the refrigeration process

In order to transport and store the captured CO₂ from coal‐fired power plants, it is necessary to compress and liquefy CO₂ first. However, the power consumption of conventional process is enormous. In this paper, a novel process for CO₂ compression and liquefaction based on the analysis of the power consumption of traditional method is proposed. The new process integrates the refrigeration process driven by the lower level heat from the coal‐fired power plant. This paper analyzes and compares the energy consumptions of conventional process and new process for CO₂ compression and liquefaction. The research result indicates that, when CO₂ needs to be compressed and liquefied and an abundant low quality heat is available, the new process has obvious superiority in lowering the energy consumption. The new process for CO₂ compression and liquation integrated with the exhaust heat powered refrigeration can greatly reduce the work consumption of CO₂ compression and liquefaction. The refrigeration temperature has great effects both on the coefficient of performance of refrigeration process and work consumption of compressors. The refrigeration temperature can be selected by optimization. Using refrigerator with double stages of evaporation can further reduce the amount of the extracted steam and lower the total energy consumption for CO₂ compression and liquation. Recovering the cool energy of CO₂ is beneficial to the reduction of the total work consumption. The achievements obtained from this paper will provide a useful reference for CO₂ compression and liquefaction with the lower energy consumption. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance optimization of transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with thermoelectric subcooler

Use of thermoelectric subcooler is one of the techniques to improve the performance of transcritical CO₂ cycle. Thermodynamic analyses and optimizations of transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle with thermoelectric subcooler are presented in this paper. Further, the effects of various operating parameters on cycle performances are studied. It is possible to optimize current supply, discharge pressure, and CO₂ subcooling simultaneously based on maximum cooling COP for thermoelectrically enhanced transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle to get best performance. Results show that thermoelectric current supply, COP improvement, and discharge pressure reduction increase with increase in cycle temperature lift, with maximum values of 11 A, 25.6%, and 15.4%, respectively, for studied ranges. Use of thermoelectric subcooler in CO₂ refrigeration system not only improves the cooling COP, also reduces the system high‐side pressure, compressor pressure ratio, and compressor discharge temperature, and enhances the volumetric cooling capacity. Component‐wise irreversibility distribution shows similar trend with basic CO₂ cycle, although values are lower leading to higher second law efficiency. Cooling capacity may be enhanced by increasing the current supply for the same thermoelectric configuration with penalty of COP. Study reveals that thermoelectrically enhanced CO₂ refrigeration cycle yields significant performance improvement especially for higher‐cycle temperature lift. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incorporation of an organic Rankine cycle in a transcritical booster CO2 refrigeration system

The objective of this work is the investigation of an alternative refrigeration system, which combines a supermarket CO₂ booster system with an organic Rankine cycle. The waste heat after the high-pressure compressor is used in order to feed the organic Rankine cycle for electricity production. The working fluid in the organic Rankine cycle is selected to be the octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM), which has a low global warming potential, and so all the used working fluids in the system are environmentally friendly. The system is studied in the transcritical region for ambient temperatures from 27°C to 40°C. In every case, the system is optimized in order to minimize the overall electricity demand. According to the final results, the system coefficient of performance (COP) can be enhanced from 4.83% to 7.60%, while the electricity consumption can be reduced from 4.60% to 7.03% compared with the conventional booster system. Higher enhancements are found in cases with higher ambient temperatures. Furthermore, a preliminary financial study indicates that the examined idea is viable with the simple payback period to be 5.45 years. The present study is conducted by using a homemade model written in Engineering Equation Solver.     

Comparative analysis of thermodynamic performance of CO2 cascade refrigeration system assisted with expander and mechanical subcooling

In order to discuss the feasibility of using R744/R744 cascade refrigeration system (CRS) instead of R744/R717 CRS, six configurations of R744/R744 CRS assisted with expander and mechanical subcooling system (MS) are analyzed. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the results show that the high pressure, the condensing temperature of the low‐temperature cycle (LTC), and the degree of subcooling of LTC and the high‐temperature cycle (HTC) are three important operating parameters with an optimum value corresponding to the maximum coefficient of performance (COP). Compared with other CRSs, CRS with HTC throttling valve and MS of HTC (CTS_H) and CRS with HTC expander and MS of HTC (CES_H) show an excellent performance. CES_H has the highest COP and is improved by an average of 13.8% compared with the COP of R744/R717 CRS. The COP of CTS_H is improved by an average of 4.2% compared with the COP of R744/R717 CRS. In conclusion, it is an efficient way to improve performance that CRS combines MS in HTC and HTC expander. And it is possible R744/R744 CRS instead of R744/R717 CRS.     

