用基于流形元的子域奇异边界元法模拟重力坝的地震破坏

本文提出了用流形无法和子域奇异边界元法相结合模拟结构地震响应及地震破坏的方法。流形元法的独特的网格及接触的处理方式,使该方法不仅可以象有限元法那样精确地分析结构的变形和应力,还可以象ＤＤＡ、ＤＥＭ等不连续分析方法那样模拟不连续面的接触和块体的运动．本文将Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ法引入流形无法,使得该方法可以直接用来分析动力学问题。与作者提出的子域奇异边界元法相结合,可以模拟裂缝沿任意方向扩展及结构的地震破坏问题。对Ｋｏｙｎａ重力坝进行了地震破坏模拟分析,很好地再现了该坝的破坏过程,模拟破坏形式及裂缝出现的位置与实际调查结果、实验结果及其他学者用模糊裂缝模型得到的破坏结果吻合良好。     

轴力及双向弯矩下钢筋混凝土截面新型快速应力积分算法

轴力和双向弯矩作用下钢筋混凝土构件正截面极限承载力分析需要通过迭代调整截面中性轴的位置和方向以使截面应力积分与给定的外荷载满足平衡条件。为提高截面应力积分的计算效率和求解精度,提出了一种新型快速应力积分算法。考虑到混凝土应力-应变曲线为分段函数的特点,该方法基于迭代步中的应变分布将截面单元分解为多个积分子域,并通过二次等参映射和高斯数值积分方法对各子域进行应力积分。该方法在迭代过程中无需对初始网格信息做任何修改,可适用于任意形状的钢筋混凝土构件正截面极限承载力分析。通过算例分析,考察了方法的计算效率和有效性。     

非均匀材料破坏过程数值模拟的边界元法研究

用格子模型和统计分布模拟非均匀材料性质的初始分布,针对二维非均匀材料格子模型建立了重复多子域边界元法求解方程。通过把各行子域集成为亚子域,然后对链状排列的亚子域应用域转移矩阵法进行求解。由于使用的域转移矩阵法对内存的要求仅略大于一个亚子域的求解,以及重复多子域法只需要进行一次系数矩阵积分,因而可以大大提高求解的规模和效率。在此基础上,对非均匀脆性材料在简单载荷作用下的破坏过程进行了数值模拟。采用重复多子域法和域转移矩阵法,可以得到子域内高精度的连续应力分布,为进一步研究非均匀材料裂纹萌生、扩展和破坏过程提供了基础。     

正交异性光弹性应力分析方法研究

本文建立了正交异性光弹性应力分析的实验边界元混合解法并编制了相应的程序系统BE-MSC.该方法仅需模型边界结点处等差线一项实验数据即可实施应力的分离。它还十分适用于存在初应力的模型材料光弹性分析问题。最后对正交异性对径受压圆盘进行了光弹性应力实例分析。      

斜裂缝梁的振动特性分析

基于弹性力学平面应力理论,采用Chebyshev-Ritz法分析斜裂缝梁的振动特性。首先将斜裂缝梁划分成3个子域,再通过坐标变换将划分后的梯形子域等效转换为矩形子域,分别建立各子域的振动特征方程,根据各子域界面交界处的位移连续性得到整个梁的振动特征方程,利用Chebyshev-Ritz法求得具有高收敛性的解,通过实际算例与有限元分析结果、文献试验及理论结果进行对比,验证了该理论方法的精确性;通过参数分析研究了斜裂缝的倾斜角度和位置对结构振动特性的影响。研究结果表明,斜裂缝倾斜角度的增大将导致梁自振频率变大,振型的变化也更明显,斜裂缝位于跨中时对振型影响较大。     

基于ABAQUS平台的扩展有限元法

以ABAQUS为平台,提出了一种预设虚节点法,首次在通用有限元程序上嵌入了扩展有限元法的功能。推导了扩展有限元法中的子域积分同Heaviside函数的关系,并改进了一种三角形子域积分算法。对三点弯梁的开裂过程进行了模拟。计算结果表明,扩展有限元法对非连续位移场的表达不依赖于单元边界,是一种模拟裂纹扩展过程等涉及移动非连续问题的有效方法。与通用有限元软件的结合则为应用该方法解决实际复杂问题提供了方便的途径。     

应力有限元分析中边界应力计算的一种方法

本文利用边界元法中边界应力的计算方法对有限元应力分析中原边界应力计算方法加以改进,并给出几种不同格式的边界应力计算公式和算例。该方法使用较方便,计算结果的精度比原方法有一定提高。     

模拟纤维增强复合材料的相似子域边界元法

根据夹杂相积分区域的相似性,提出了相似子域边界元法求解方案。把含随机分布夹杂相的固体归结为对一个含有内边界条件复连通域问题的求解,与传统的有限元和边界元分域解法相比,显著地提高了计算效率。应用相似子域边界元法,对含有随机分布圆形和椭圆形夹杂相的固体材料进行了大量数值计算,并把夹杂相与基体材料之间从理想粘结扩展到带有界面层的情况。这些计算为相应纤维增强复合材料宏观等效力学特性研究提供了有效的数值模拟方法。      

