Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto alum-impregnated activated alumina

The ability of the alum-impregnated activated alumina (AIAA) for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption has been investigated in the present study. All the experiments are carried out by batch mode. The effect of various parameters viz. contact time, pH effect (pH 2–8), adsorbent dose (0.5–16 g/l), initial fluoride concentration (1–35 mg/l) has been investigated to determine the adsorption capacity of AIAA. The adsorbent dose and isotherm data are correlated to the Bradley equation. The efficacy of AIAA to remove fluoride from water is found to be 99% at pH 6.5, contact time for 3 h, dose of 8 g/l, when 20 mg/l of fluoride is present in 50 ml of water. Energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray shows that the uptake of fluoride at the AIAA/water interface is due to only surface precipitation. The desorption study reveals that this adsorbent can be regenerated following a simple base–acid rinsing procedure, however, again impregnation of the regenerated adsorbent (rinsed residue) is needed for further defluoridation process.     

改性活性氧化铝除氟性能研究

通过静态实验,研究了改性活性氧化铝(MAA)对F-的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、改性活性氧化铝的用量对除氟性能的影响,并与新型除氟树脂的除氟性能进行了比较.研究结果表明:活性氧化铝的用量为4 g时,除氟效率最高,为94.57%;活性氧化铝与含氟水的最佳接触时间为3 h;MAA在较低用量(＜4 g)时,除氟效率不如除氟树脂高,但是在较高用量(≥4 g)下,MAA则高于树脂的除氟效率.     

硅胶载体除氟剂的性能研究

以层析硅胶为载体,以活性氧化铝和活性氧化镁为吸附质制备出了两种载体型除氟剂。在相似条件下,前人研究活化沸石除氟剂的动态除氟容量为0.98 mg/g,本实验制备的两种除氟剂的动态除氟容量分别为1.00 mg/g和1.72 mg/g,明显高于文献值。对实验室制备的硅胶/活性氧化铝和硅胶/活性氧化镁除氟剂的除氟性能进行了测试,测试分析了高氟水溶液中的常规离子SO42-、Cl-、Ca2 和Mg2 等对自制除氟剂的除氟容量的影响,表明这两种除氟剂有较好的抗干扰性。对比了高氟矿泉水的除氟数据,制备的除氟剂具有良好的除氟效果,为进一步制备除氟容量更高、抗干扰能力更强的除氟剂,提供了依据。     

Use of chemically activated cotton nut shell carbon for the removal of fluoride contaminated drinking water:Kinetics evaluation☆

Chemically activated cotton nut shell carbons (CTNSCs) were prepared by different chemicals and they were used for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. Effects of adsorption time, adsorbent dose, pH of the solution, initial concentration of fluoride, and temperature of the solution were studied with equilibrium, ther-modynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process by various CTNSC adsorbents. It showed that the chemical y activated CTNSCs can effectively remove fluoride from the solution. The adsorption equilibrium data correlate well with the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption of fluoride by the chemical y activated CTNSC is spon-taneous and endothermic in nature. The pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intra particle diffusion kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data. The pseudo second order kinetic model provided a better correlation of the experimental data in comparison with the pseudo-first-order and intra particle diffusion models. A mechanism of fluoride adsorption associating chemisorption and physisorption processes is presented allowing the discussion of the variations in adsorption behavior between these materials in terms of specific surface area and porosity. These data suggest that chemically activated CTNSCs are promising materials for fluoride sorption.     

Investigations on the kinetics and mechanisms of sorptive removal of fluoride from water using alumina cement granules

This paper examines the kinetics of fluoride removal from water by the adsorbent alumina cement granules (ALC), exploring the mechanisms involved. ALC exhibited a biphasic kinetic profile of sorption with an initial rapid uptake phase followed by a slow and gradual phase. The kinetic profile has been modeled using pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model, intraparticle diffusion model and Elovich model. The kinetic sorption profiles offered excellent fit with pseudo-second-order model with a high R² value of 0.9987. The value of activation energy of the system (17.67 kJ mol⁻¹) indicates the significance of diffusion in the sorption process. The rate-limiting step of sorption was evaluated by analyzing the response of the system to pH, inert electrolyte concentration, and desorption pattern of the adsorbent, instead of assigning it to a single kinetic model. Accordingly, the surface reactions involving the heterogeneity of the surface site bonding energy or other reactions occurring on the surface of ALC were found predominant in defining the rate-limiting step. The dominant mechanism of fluoride removal appeared to be a chemisorptive ligand exchange reaction involving the formation of inner-sphere complexation of fluoride with ALC.     