CO2跨临界双级压缩/喷射制冷循环热力学分析

建立了同时采用双级压缩和利用喷射器代替节流阀的CO2跨临界双级压缩/喷射制冷循环模型,在系统稳定运行的条件下,分析了高压压力、气体冷却器出口温度、蒸发温度和高、低压压缩机吸气过热度对循环性能的影响,并与CO2跨临界单级压缩/喷射制冷循环和双级压缩制冷循环进行了比较.结果表明:在给定条件下,双级压缩/喷射循环的性能系数明显优于其他两种循环;随着气体冷却器出口温度的升高和蒸发温度的降低,循环的性能系数分别降低了54.9%和43.2%,并且其下降速度大于双级循环的性能系数下降速度;高、低压压缩机吸气过热度升高均导致双级压缩/喷射循环性能系数降低.     

冷热组合型超市系统的设计与经济性分析

设计了冷热组合型超市系统,利用CO2跨临界循环对空间夏季供冷和冬季供热,采用R290/CO2复叠式制冷循环对食品冷冻冷藏,同时回收CO2跨临界循环高温气体散发的热量和R290/CO2复叠式制冷循环R290高温循环气体的冷凝热,实现夏季空间供冷、食品制冷的同时供应生活热水,冬季空间供暖、食品制冷的同时供应生活热水,及春秋季节食品制冷同时供应生活热水。并与供冷、供暖、食品制冷和供应生活热水分别进行的常规R404A超市系统的能效相比较,得出冷热组合型超市系统的能耗大大降低,能效明显增加,不仅节约能源,而且保护环境,是很有发展前景的绿色环保系统。     

Performance characteristics of refrigeration cycle with parallel compression economization

Thermodynamic analyses and economizer pressure optimizations of ammonia, propane and isobutane‐based refrigeration cycles with parallel compression economization are presented in this article. Energetic and exergetic performance comparisons with transcritical CO₂ cycle are presented as well. Results show that the optimum economizer mass fraction as well as COP improvement increase with increase in cycle temperature lift. The expression for optimum economizer pressure has been developed. Study shows that the performance improvements using parallel compression economization are strongly dependent on the refrigerant properties as well as the operating conditions. Using parallel compression economization, carbon dioxide yields maximum COP improvement of 31.9% followed by propane (29.8%), isobutane (27.2%) and ammonia (11.3%) for studies ranges. In spite of higher COP improvement, the cooling COP as well as second low efficiency for carbon dioxide is still significantly lower than that for others. Component‐wise irreversibility distributions show the similar trends for all refrigerants except CO₂. Employing parallel compression economization in refrigeration cycle not only improves the cooling COP but also increase the compactness of evaporator. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蒸气喷射准双级压缩制冷系统的实验研究

实验探究了蒸气喷射准双级制冷系统中,气体喷射器进出口参数对喷射器喷射系数、COP和制冷量的影响,并与单级蒸气压缩制冷系统进行对比。实验数据显示:随着混合流体出口压力的增加,喷射系数和系统制冷量逐渐减小,而COP则先增加后减小;喷射系数、COP和制冷量随着工作流体压力的增加均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;随着引射流体压力的增加,喷射系数和制冷量均增加,COP先增加后减小;当蒸发温度到-31.4℃时(t_k=35.0℃),单级蒸气压缩式制冷系统将不再产生冷量,而蒸气喷射准双级制冷系统可达到的最低蒸发温度为-36.5℃。     

机械过冷CO2引射制冷系统性能研究

利用R134a机械过冷系统对CO2引射制冷系统（ERS）气体冷却器出口工质进行冷却,实验研究了在不同过冷度、排气压力及蒸发温度下机械过冷CO2引射制冷系统（MSERS）的性能,并与ERS系统性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,MSERS系统的COP随着过冷度及排气压力的变化存在最大值,最佳过冷度约为16℃,而最佳排气压力约为8.5Mpa;随着蒸发温度升高,MSERS系统的引射比及COP均增大,且引射比随蒸发温度增大的速度在低蒸发温度工况下比较小。MSERS与ERS系统性能的对比表明,在实验蒸发温度范围内MSERS系统的COP大于ERS系统,且在低蒸发温度工况下MSERS系统COP的改善幅度更大;在蒸发温度小于1℃的工况条件下MSERS系统的引射比比ERS系统的引射比提高了约2.5%～6.0%;在不同的一级节流阀前温度工况下,MSERS系统制冷量比ERS系统提高了约27.2%～35.5%,COP增大了约6.2%～17.6%。     

CO2双级压缩制冷热泵循环系统的研究

关于CO2双级压缩制冷热泵循环系统的研究是目前一些生活服务行业最大的制冷热泵的循环需求,例如在餐厅、宾馆、理发店等地方对于循环系统的寻求.研究了关于CO2双级压缩制冷热泵循环系统的工作原理,及该系统今后的发展方向.     

