熔化焊接头特征区域研究

通过大量的熔化焊接头度样的观察和研究，提出了熔化焊接头特征区域划分新方案。文中详细地讨论了各特征区域的形成过程。并归纳出“不均匀混合区”和“不完全熔化区”的形貌特征。     

Failure of Welded Radiator Nipples Caused by Nonmetallic Inclusions

A splitting phenomenon in the weld zone of the radiator nipples was encountered after a threading operation. During the failure analysis, some oxide traces were macroscopically observed on the surfaces of unthreaded nipples. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy–x-ray spectrometer (SEM–EDS) examination through the surfaces of the unthreaded nipples and as-pickled steel sheet coupons that were used for nipple manufacturing revealed that the oxide traces were hot-rolling scale residuals. However, none of the traces of scale residuals were encountered on the cross sections of weld zone of unthreaded nipple samples. Contrarily, some cracks and inclusion residuals were observed through the interface between the protrusion and weld zone. EDS analysis and optical microscopy affirmed the presence of MnS-type inclusions. The same kind of inclusions was also observed when one of the unthreaded nipples was intentionally separated through the weld zone. In conclusion, the main cause for the failure was determined to be the adverse effect that the MnS inclusions in the steel had on the material ductility.     

碳素结构钢与高速工具钢摩擦焊与闪光焊接头的组织和性能

采用摩擦焊及闪光焊两种不同工艺,对碳素钢45钢和W18Cr4V高速钢异种金属切削刀具实现连接.对焊接接头的组织和性能进行了对比分析,进而研究了闪光焊接头焊缝区强韧性损伤的机理;阐述了摩擦焊的优越性及接头形成机制,并提供了摩擦焊接头较佳的焊接参数.结果表明:45钢和W18Cr4V钢切削刀具经摩擦焊接,改善和提高了摩擦焊接头焊缝区的组织和性能.     

发动机用K439B镍基高温合金光纤激光自熔焊性能分析

采用激光自熔焊方法连接K439B焊接头,开展焊接头组织结构转变并对其力学特性进行了测试,分析焊接速率对其焊缝微观组织及焊缝变形程度的影响。研究结果表明:随着焊接速率提高,K439B焊接头获得热输入低,靠近焊缝中心部以等轴晶为主柱状晶,基本都是出现在熔合线区域,形成更细的焊缝组织,并引起焊缝硬度的明显提升。随着焊接速率增加,K439B焊接头拉伸强度和伸长率均表现出先增加后减小,最大值发生在焊接速率4 m/min时,此时拉伸强度和伸长率分别为852 MPa和44.5%。对焊接速率4 m/min下K439B焊接头在焊缝内形成了连续分布的胞晶、柱状晶、等轴晶。K439B焊接头形成了平整的表面区域,存在许多韧窝结构,主要表现为穿晶断裂的特点,焊缝端部发生了明显变形。     

翅片管路焊接接头断裂原因分析

通过KYKY2800扫描电镜等技术手段对翅片管路焊接接头进行失效分析。分析表明,焊缝与2#环管的焊趾处存在有不连续的咬边,造成应力集中;在交变应力的作用下于咬边处产生微裂纹,并沿一定方向扩展（同时材料的不均匀性也为裂纹的扩展提供了有利条件）,直至最后疲劳断裂,造成失效。最后提出了预防措施。     

超声波振动激励下焊点失效分析与改进

为了解决管脚焊点在超声波焊接后出现的失效问题，研究用数值仿真的方法来进行建模分析，并提出改进方法。根据超声波能量转化形式，简化焊接系统模型，提出适合仿真的加载方法和边界条件，并根据热-力耦拿尊真尊温度场结果分析模型的可行性。针对具体的手机电池产品，建立超声波焊接系统整体三维有限元模型，利用仿真结果分析失效原因，提出减振措施并做实验验证。     