Development of a novel nano-biosorbent for the removal of fluoride from water

The study was designed to investigate the use of two sorbents namely (i) Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles immobilized in sodiumalginate matrix (FNPSA) and (ii) Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and saponified orange peel residue immobilized in sodium alginate matrix (FNPSOPR) as sorbents for fluoride removal from contaminated water. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed and characterized by dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry. The sorbentmatriceswere prepared in the formof beads and surface functionalized to enable enhanced sorption of fluoride ions. Batch sorption studieswere carried out and the sorption isotherm and reaction kinetics were analyzed. Both the sorbents followed Langmuir model of isotherm and fitted well with Pseudo first order reaction. The maximum sorption capacity exhibited by FNPSA and FNPSOPR was 58.24 mg·g^-1 and 80.33 mg·g^-1 respectively. Five sorption–desorption cycles exhibited 100%, 97.56%, 94.53%, 83.21%, and 76.53% of regeneration of FNPSOPR. Accordingly, it is demonstrated that FNSOPR could be used as a promising sorbent for easy and efficient removal of fluoride from contaminated water with good reusability. The current work suggests a simple and effective method to remove fluoride from contaminated water.     

聚硅酸改性对活性氧化铝除氟性能的影响

采用聚硅酸对活性氧化铝进行改性,研究了SiO2百分含量、聚硅酸浸泡时间、焙烧温度及焙烧时间对改性活性氧化铝除氟性能的影响。结果表明,改性活性氧化铝能将水中的氟离子浓度从9.5 mg/L降低到0.89 mg/L,吸附容量提高了30%。因此,聚硅酸改性能有效提高活性氧化铝的除氟性能。     

铝矾土制备活性氧化铝掺合料的研究

研究了煅烧铝矾土制备活性氧化铝掺合料的过程。结合产物种类、结晶状态和比表面积,研究煅烧温度和煅烧时间对氧化铝活性的影响。采用XRD检测煅烧后铝矾土产物的种类及结晶状态,用激光粒度仪对产品进行比表面积的测定,并通过快速砂浆棒法检测煅烧所得活性掺合料对碱骨料膨胀反应的抑制效果。结果表明,获得活性氧化铝掺合料的最佳煅烧温度和煅烧时间分别为500 ℃和1.0 h,在此条件下制备的活性氧化铝掺合料对碱骨料膨胀反应的抑制效果较好,掺加质量分数为30%的活性氧化铝掺合料能使砂浆棒养护14 d的膨胀率从0.32%降至0.087%,其膨胀率低于0.1%,已经被控制在安全范围内。     

The defluoridation of water by acidic alumina

Fluoride is considered as a major inorganic pollutant present in drinking water. To remove this excess fluoride, defluoridation was done by alumina. In the present study, alumina used was acidic in nature and hence considered as a good fluoride removing adsorbent. Characterization of the adsorbent was done by XRD, SEM, BET and FTIR with BET surface area of 144.27 m²/g. Systematic adsorption experiments were carried out with different process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent mass, pH, temperature and stirring speed. Fluoride adsorption by alumina was highly pH dependent. Maximum fluoride was removed from water at pH 4.4. At very low and very high pH, fluoride removal efficiency was affected. The study of thermodynamic parameters inferred that physical adsorption was dominant with activation energy of 95.13 kJ/mol and endothermic behavior of the process. The kinetics study concluded that pseudo second order kinetics was followed by the adsorption process. Adsorption equilibrium was studied with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption process followed Langmuir isotherm with an adsorption capacity of 8.4 mg/g. A regeneration study was proposed in order to reuse the adsorbent for better economy of the process. Finally, a process design calculation was reported to know the amount of adsorbent required for efficient removal of fluoride from aqueous medium.     

Pilot study of the removal of THMs, HAAs and DOC from drinking water by GAC adsorption

The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the performance of a GAC postfilter-adsorber for the removal from the drinking water of Athens, Greece, of the two main groups of chlorination by-products, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), as well as of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The analyses performed during the whole operation period (638 days) showed that the GAC breakthrough capacity for DOC was much higher than the capacity for total HAAs, which was higher than that for total THMs. The removal of THMs and the most part of the removal of HAAs and DOC should be attributed to adsorption by GAC, while that of a smaller part of HAAs and DOC may be attributed to biodegradation in the adsorber bed, where dechlorination, caused catalytically by the carbon surface, favoured microbial growth. Additionally, the GAC postfilter-adsorber showed a much higher adsorption efficiency than a GAC filter-adsorber, due to the smaller size of the carbon and the lower hydraulic loading rate. Also, observed desorption incidents of THMs (mainly) and HAAs, especially during the postfilteradsorber operation, were favoured by the same factors. Formation of THMs within the GAC bed was also indicated by the mass balance of total THMs during the whole cycle.     