Experimental performance investigation of a horizontal ground source compression refrigeration machine

In this paper, the effect of various system parameters on horizontal ground source compression refrigeration machine (CRM) performance is studied experimentally in Bursa, Turkey. A ground heat exchanger (GHE) system connected to CRM in a test room in the air conditioning and refrigeration laboratory of Uludag University has been designed and constructed. This system was tested for space cooling in August and September 2004 and performance tests were performed during this period. Overall, system mainly consists of the GHE (GHE–water circuit) and CRM (CRM–refrigerant circuit). Refrigerant is R134a. Hourly variations of inlet and outlet water temperatures, extracted heat from test room, rejected heat to ground, compression ratio, total power consumption, and coefficient of performance (COP) values for both whole system and only CRM are obtained. Thermal properties of soil are also estimated by using experimental data and theory. Cooling load of test room and rejected heat to ground, and all COP values are also presented. Finally, heat rejection rate to ground with respect to leaving water temperature from GHE is given. The COP of the overall system changes between 2 and 2.5, also CRM COP values are in the range of 3 and 3.86. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental investigation on heat recovery from condensation of thermal power plant exhaust steam by a CO2 vapor compression cycle

In this paper, a method that utilizes CO₂ vapor compression thermodynamic cycle to recover low‐temperature heat from exhausted water steam of fossil fuel thermal power plants is reported. Experimental investigation was carried out to study the characteristics of low‐temperature heat recovery by liquid CO₂ evaporation process from vacuum exhausted steam condensation occurring at the turbine exit. Furthermore, measured heat recovery performances over one whole year are presented and discussed. Experimental results show that the present heat recovery process by CO₂ vapor compression cycle is able to operate stably. The yearly averaged water temperature at the CO₂ condenser outlet was measured at 87.5 °C with a COP value above 5.0. This high energy efficiency ratio is found to be mainly due to two factors: the transcritical CO₂ vapor compression and steam condensation phase change occurring on the CO₂ evaporator. The findings from this paper provide helpful guidelines for low‐temperature heat recovery system design and improving fossil fuel utilization efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Refrigerant Charge

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太阳能喷射/压缩复合制冷循环性能研究

研究了一种太阳能喷射/压缩复合制冷循环,由太阳能集热子系统、喷射制冷子系统及压缩制冷子系统组成,系统充分利用热电两种能源以及两种制冷方法各自的优点,优化喷射制冷子系统工作性能的同时,改善压缩式子系统的工作条件,从而提高复合制冷循环性能的同时节约高品位电能。采用性能较好的高蒸发温度式喷射制冷带走压缩机排气余热具有实际意义。通过数值模拟的手段分析系统性能及其主要影响因素,并优化工作条件。研究表明,与相同工作条件下的单压缩制冷循环相比,复合制冷循环工作日全天候运行时电力性能系数提升约为31.5%,节电优势显著。存在一个最佳的喷射子系统蒸发温度使得复合制冷循环性能系数达到运行工况的最大值。     

An experimental investigation of a different type vapor compression cascade refrigeration system

Experimental investigation and theoretical study of a different type of two-stage vapor compression cascade refrigeration system using R-134 as the refrigerant are presented. Performance evaluations of two single stage vapor compression systems and two-stage vapor compression refrigeration cascade system are performed with respect to theoretical model developed. In the first section of the experiments, one refrigeration system, namely RU2, is operated. During the experiments, rate of the water flow connecting both systems is kept constant at various values and the voltage across evaporator heaters is increased from 100 to 200 V with intervals of 20 V. In the second part of the first category, experiments are repeated by using different mass flow rates of water. In the second section, two separate refrigeration systems, namely RU1 and RU2 are connected to each other by using the water loop. This system is also called cascade refrigeration system. It is observed that the change in water mass flow rate has little effect on the coefficient of performance for single stage and cascade stage refrigeration systems. It is also observed that the coefficient of performance is mainly a function of evaporator temperature and pressure. When RU2 operating in the single stage refrigeration system is compared with RU2 operating in the two-stage cascade refrigeration system at the same refrigeration load interval (360–460 W), the average percentage values of the decrease in the condensing pressure, the decrease in the compressor power and the increase in the COP are 21.9, 31.7 and 32.7, respectively.     