应力强度因子计算的样条虚边界元法

含有裂纹的工程结构在荷载作用时在裂纹尖端会产生应力奇异的现象,其严重的程度可用应力强度因子来表征。采用基于Kelvin基本解的样条虚边界元法,结合位移外推法,给出了断裂问题应力强度因子的求解方法。通过对两个典型断裂问题的分析,对边界子段与虚边界元的划分、小单元的采用以及拟合点位置的确定等关键问题展开了讨论,获得了相关计算参数的选取规律,为该法在断裂问题的进一步应用打下良好的基础。     

基于界面单元的子结构协调技术

该文提出一种用于协调子结构的界面单元方法。基于广义变分原理,将两子域的刚度与界面单元刚度组装成耦合结构的整体刚度矩阵,求解新的平衡方程即可得到各个耦合子域的位移。界面单元的意义是对子域引入边界力,并建立边界上平衡关系和位移协调关系。该文利用悬臂梁单轴受拉案例验证了界面单元方法的精确性。为了使得界面单元能够应用到子结构混合试验中,引入静力凝聚与BFGS方法,这样只需通过提取边界上的力与位移即可实现多子域不共节点的边界协调问题。该文最终以悬臂梁案例验证了界面单元在解决非线性静、动力加载工况下的正确性。     

Aggressive submodelling of stress concentrations

For some finite element analyses of stresses in engineering components, low‐order elements can be preferred. This choice, however, results in slow convergence, especially at key stress concentrations. To overcome this difficulty, submodelling of stress concentrators can be employed. With submodelling, a subregion within the original global configuration and centred on the stress concentrator of interest is analysed by itself, with a consequent reduction in computation. The more aggressive the submodelling, the smaller the subregion and the greater the computational savings. To realize such savings in actuality, it is necessary that appropriate boundary conditions be applied to the subregion. Some of these boundary conditions must be drawn from a global analysis of the original configuration: then it is essential to ensure that such boundary conditions are determined sufficiently accurately. This paper describes a procedure for being reasonably certain that such is the case. The procedure is evaluated on a series of test problems and demonstrated on a contact application. Results show that good engineering estimates of peak stresses can be obtained even in regions of unusually high stress gradients. Furthermore, these estimates can be obtained in return for quite moderate levels of computational effort. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new subregion boundary element technique based on the domain decomposition method

A new subregion boundary element technique based on the domain decomposition method is presented in this paper. This technique is applicable to the stress analysis of multi-region elastic media, such as layered-materials. The technique is more efficient than traditional methods because it significantly reduces the size of the final matrix. This is advantageous when a large number of elements need to be used, such as in crack analysis. Also, as the system of equations for each subregion is solved independently, parallel computing can be utilized. Further, if the boundary conditions are changed the only equations required to be recalculated are the ones related to the regions where the changes occur. This is very useful for cases where crack extension is modelled with new boundary elements or where crack faces come to contact. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.     

The specified boundary stiffness/force SBSF method for finite element subregion analysis

It is difficult to analyse a large, complex structure in sufficient detail to obtain accurate results everywhere. One approach is simply to refine the whole structure model in the regions of interest. Another approach is to identify a subregion of the structure and develop a separate refined model of the subregion. It is difficult to assure accuracy in this subregion model because of uncertainties in specifying boundary conditions and loading from the whole structure model solution. In the current literature, three methods other than whole model refinement have been described to deal with this problem. These are called the specified boundary displacement method, the linear constraint method and the zooming method. This paper describes a new approach to this problem of modelling subregions. This approach uses the stiffnesses and forces from the whole model solution at the nodes on the boundary of the sub-region model. Accurate displacement and stress solutions are obtained with this method as it takes into account the interaction between the new stiffness of the subregion and the rest of the structure. This approach is similar to substructuring; however, the equations outside the subregion are discarded rather than condensed out, which results in much less computation effort. Examples of the application of this method to the problem of a plate with a centre hole in tensile loading are presented. The results compared favourably with the results of the same problem solved using other methods, with significant improvement in accuracy over the specified boundary displacement method. Also presented are some results from design modification of the subregion which illustrate the potential of this method for redesign application.     

Numerical treatment of finite part integrals in 2-D boundary element analysis with application infracture mechanics

For the solution of problems in fracture mechanics by the boundary element method usually the subregion technique is employed to decouple the crack surfaces. In this paper a different procedure is presented. By using the displacement boundary integral equation on one side of the crack surface and the hypersingular traction boundary integral equation on the opposite side, one can renounce the subregion technique.An essential point when applying the traction boundary integral equation is the treatment of the thus arising hypersingular integrals. Two methods for their numerical computation are presented, both based on the finite part concept. One may either scale the integrals properly and use a specific quadrature rule, or one may apply the definition formula for finite part integrals and transform the resulting regular integrals into the usual element coordinate system afterwards. While the former method is restricted to linear or circular approximations of the boundary geometry, the latter one allows for arbitrary curved (e.g. isoparametric) elements. Two numerical examples are enclosed to demonstrate the accuracy of the two boundary integral equations technique compared with the subregion technique.     