舰船用钛-钢复合过渡接头焊接态疲劳性能试验研究

针对舰船用钛-钢复合过渡接头应用要求,进行了钛-钢过渡接头焊接态拉-压、拉-剪和弯曲疲劳试验,结果表明,疲劳寿命为200万次时,钛钢复合过渡接头结构件的拉-压疲劳极限为73.0 MPa,拉-剪疲劳极限为62.96 MPa,弯曲疲劳最大应力达到360 MPa且接头本身未破坏。拉-压疲劳和拉-剪疲劳S-N曲线可为舰船钛-钢复合过渡接头结构的设计提供支撑。     

熔化焊接头“不均匀混合区”的形貌特征研究

通过对大量熔化焊接头的金相观察，研究了熔化焊接头焊缝底部附近“不均匀混合区”的形貌特征，归纳金相观察结果，发现不均匀混合区由小岛，后续熔化滞留层，扩散过渡层四种形貌构成，文中关于熔化焊接头“不均匀混合区”的形貌划分方法，能很好地解释熔化焊接头中焊缝底部附近的成分，组织．性能不均匀性的形成原因，有助于正确理解熔化焊接头的特征区域构成。     

锅筒斜拉杆焊接接头失效原因分析

通过现场勘查及资料查阅,利用宏观检查、无损检测、金相检验、力学性能试验、化学成分分析、扫描电镜分析、电子能谱分析对锅炉缺陷试样的外观、裂纹状况、金相组织、强度、硬度、冲击韧性、塑性、化学元素含量、高倍显微形貌、裂口晶粒能谱等状况进行了分析。结果表明,这是一起罕见的低碳钢由于非金属硅元素含量超标,形成非金属夹杂物,导致焊接时在热影响区发生纵向热裂纹的质量事故。     

IF钢压薄滚焊接头断裂机理

研究了ＩＦ钢压薄滚焊接头断裂的机理，结果发现，裂纹首先在熔合底部的熔核区以微孔聚合的方式形成，并向粗晶区扩展，然后裂纹在粗晶区内一沿一定的解理面扩展，最后在部分再结昌区以滑移面分离的方式断裂。     

Failure analysis of woven kevlar fiber reinforced epoxy composites pinned joints

An investigation was performed to determine the failure mode and the failure load of mechanically fastened joints in woven kevlar epoxy composite plates. Two-dimensional finite element code is developed to predict damage initiation, progression and strength of joints. Hashin, Hoffman and Maximum Stress criteria were used in this failure analysis. Experiments were performed to find the failure load and to predict the failure mode. Parametric studies were also carried out to evaluate the effect of joint geometry on this analysis. The obtained results were compared each other and comparison showed good agreement between numerical and experimental methods.     

高温过热器T91/TP347H异种钢焊接接头断裂失效分析

某电厂超临界火电锅炉的高温过热器管在服役约4×10~4 h后,T91/TP347H异种钢焊接接头T91钢管侧出现环向断裂事故。通过宏观检查、结构分析、化学成分分析、金相检验及硬度测试等方法,对该焊接接头断裂失效的原因进行了分析。结果表明:焊接接头的T91钢管侧内壁车削后的厚度小于钢管的最小需要壁厚,该处钢管过量车削后的结构造成的工质流动变化引起了局部超温,材料加速老化,钢管强度下降;T91钢管侧热影响区由于强度不足而发生胀粗,产生蠕变裂纹,裂纹在轴向应力的作用下不断扩展,最终引起钢管环向断裂。     

Failure Prevention in Design Through Effective Catalogue Utilization of Historical Failure Events

The science of failure prevention relies heavily on the experience of personnel on a project. As the nation is about to face a tremendous decline in the experienced workforce due to the baby boomer generation’s retirement, it is critical to begin focusing on capturing their knowledge. Cataloging and communicating the knowledge of potential failures is critical to prevent engineering disasters. Many companies have adopted failure-reporting systems that allow them to record their engineering failures to promote failure prevention. While recording this information is vital to learning from past mistakes, often the information is not stored so that engineers and designers can easily recall this valuable linguistic information and use it to improve designs. Therefore, more effective systems for cataloging and utilizing corporate memory of recorded failure events are needed. This article presents the design of a computational linguistic database to support the failure prevention tool, the risk in early design (RED) method. RED promotes failure prevention by identifying failure risks as early as the conceptual phase of product design, where impacts of failure prevention are greatest. It uses a database populated by historical failure event information to present specific areas that are at risk of failure in a product.     