活性氧化铝载体的研制

氧化铝是催化剂常用的载体。本文讨论了氢氧化铝凝胶制备工艺参数对产物氢氧化铝物性的影响。     

Granulation of Fe-Al-Ce nano-adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking water by spray coating on sand in a fluidized bed

A technology for the granulation of Fe-Al-Ce nano-adsorbent (Fe-Al-Ce) in a fluidized bed was developed. The coating reagent, a mixture of Fe-Al-Ce and a polymer latex, was sprayed onto sand in a fluidized bed. The granule morphology, coating layer thickness, granule stability in water and adsorption capacity for fluoride was investigated by analyzing samples for different coating time. The coating amount was from 3% to 36%. With increasing coating amount, granule stability decreased and adsorption capacity increased. FTIR analysis showed that the latex can react with active hydroxyl on the Fe-Al-Ce adsorbent, which led to a decrease of the adsorption capacity. Coated granules with a coating amount of 27.5% had a fluoride adsorption capacity of 2.22 mg/g (coated granules) at pH 7 and initial fluoride concentration of 0.001 M. A column test showed that 300 bed volumes can be treated with the effluent under 1.0 mg/L at an initial fluoride concentration of 5.5 mg/L, space velocity of 5 h^− 1 and pH of 5.8. The coating granulation of the Fe-Al-Ce adsorbent can produce granules that can be used in a packed bed for the removal of fluoride from drinking water.     

Performance evaluation of alumina cement granules in removing fluoride from natural and synthetic waters

Of late, the ground water sources of many countries remain fragile due to fluoride attack. The intensity and scale of the human stress effects associated with this issue, prompts global research for sustainable solutions. This paper examines and compares the potential of a newly developed adsorbent alumina cement granules (ALC) in removing fluoride from natural ground water, and synthetic water prepared using conditions and concentrations relevant to natural freshwater environments. The batch sorption profiles appeared similar in natural and synthetic systems. The fluoride removal was concentration dependent in synthetic system as the equilibrium adsorption capacity was found to be 4.75 and 3.91 mg g⁻¹ corresponding to initial concentrations of 20 and 8.65 mg l⁻¹ at optimal conditions. ALC exhibited reduced fluoride adsorption capacity in treating natural water compared to synthetic systems in both batch and column studies. The sorption process is found to be unaffected in the pH range of 3.0–11.5. Though the presence of ions like nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates did not offer any interference to fluoride sorption, silicates and phosphates at higher concentrations reduced fluoride uptake by ALC. The natural organic matter in ground water appears to play a role in reducing the adsorption capacity of ALC. Thermodynamics of sorption confirms that the process is spontaneous and endothermic in both natural and synthetic systems.     

活性氧化铝的生产及其改性

综述了生产活性氧化铝的原料、活性氧化铝的主要制备方法及其改性方法。快脱粉通过快速煅烧α-三水铝石生产;拟薄水铝石通过碳化法、碱法、酸法、中和法和醇铝法生产。快脱粉通过滚动成型制造活性氧化铝球;拟薄水铝石通过油-氨柱成型、挤出成型和喷雾干燥成型制成（条形、三叶草形、蝶形等）不同形状的活性氧化铝。最后,综述了活性氧化铝的几种改性方法,每种方法都可以改进活性氧化铝的物化性能。     

BARF对饮水中微量百菌清与毒死蜱的去除特性

以模拟饮水处理工艺沉淀池出水为试验原水,采用连续流试验装置研究BARF对百菌清与毒死蜱的去除效果,并分析了BARF对两种物质的去除机理。水温为24～27℃条件下的试验结果表明,当空床停留时间（EBCT）在7.5～30 min,BARF对百菌清与毒死蜱去除率分别达到66.7%～86.2%、69.6%～93.0%,两种物质去除率随EBCT增加而增加,但超过15 min后增幅较小;当EBCT为15 min,在15～20℃、10～15℃、<5℃ 3个温度段内,BARF对百菌清的平均去除率分别为84.2%、79.3%、59.8%,对毒死蜱的平均去除率分别为92.7%、91.4%、80.3%,温度降低不利于两种物质去除。试验水质下,EBCT为15 min、水温高于15℃时,BARF出水百菌清与毒死蜱浓度可达到国家现行饮水水质标准;BARF启动之初对百菌清与毒死蜱的高效去除主要靠活性炭吸附作用,生物膜稳定后,生物作用对两种物质的去除具有较大贡献。     

