GENERALIZED METHOD FOR CALCULATING LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

The latent heat of vaporization of a pure substance is often required in many engineering design/process calculations. Knowledge of the latent heat of vaporization can be of particular value when dealing with a material for which complete enthalpy data are not available. A method has been developed for making accurate reliable estimates of the latent heat of vaporization when only the vapor pressure and the critical constants of the material are known.     

不互溶液体间直接接触传热的研究进展

介绍了不互溶液体之间直接接触传热的主要研究内容和理论方面的研究进展,阐述了直接接触传热过程中泡滴与连续相之间存在的三种传热表面以及传热表面积和传热系数的简化计算,并给出了一些瞬时传热系数的合理表达式。最后,对直接接触传热过程在工程技术中的应用进行了简单介绍,并着重叙述了它在蒸馏领域中的应用情况。     

Modelling of direct-contact evaporation using a simultaneous heat and multicomponent mass-transfer model for superheated bubbles

A recently developed model for coupled heat and mass transfer in binary systems during the formation and ascension of superheated bubbles was extended to a multicomponent system comprising N volatile species. The model allows variable properties and bubble radius changes, assuming diffusive mass fluxes to be properly described by Fick's law. Experimental direct-contact evaporation tests were conducted with ethyl acetate aqueous solutions to provide data for assessing the developed model. In addition, the model was tested against available literature data for an air-stripper. In both cases, a good agreement between simulation and experimental results was verified.     

Theory of convective drop evaporation in direct contact with an immiscible liquid

Equations were derived for calculating the quasi-steady-state connective evaporation of a rising volatile drop in an immiscible liquid with bubble nucleation inside the drop. The solution of the energy equation was based on a potential flow model and concentric spheres configuration. The heat transfer rate was obtained in terms of superheat, degree of nonequilibrium, instantaneous diameters of the bubble and the drop, properties of the dispersed and continuous phase and the Peclet number. The solution compared well with available experimental results and other theories.     

齿形螺旋片元件强化直管对流传热研究

采用在管道中插入齿形螺旋片元件,探讨插入元件旋转角度、螺距、管道内径对传热系数和管道压力降的影响,得出插入齿形螺旋片元件能够使流体边界层产生分离,加剧流体边界层扰动,增大传热系数,结果表明当雷诺准数较低时,元件旋转角度60°,螺距25mm,传热系数比空管传热系数提高1．8～2．5倍。     

CONDENSATION OF SINGLE TWO-PHASE BUBBLES IN AN IMMISCIBLE LIQUID: HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

An analytic expression has been derived for the steady rate of heat transfer from a two-phase bubble condensing in an immiscible liquid medium. The resistance offered by condensate film has been taken into account in terms of its thermal properties.

A comparison of predicted and experimentally observed values for the average Nusselt number shows satisfactory agreement.     

Intensification of heat transfer process: Improvement of shell-and-tube heat exchanger performances by means of ultrasound

Heat transfer in the presence of a low-frequency ultrasonic field has been investigated. Experiments were performed using a home-made shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound on heat exchange performed by this new type of “vibrating” heat exchanger named sonoexchanger. Comparison was then made between overall heat transfer coefficients with and without ultrasound for the same hydrodynamic configurations. It was shown that under ultrasonic conditions, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be increased from 123 to 257%.     

Heat transfer of gas flow through a packed bed

This paper reports an experimental study of both the transient and steady-state heat transfer behaviour of a gas flowing through a packed bed under the constant wall temperature conditions. Effective thermal conductivities and convective heat transfer coefficient are derived based on the steady-state measurements and the two-dimensional axial dispersion plug flow (2DADPF) model. The results reveal a large temperature drop at the wall region and the temperature drop depends on the axial distance from the inlet. The 2DADPF model predicts the axial temperature distribution fairly well, but the prediction is poor for the radial temperature distribution. Length-dependent behaviour of the effective heat transfer parameters and non-uniform flow behaviour are proposed to be responsible. A comparison with previously published correlations and data in the literature shows that the relationships proposed by Bunnell et al. and Demirel et al. agree well with the measured effective radial thermal conductivity, whereas the wall-fluid heat transfer coefficient is better represented by the Li-Finlayson correlation.     

DISPERSED FLOW HEAT TRANSFER IN CIRCULAR BENDS

This paper presents an experimental study of dispersed flow heat transfer in 90-degree circular bends. From extensive measurements, two different heat transfer patterns are identified, i.e. heat transfer without and with rewetting. Their intrinsic mechanisms are analysed, based on the present experimental evidence and our previous theoretical studies. Effects of mass flow rate, wall heat flux, system pressure and curvature ratio on heat transfer are also investigated. An empirical criterion is developed to identify the heat transfer pattern in the bend.     

DISPERSED FLOW HEAT TRANSFER IN CIRCULAR BENDS

This paper presents an experimental study of dispersed flow heat transfer in 90-degree circular bends. From extensive measurements, two different heat transfer patterns are identified, i.e. heat transfer without and with rewetting. Their intrinsic mechanisms are analysed, based on the present experimental evidence and our previous theoretical studies. Effects of mass flow rate, wall heat flux, system pressure and curvature ratio on heat transfer are also investigated. An empirical criterion is developed to identify the heat transfer pattern in the bend.     