解析试函数法分析平面切口问题

本文利用平面切口问题的基本解析解构造单元,分析平面切口问题。通过分析平面切口问题的Williams特征方程的有解区间,使用分区加速lleruM&&法依序无漏地计算了平面V型切口特征值。从Williams应力函数出发,推导了V型切口尖端的应力场基本解析解列式。并用此根据分区混合能量原理构造了含切口解析单元ATF-VN的刚度矩阵。文中还对含切口解析单元的单元尺寸和应力项数等因素对分析结果的影响进行了系统的讨论。     

An alternative multi-region BEM technique for three-dimensional elastic problems

The main objective of this work is to present an alternative boundary element method (BEM) formulation for the static analysis of three-dimensional non-homogeneous isotropic solids. These problems can be solved using the classical boundary element formulation, analyzing each subregion separately and then joining them together by introducing equilibrium and displacements compatibility. Establishing relations between the displacement fundamental solutions of the different domains, the alternative technique proposed in this paper allows analyzing all the domains as one unique solid, not requiring equilibrium or compatibility equations. This formulation also leads to a smaller system of equations when compared to the usual subregion technique, and the results obtained are even more accurate.     

A computational investigation and smooth-shaped defect synthesis for eddy current testing problems using the subregion finite element method

Eddy Current Testing (ECT) plays a key role in detecting cracks and defects in conductors. The present study examines for the first time how the subregion method as an effective mathematical and computational technique can be admixed with Finite Element Method (FEM) to study multiple defects parameters for ECT issues. Separating a defect region from the entire domain in any computational technique will save both time and storage space. Examples of different types of defects are presented in this article . A tangible result of processing time reduction by 90% has been achieved which has led us to consider the subregion FEM method as an effective method in solving different Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) problems. An agreement between our results and others using classical FEM has been achieved which could lead to using this technique in online and field testing problems. The presented subregion FEM algorithm was verified experimentally with good agreement by testing Aluminum (T6061-T6) samples with defects. A Tunneling Magnetoresistive (TMR) sensor was used to measure the component of the magnetic field from normal to the sample top surface. A major component of minimizing processing time was achieved, which could lead to using this technique in online and field testing problems.     

Analysis on interaction of numerous microcracks

A novel numerical method is proposed in this paper to consider the interaction of microcracks when their number is large. To determine the stress intensity factors of a microcrack surrounded by numerous or even countless microcracks, the solid is divided into two regions. The interaction of the microcracks in an elliptical or circular subregion around the considered microcrack is calculated directly by using a micromechanics method, whereas the influence of all other microcracks is incorporated by appropriately modifying the far-field stress. This simplified scheme yields a satisfactorily accurate estimate of stress intensity factors, and then provides an efficient tool for analyzing some deformation and failure phenomena associated with microcracking damage. As an example of its various potential applications, this method is used to determine the effective elastic moduli of a solid containing either uniformly or non-uniformly microcracks.     

Automatic quadrilateral/triangular free-form mesh generation for planar regions

Automation of finite element mesh generation holds great benefits for mechanical product development and analysis. In addition to freeing engineers from mundane tasks, automation of mesh generation reduces product cycle design and eliminates human-related errors. Most of the existing mesh generation methods are either semi-automatic or require specific topological information. A fully automatic free-form mesh generation method is described in this paper to alleviate some of these problems. The method is capable of meshing singly or multiply connected convex/concave planar regions. These regions can be viewed as crosssectional areas of 2 1/2 D objects analysed as plane stress, plane strain or axisymmetric stress problems. In addition to being fully automatic, the method produces quadrilateral or triangular elements with aspect rations near one. Moreover, it does not require any topological constraints on the regions to be meshed; i.e. it provides free-form mesh generation. The input to the method includes the region's boundary curves, the element size and the mesh grading information. The method begins by decomposing the planar region to be meshed into convex subregions. Each subregion is meshed by first generating nodes on its boundaries using the input element size. The boundary nodes are then offset to mesh the subregion. The resulting meshes are merged together to form the final mesh. The paper describes the method in detail, algorithms developed to implement it and sample numerical examples. Results on parametric studies of the method performance are also discussed.     

Elasto–acoustic and acoustic–acoustic coupling on non‐matching grids

Flexible discretization techniques for the approximative solution of coupled wave propagation problems are investigated, focussing on aero–acoustic and elasto–acoustic coupling. In particular, the advantages of using non‐matching grids are presented, when one subregion has to be resolved by a substantially finer grid than the other subregion. For the elasto–acoustic coupling, the problem formulation remains essentially the same as for the matching situation, while for the aero–acoustic coupling, the formulation is enhanced with Lagrange multipliers within the framework of mortar finite element methods. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the flexibility and applicability of the approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.