Hybrid sorbent-ultrafiltration systems for fluoride removal from water

Fluoride contaminated water sources are found in many parts of the world and the consumption of such water is causing dental and skeletal fluorosis in humans, especially in developing countries. Hybrid sorbent-ultrafiltration (UF) systems are proposed for the removal of fluoride from water for the first time in this study. Laterite and bone char were selected as they are low cost, accessible sorbents in developing countries. The performances of the laterite-UF and bone char-UF systems were compared in terms of fluoride removal and membrane permeability under varying fluoride concentration, solution pH, and sorbent load. For equilibrium fluoride concentration of 1.5 mg/L, the World Health Organization guideline for safe drinking water, the sorption capacity of bone char (1.1 mg/g) was larger than that of laterite (0.40 mg/g) and this was attributed to the larger surface area of bone char. For the laterite-UF system, increase in fluoride concentration resulted in a decline in UF permeability whereas for the bone char-UF system there was no influence of fluoride concentration on membrane permeability. The optimal solution pH at which the systems are operated at maximum sorption capacity while avoiding membrane fouling was determined as pH 5-6 for the laterite-UF and pH 7 for the bone char-UF system. For both systems, the permeability declined in a similar manner as the sorbent load increased. Although both systems require further optimization, they showed to be viable defluoridation technologies.     

磁性离子交换树脂强化水源中有机物去除性能研究

在调查某水厂水源水质及传统工艺处理效能的基础上,对比探讨了粉末活性炭和磁性离子交换树脂分别以预吸附、预吸附-混凝、混凝沉淀-吸附等不同工艺对水源水中溶解性有机物的去除效能,确定了最佳工艺。该水源存在季节性有机物污染,亲水性有机质占比80%。水厂传统工艺对有机物的去除能力约20%~30%。与其他工艺相比,树脂预吸附-混凝对有机物的去除功效最好,DOC和UV254的去除率分别达到41.48%和80.0%,与单独强化混凝相比,该工艺可将DOC和UV254的去除效率分别提高17.7和35.49个百分点,且可减少86.67%的混凝剂投加量。Langmuir等温线模型和拟二级动力学方程可定量描述树脂吸附有机物平衡和动力学。磁性离子交换树脂预吸附可作为该水厂强化去除水源中溶解性有机物的可靠技术。     

Arsenic removal from drinking water by a “loose” nanofiltration membrane

The removal of arsenic from water by a “loose” nanofiltration (NF) membrane was investigated. Prior to the arsenic removal studies, the loose NF membrane was characterized for molecular weight cut-off and pore size by saccharide retention measurements, and electrokinetic charge by streaming potential measurements. In addition, separation of both single salt and mixed salt electrolyte solutions was studied to investigate the ion transport properties of the membrane. Arsenic rejection experiments included variation of pH, arsenic feed concentration, and presence of background electrolyte. In general, arsenic rejection increased with increasing pH and arsenic feed concentration, and was enhanced in the presence of 0.01 M NaCl. Arsenic was removed 60–90% from synthetic feed waters containing 10, 32, 100, and 316 μg/L As(V), resulting in permeate arsenic concentrations of 4, 6, 10, and 25μg/L, respectively. The behavior of the membrane is consistent with the extended Nernst-Planck equation model predictions for an uncharged membrane where size exclusion controls ion retention. However, separation of Arsenic species was a due to a combination of size exclusion, preferential passage of more mobile ions, and charge exclusion.     

沸石用于饮用水氟含量控制的研究

饮水中氟化物的含量对人体的健康有重大影响。通过对新型氟试纸和沸石除氟的性能分析，提出在对饮用水中氟含量进行氟试纸动态监测的基础上，配合以离子选择电极法进行准确检测，采用沸石进行除氟，从而控制饮用水中氟含量的方法是有优越性的。     

Effect of fluoride additive on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite/alumina composites

The effect of fluoride additives on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite/alumina composites was investigated. When MgF₂ (5 vol%) was added to hydroxyapatite/alumina composites, the decomposition of hydroxyapatite was suppressed due to the substitution of F⁻ for OH⁻ in the crystal structure. Comparing two additives, such as MgF₂ and CaF₂, MgF₂ showed much more effective for the suppression of phase decomposition in the hydroxyapatite/alumina composites due to the enhanced substitution of F⁻ for OH⁻. In the case of MgF₂ addition, a relatively high-mechanical properties (flexural strength: ∼170 MPa; Vickers hardness: ∼7 GPa) was obtained compared to MgF₂-free composites.