水箱沸腾加热过程的数值模拟

为了解沸腾换热的机理,分析了水箱内的水到达饱和状态时的沸腾情况。对水箱沸腾加热过程进行了模拟,通过求解蒸汽连续性方程和液体连续性方程,得到了速度场、压力场、温度场和蒸汽体积比例并进行了比较研究。结果发现,若水已经到达饱和状态且加热板表面为光滑表面,由于温差不同,沸腾的情况也不相同。     

ON THE PREDICTION OF HEATS OF VAPORIZATION OF PURE COMPOUNDS

An expression to predict the values of the latent heat of vaporization of pure compounds at their normal boiling point has been developed. A knowledge of the critical temperature, critical pressure, normal boiling point and acentric factor of the compound coupled with the use of generalized correlations for second virial coefficient and liquid molar volume allows to obtain good estimates, particularly for alcohols and ketones. Results for 71 various substances are compared with experimental values and with the results of eight other equations available in the literature. The possibility of using the calculated heats of vaporization at the normal boiling point to estimate values at other temperatures is discussed.     

HYDRODYNAMICS OF BUBBLE COLUMNS WITH TWO IMMISCIBLE LIQUID PHASES

An experimental study of hydrodynamic parameters of bubble columns with the presence of two immiscible liquid phases, water and kerosene, was performed. The solid used consisted of glass beads with a narrow size distribution. The analysis was based on the determination of global gas holdups and phases distribution along the length of the column in the semibatch mode of operation. The results show thai the presence of two immiscible liquid phases significantly reduces the gas holdup in the bubble column as compared to the results obtained with pure aqueous and organic liquid phases. The distribution of solid phase in a slurry bubble column is drastically affected by the presence of immiscible liquid phases, and exhibits a qualitatively different behavior when compared lo systems with one liquid phase. The addition of small amounts of aqueous phase to a slurry bubble column in which the liquid phase is kerosene results in the sedimentation of the solid. As the amount of aqueous phase added is increased, the solid fluidizes yielding almost flat concentration profiles.     

冷却水参数对钠钾合金热管传热性能影响

冷却水参数对钠钾合金热管传热性能有重要影响,通过改变不同冷却水流量和冷却水温度,研究了冷却水参数对钠钾合金热管传热性能的影响规律。实验结果表明,钠钾合金热管运行于较低冷却水流量（4~18 ml·s^-1）的冷却条件时,流量对热管冷凝段外壁面的温度影响很大,而当热管运行于较高冷却水流量的冷却条件时,冷却水流量对热管外壁面温度影响较小。整体而言,增大冷却水流量可以有效地提高钠钾合金热管的传热量及其传热性能。当热管运行于较大冷却水流量的冷却条件时,冷却水温度的变化对热管传热性能影响较小。     

Modelling the morphological evolution of nanosuspension droplet in constant-rate drying stage

A novel mathematical model of constant-rate stage of nanosuspension droplet drying is proposed. In contrast to previously published literature studies, the developed model considers two morphologically different periods of the constant-rate drying: before the shell formation and after the shell formation; the latter was named “transition period”. The point of initial “locking” between nanoparticles on the droplet surface and beginning of the shell formation is associated with theoretical maximum of solid volume fraction. It is postulated that shrinking and thickening shell of nanoparticles occurs fast, and thus the shell virtually remains submerged in the liquid during the overall transition period. Because of the submerged shrinking shell, in the transition period, the evaporation process still takes place from the droplet surface and the drying rate remains unchanged as it was before the shell formation. Correspondingly, the droplet temperature retains at the level of equilibrium evaporation temperature. The developed theory was successfully validated by the published experiment of silica nanosuspension droplet drying. Finally, the developed model proposes a simple morphology criterion based on comparison between the calculated droplet volume at the end of transition period and the corresponding volume of solid final particle with the given porosity.     

振动流化床与浸没水平管间局部传热系数的测试方法

本文提出了振动流化床中测试水平加热管局部传热系数的新方法。该法考虑了管体温度场的非均匀性对测量结果的影响。根据管体的材质和结构。扣除了由于分布引起热损失。从而采用较简单的测试手段就能够获得较准确的局部传热系数数据。将本所所得测试结果与其他研究者的测试结果作了比较。并上局部热系数求得的平均传热系数和实测的平均传热作了比较。结果表明,本文提出的测试方法可靠。     

ON THE PREDICTION OF HEATS OF VAPORIZATION OF PURE COMPOUNDS

An expression to predict the values of the latent heat of vaporization of pure compounds at their normal boiling point has been developed. A knowledge of the critical temperature, critical pressure, normal boiling point and acentric factor of the compound coupled with the use of generalized correlations for second virial coefficient and liquid molar volume allows to obtain good estimates, particularly for alcohols and ketones. Results for 71 various substances are compared with experimental values and with the results of eight other equations available in the literature. The possibility of using the calculated heats of vaporization at the normal boiling point to estimate values at other temperatures is discussed.     

对流给热系数测定实验装置的改进

在传热实验中,由于实验装置结构、测量方法、操作过程等不同,实验结果与理论值会产生偏差。为了让学生在掌握传热理论基础上,熟悉装置结构和操作过程,便于操作和数据采集,并树立节能意识,我们对实验装置进行改进,增强了学生的动手操作技能和计算机应用能力,达到了提高综合素质的目的。