Thermodynamic analysis of R422 series refrigerants as alternative refrigerants to HCFC22 in a vapour compression refrigeration system

In the present study, the first and second law analysis of R422 series refrigerants (R422A, R422B, R422C and R422D) is presented as an alternative to HCFC22. A computational model, developed in engineering equation solver software, is employed for comparing the performance of these refrigerants in vapour compression refrigeration cycle. The thermodynamic properties of the R422 series refrigerants are computed using Refprop version 7.0. The parameters computed are volumetric cooling capacity (VCC), compressor discharge temperature, coefficient of performance (COP), exergetic efficiency and efficiency defects in system components. The results indicate that VCC, COP and exergetic efficiency for HCFC22 are higher in comparison with R422A, R422B, R422C and R422D. The efficiency defects in the condenser are largest followed by throttle valve, compressor and evaporator. Thus, the design improvement of condenser is of utmost importance to reduce the overall irreversibility and improve the system performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CO2跨临界循环与传统制冷循环的热力学分析

以热力学第二定律和卡诺定理为基础，提出了一种新的热力学分析方法-当量温度法，并以此为基准对各种制冷循环进行了分析。与传统分析方法相比，当量温度法可以得出更加公正、合理的结论。     

采用双节流装置的CO2引射制冷系统的变工况性能实验研究

对采用双节流装置的跨临界CO_2引射制冷循环系统在不同工况下的性能进行了实验研究,比较了影响引射器性能和系统COP的因素。实验结果表明,在固定引射器几何尺寸的条件下,气体冷却器出口压力为8.5MPa、蒸发温度为-5和-1℃时,引射比随气冷器出口温度的增大而逐渐增大,系统COP则呈下降趋势;当气冷器出口温度为41℃、蒸发温度为-5℃时,工作流体、引射流体质量流量及引射比均随着气冷器出口压力的增大而出现不同程度的增加,系统COP则呈下降趋势。在相同工况条件下,采用两段式喷嘴引射器的双节流跨临界CO_2制冷系统的COP整体上大于传统带有膨胀阀的跨临界CO_2制冷系统的COP。     

Cooling performance and energy saving of a compression–absorption refrigeration system driven by a gas engine

The prototype of combined vapour compression–absorption refrigeration system was set up, where a gas engine drove directly an open screw compressor in a vapour compression refrigeration chiller and waste heat from the gas engine was used to operate absorption refrigeration cycle. The experimental procedure and results showed that the combined refrigeration system was feasible. The cooling capacity of the prototype reached about 589 kW at the Chinese rated conditions of air conditioning (the inlet and outlet temperatures of chilled water are 12 and 7°C, the inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water are 30 and 35°C, respectively). Primary energy rate (PER) and comparative primary energy saving were used to evaluate energy utilization efficiency of the combined refrigeration system. The calculated results showed that the PER of the prototype was about 1.81 and the prototype saved more than 25% of primary energy compared to a conventional electrically driven vapour compression refrigeration unit. Error analysis showed that the total error of the combined cooling system measurement was about 4.2% in this work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy and exergy analyses of a two‐stage vapour compression refrigeration system

In this paper exergy analysis of two‐stage vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) system has been carried out with an objective to evaluate optimum inter‐stage temperature (pressure) for refrigerants HCFC22, R410A and R717. A thermodynamic model based on the principles of mass, energy and exergy balances is developed for this purpose. The computed results illustrate the effects of evaporation and condensation temperatures, isentropic efficiencies of compressors, sub‐cooling of refrigerant and superheating of suction vapour on optimum inter‐stage saturation temperature (pressure). The optimum inter‐stage saturation temperatures (pressures) for HCFC22 and R410A are proximate to arithmetic mean of evaporation and condensation temperatures (AMT) when assuming superheating of suction vapour and non‐isentropic compression processes in low‐pressure and high‐pressure compressors. The optimum inter‐stage saturation temperatures (pressures) for HCFC22 and R410A are near to geometric mean of evaporation and condensation temperatures (GMT) when it is assumed that cycle involves the effects of sub‐cooling, superheating of suction vapour and non‐isentropic compression of the suction vapour. The optimum inter‐stage saturation temperature (pressure) for R717 is close to GMT irrespective of sub‐cooling, superheating of suction vapour and non‐isentropic compression in the cycle. The efficiency defects, computed corresponding to optimum inter‐stage temperature in condenser is higher in comparison to the other components. Finally, it is deduced that R717 is a better alternative refrigerant to HCFC22 than R410A in two‐stage VCR system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.