微通道中钒的液-液流型和萃取传质动力学研究

采用伯胺N1923萃取剂在微通道中研究V(V)的液-液流型和萃取传质动力学,以15vol% N1923作为连续相、钒氧酸根水溶液作为分散相,研究不同流速下两不混溶相的流型变化规律及两相停留时间和微通道管径作为流速的函数对传质的影响。随两相流速增大,段塞流长度和比界面面积基本不变,且两相流体由Raydrop微通道流入外接毛细管微通道时由于微通道的扩张会改变两相流动方式,使同一实验条件下在微通道中同时出现多种流型,与此同时两相流速和总体积传质系数(kLa)呈正相关,表明流型在本研究体系中对传质的影响可忽略。在相同管径通道内,停留时间与总体积传质系数呈负相关,表明在两相接触通道入口处发生了显著传质。在相同的两相混合速度和相比下,254 μm的管径传质效果是750 μm的9倍,表明小管径内传质效果更加,循环强度更大。最后将实验总体积传质系数结果与总体积传质系数的经验式进行了关联,有望为实现将微通道放大的绿色冶金技术提供理论基础。     

CO2微细通道流动沸腾换热干涸特性

针对二氧化碳作为制冷剂在微细通道内两相流沸腾换热进行了实验与理论研究,采用红外成像观测与传热系数实验研究,定量与定性地分析了热通量2～35 kW·m^-2,饱和温度-10～10℃工况时,内径为1、2、3 mm圆管内的传热系数。实验结果表明:当质量流率增加时干涸起始干度逐渐降低,当质量流率小于临界值时,干涸现象结束之后,传热系数随着质量流率增加基本维持不变,而当质量流率大于临界值时,干涸现象结束之后,随着质量流率增加传热系数相应增加;随着管径增加,干涸发生的质量流率越小,临界热通量越大,同时管径越小传热系数越高。     

Mass Transfer Processes in Liquid‐Liquid Systems with Surfactants

The aim of this study is the investigation of mass transfer processes in the liquid‐liquid system toluene/water. The transfer of different organic solvents and the influence of surfactants on the transfer are investigated. The results are compared with data reported in literature and with ray‐tracing computations. In most experimental work concerning mass transfer in liquid‐liquid systems a gradient of concentration outside the droplet is neglected. For the experimental determination of such gradients digital holographic interferometry will be introduced.     

气液降膜流动中液相速度波动及其传质研究

为了研究降膜流动的动力学性质及其对气液传质过程的影响,在气液逆流的不同气液流动条件下采用激光多普勒(1aser Doppler anemometer,简称LDA)测量了降膜流动的液相速度分布和瞬时速度波动.和以往假定液膜外侧为自由表面,液膜表面处剪切力为零的Nusselt模型进行了比较,LDA测量结果表明气液逆流时降膜流动的最大液相速度出现在液膜表面之内,并且是以近界面区域的速度波动为特征的流动.在相同的降膜装置中进行了乙醇稀溶液的解吸实验,液相传质系数的实验测量值是渗透理论预测值的1～2倍.实验结果表明液相界面区域的速度波动加快了气液界面的表面更新速率,减小了传质阻力,强化了气液界面的传质过程.考虑液膜波动特征对气液接触情况的影响,从气液两相接触时间的角度出发,修正了渗透理论对液相平均传质系数的预测,预测结果和实验结果相吻合.     

Mass transfer coefficients in a pulsed packed extraction column

The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients have been measured in a pulsed packed extraction column using diffusion model for the toluene/acetone/water system. The experiments were carried out for both mass transfer directions. The effects of operational variables such as pulsation intensity and dispersed and continuous phases flow rates on volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients have been investigated. The experimental findings indicate that pulsation intensity and mass transfer direction have great influence on volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient. Significant, but weaker, are the effects of continuous and dispersed phase flow rates. The experimental results obtained in the present work are compared with some other types of extraction columns. Finally, two empirical correlations for prediction of the continuous phase overall mass transfer coefficient is derived in terms of Sherwood and Reynolds numbers. Good agreement between prediction and experiments was found for all operating conditions that were investigated.     

Extraction in microreactors: Intensification by adding an inert gas phase

The influence of an inert gas phase on liquid extraction using a microstructured device is analyzed. The gas phase establishes a modified flow pattern. The performance of the gas-liquid-liquid flow is compared to that of a segmented two phase flow, as regards mass transport as well as separation. The extraction of vanillin dissolved in water with toluene was chosen as an example and experiments at different residence times were conducted by varying the total volumetric flow rate. μ-PIV measurements were performed to reveal the influence of the inert gas phase on recirculation within the liquid slugs. Addition of the gas leads to an increase in mass transfer at flow velocities above 0.08 m/s. However, no difference can be noted at lower flow velocities and longer residence times, respectively. The two liquid phases were separated within the microstructured device by using a capillary separator. Purity was always higher than 96%. For two phase segmented flow, the toluene phase was pure, whereas the water phase was free of toluene rests when applying the inert gas phase. Thus, the inert gas phase can be used to enhance mass transfer under certain circumstances and to tune the separation behavior of a capillary separator.     