Fatigue Failure of a Ground-Engaging Tool

A cast steel tooth used in an earth-moving application was analyzed to determine the cause of failure. The tooth reportedly failed prematurely during service was analyzed for chemical composition, hardness, and microstructure, in addition to extensive scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surface. The presence of a casting defect caused the initiation of a fatigue process due to a loose fit between the tooth and its adapter.     

33mm厚TC4锻件电子束焊接接头组织与性能

对33 mm厚TC4锻件进行了电子束焊接试验,在合适的工艺参数下得到了无内部缺陷、正反面成形良好的接头。室温下对该接头的显微组织、显微硬度和力学性能进行了测试。结果显示,焊缝处、热影响区组织主要是由β转变基体和α'形成的马氏体组织,焊缝处晶粒粗大,热影响区处马氏体细小分布不均;焊缝处硬度略低于母材处硬度,接头整体硬度分布均匀,无明显弱化区域;接头焊缝处屈服强度略低于母材,抗拉强度达到956 MPa,焊缝处冲击值KV2达到56 J,焊缝具有良好的韧性。     

某型船用铝合金-纯铝-钢复合过渡接头界面开裂微观分析

某型船用铝合金-纯铝-钢复合过渡接头焊接后界面开裂,从开裂位置取样,对开裂位置和未开裂位置进行金相分析和扫描电镜分析,结果表明,界面连续的铁-铝金属间化合物层是过渡接头界面开裂的主要原因。     

5A90铝锂合金激光焊搭接接头的组织和性能

以厚度为3.0和4.0 mm的5A90铝锂合金板为研究对象,系统地开展了铝锂合金双光点激光焊接工艺研究,并对激光焊搭接接头的组织和性能进行了分析。结果表明:通过合理的选择激光功率和焊接速度可保证焊接过程的稳定性,改善焊缝的成形质量;在母材半熔化区与焊缝柱状晶之间存在一条等轴细晶带,焊缝中心组织为等轴树枝晶,晶粒尺寸一般随激光功率的降低和焊接速度的增大而细化和均匀化。     

钛/铝异种合金脉冲激光焊接接头裂纹产生机理

目的 对0.8 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金和2 mm厚的AA6060铝合金薄板进行脉冲激光焊接,分析异种轻合金激光焊接裂纹产生的机理及界面结合机理。方法 采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱以及显微硬度计等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的形貌特征、成分以及显微硬度进行分析,探索焊接接头处裂纹产生的原因。结果 钛/铝脉冲激光焊接性较差,接头存在严重的裂纹缺陷,裂纹多集中在焊缝与铝母材交界处以及焊缝中心区域位置,主要以热裂纹为主;接头焊缝可能存在大量的Ti-Al金属间化合物以及少量未熔的钛,其界面层主要成分推测为层状TiAl和外层锯齿状的TiAl3;接头整个焊缝区域的平均显微硬度为HV0.1420,其硬度水平远远高于焊缝两侧铝合金母材,也高出钛合金母材很多。结论 钛铝金属间化合物使钛铝焊接接头焊缝区脆性增大,另外接头焊缝区存在较大的组织应力、热应力、拉压应力、拘束应力等复杂应力,致使焊缝内存在较严重的裂纹缺陷。     

透平膨胀机故障分析与处理

结合实际操作经验 ,主要介绍我公司 15 0 0m3/h空分设备透平膨胀机发生的几起常见故障原因 ,进行分析及处理。     

空调连接接头失效分析及预防

空调制冷连接接头在销售后出现钎料开裂泄漏故障。对故障的样件进行了力学性能试验、材料组织成分检测、失效分析、耐冲击安全系数分析。结果表明,耐运转冲击应力安全系数经计算仅为0．417,设计的安全系数不够导致焊料在冲击疲劳载荷下裂漏,是造成事故主要原因。经对设计结构优化调整为2．66,经模拟空调冲击载荷,进行20万次试验验证,可以达到售后运转6年的质量要求。