超重力旋转床中水脱氧过程的模型化研究

超重力旋转床是一种高效的强化传质和混合的新型设备。今提出了超重力旋转床中的水脱氧过程的传质模型,分别采用欧拉方法和拉格朗日方法对超重力旋转床中的气相和液滴的运动行为进行了数值模拟;在此基础上计算了液滴的传质系数,计算结果和实验结果符合较好,平均误差为7．9％。当超重力旋转床中液体存在的主体形式更接近于液滴时,模型计算结果误差减小。进一步讨论分析了液体和气体流量、转速以及填料内径的变化对于超重力旋转床体积传质系数的影响,分析表明旋转填料对液体剧烈地剪切破碎分散作用是强化传质过程的主要原因。     

新型组合式规整填料在液液萃取中的传质性能

采用质量分数30%磷酸三丁酯-煤油-醋酸-水物系,对一种新型萃取用组合式规整填料的传质性能进行了测定,考察了连续相流速和分散相流速对其传质效率的影响。实验结果表明:在相同的二相流速下,组合式规整填料的表观传质单元高度比16 mm鲍尔环平均低约54%。固定连续相流速,随着分散相流速的增加,填料的表观传质单元高度降低,传质效率提高;固定分散相流速,随着连续相流速的增加,填料的表观传质单元高度增大,传质效率降低。     

微通道内MEA/MDEA混合溶液吸收CO2的传质特性

研究了T形微通道内N-甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）和单乙醇胺（MEA）混合水溶液吸收CO₂的传质过程。考察了弹状流型下气液两相流量、MEA和MDEA浓度对液侧传质系数k_L和体积传质系数k_La的影响。液侧传质系数和体积传质系数均会随着MEA浓度的升高而升高。与MEA相比,MDEA浓度的提高对传质影响较小。传质系数会随着液体流量的增大而增大,但气体流量的变化对其影响较小。体积传质系数随液体流量的增大而增大,但随气体流量的增大先增大,之后趋于稳定。考虑到化学反应对传质的强化作用,引入了Hatta数,提出了一个新的体积传质系数预测式,预测效果良好。     

绕管式换热器壳侧降膜流动和相变传热的数值模拟

为了定量描述绕管式换热器壳侧降膜蒸发特性并进而优化换热器结构,建立了绕管式换热器壳侧降膜蒸发过程流动与传热的数值模型。首先对降膜流动过程中流型变化和传热传质机理进行分析;通过对降膜流动过程液膜所受表面张力、重力和剪切力的计算,实现层状流、柱状流和滴状流等不同流型的模拟;通过管壁面和气液交界面的组分守恒建立降膜蒸发过程的传质子模型,并基于传质速率计算得出潜热传热速率。将数值模拟结果与已有文献中实验数据进行了对比,结果显示89%的模拟数据与实验数据偏差不超过25%;模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好。基于提出的模型,对不同工况下的绕管式换热器壳侧降膜蒸发传热传质规律进行了分析。     

超重力旋转填充床氧解吸过程的数值模拟

基于旋转填充床流体流动的可视化结果,建立了超重力旋转填充床气液传质过程的数学模型,模拟氮气解吸水中溶解氧的传质过程。模拟结果表明,缩短液相停留时间、提高液相扩散系数都能增大液相传质分系数k_L;总体积传质系数K_La随超重力因子的增加而增大、随温度的上升而增大、随气相流率的增加略有下降、随液相流率的增加明显增大;空腔区传质贡献率随空腔区的增大而增大,随超重力因子的增大而减小;且短暂的停留时间是超重力旋转填充床对传质过程强化的本质原因。模型较好地符合文献的实验数据,误差在±16%以内。     

CFD simulation of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in an internal airlift loop reactor using a steady two-fluid model

Steady state simulation of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in bubbly flow in an axisymmetric internal airlift loop reactor (IALR) with the special treatment of interphase decoupling and outlet boundary conditions is performed, which is based on a Favre averaging two-fluid model for multiphase flow. Different models of mass transfer coefficient are compared and validated with the literature data. A model for describing the mass transfer for a wide range of superficial gas velocity is chosen and the predicted mass transfer coefficient agrees well with the experimental data in the literature. The numerical procedure can be used as a tool for the design and scale-up of IALRs.     

CuO/R141b纳米制冷剂在管内的流动沸腾传热特性

实验研究了CuO/R141b纳米制冷剂在水平管内的流动沸腾传热特性。为了验证实验的可靠性,将纯HCFC141b流动沸腾传热的实验结果与陈民公式进行了比较,计算值与实验值绝对平均误差为7. 4%,达到实验精度要求。实验工况：质量流率为100～350 kg·m^-2·s^-1,干度为0.3～0.8,实验段为长1400 mm、内径10 mm、壁厚1 mm的紫铜管。分别研究了不同纳米颗粒质量分数、不同干度、不同流量的传热系数。结果表明：质量流率在120 kg·m^-2·s^-1下,CuO纳米颗粒质量分数为0.1%、0.2%和0.3%时,传热系数分别平均提高了7%、10.4%、16.6%。添加纳米颗粒,强化了管内流动沸腾换热,并且其强化程度与流量、干度和颗粒浓度有关。     

中空纤维更新液膜传质性能的研究

研究了中空纤维更新液膜(HFRLM)技术的传质性能.以CuCl2水溶液-10%P204 煤油-盐酸为实验体系,研究结果表明,中空纤维更新液膜技术可以实现同级萃取-反萃,且总传质系数随料液相流速的增大而增大,在实验条件下,总传质系数受反萃相流速的影响较小.实验研究探讨了混合方式(料液与萃取剂混合和反萃剂与萃取剂混合)和体系分配系数对传质性能的影响.实验结果表明,由于相间分配系数的不同,总传质系数受混合方式的影响较大,以分配系数较大的一相与萃取相混合流经管程的方式对传质过程有利.     

Membrane contactor for CO2 absorption applying amino-acid salt solutions

A novel composite solution based on amino-acid salt as a CO₂ absorbent was proposed. Coupling process of membrane contactor and the composite solution was investigated. The performance of the coupling was experimentally compared between the single and composite solution. Overall mass transfer coefficients were determined. Effects of various factors such as flow rates and operation temperatures on mass transfer of membrane contactor were studied. Comparison of prediction for overall mass transfer coefficients using a resistance in series model with experimental values was performed. Results show that, performance of the composite solution is evidently better than that of the single solution. The overall mass transfer coefficient with the composite solution is much higher than that with the single solution. Higher operation temperature can enhance mass transfer of membrane contactor. Operation parameters such as flow rates can promote mass transfer, but the promotion is limited. Enhancement of mass transfer relies essentially on chemical reaction. Model values are in good agreement with experimental ones.     

Experimental analysis of bubble mode in a plate-type absorber

An experimental analysis of ammonia-water absorption was performed in a plate-type absorber. The flow of water and ammonia gas was performed in the bubble mode. The experiments were made to examine the effects of solution flow rate and gas flow rate on the performance of the absorber. It was found that the increase of solution flow rate rarely affected the mass transfer, but improved the heat transfer. As the gas flow rate increased, slugging occurred in the bubble mode and influenced the thermal boundary layer. Finally, the results were converted into dimensionless numbers to elucidate physical phenomena and plotted as Sherwood number versus Reynolds number for mass transfer performance and Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for heat transfer performance.     

多降液管筛板萃取塔内流动特性和塔效率的研究

选择正丁醇－丁二酸－水作为实验体系，以有机相为分散相，在φ１００ｍｍ的塔内系统地研究了单降液管、双降液管和三降液管三种塔板的两相流动特性和传质效率，并对其进行了比较。研究结果表明，在相同的操作条件下，多降液管大孔筛板塔比单降液管塔内的动态存留分数大，板下静液层高度小的特点，同时多降液管筛板塔比单降液管筛板塔具有更高的塔效率。     

Enhancement of mass transfer in flow channels under thermal gradients

Overall mass transfer coefficients, at the solid liquid interface in a rectangular cross-section flow reactor, were obtained using the limiting current technique. Empirical correlations were developed for single-phase flow for a full range of surface configurations, for laminar and turbulent flow regimes, and for isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Isothermal mass transfer was almost doubled by the selection of the reactor slope and surface configuration. Imposition of up to a 30°C difference at the interface, enhanced mass transfer approximately four times, over the isothermal case. Mathematical simulation for mass transfer in flow reactors, is shown to agree within 15% of experimental values found in the literature and for the experiments reported here.     

Gas-liquid mass transfer in taylor flow through a capillary

The gas-liquid mass transfer in two-phase flow through a capillary has been measured for water-air, ethanol-air and ethylene glycol-air systems. A semi-theoretical model has been developed and compared with experimental results. and a full computer simulations of the flow pattern and mass transfer using a flow simulation program have been made. The measured values are about 30% less than the calculated values.