弹流膜厚的测试方法述评

论述了弹性流体动力润滑油膜工测试方法的进展，分析了各种膜厚测试方法的特点及应用范围。     

渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮接触强度和油膜厚度计算

根据流体动力润滑原理,推导出了渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮接触强度及油膜厚度的计算公式,通过实验验证,说明它们可以完全分别代替现有的赫芝公式及通森公式。     

行星齿轮变速传动的弹流润滑研究

基于弹性流体动力润滑理论,针对行星齿轮变速器内齿轮主动和太阳轮主动的2种工况,分别求出行星齿轮与太阳轮啮合以及与内齿轮啮合时,沿啮合线在啮合点的最小油膜厚度。结果表明:齿轮在节点啮合的润滑情况可以体现齿轮的润滑状况;太阳轮主动的工况,行星轮与内齿轮啮合的润滑条件最差;提高润滑油的黏度可以增加齿轮润滑油膜厚度;增加齿轮压力角的方法提高齿轮油膜厚度的效果明显;提高齿轮啮合的油膜厚度对改善齿轮的润滑状态,降低齿轮的生产成本,具有实际使用价值。     

基于EHL理论的脂润滑轴承沟道表面缺陷研究北大核心

根据脂润滑轴承失效表现形式,分析了滚动轴承沟道表面缺陷产生的原因,建立了球-沟道表面缺陷条件下的脂润滑弹流数学模型和油膜厚度方程,采用数值计算方法分析了不同尺寸的表面缺陷及表面光滑条件下的脂润滑弹流润滑油膜压力和油膜厚度分布规律。结果表明:轴承工作过程中,球-沟道表面会形成位置、尺寸和形状随机分布的凸起和凹坑;相比于光滑表面,缺陷表面会引起油膜压力和油膜厚度显著变化,且对于同类型表面缺陷,随着缺陷尺寸的增大,引起油膜压力和油膜厚度分布变化的规律大致相同但效果增强;表面缺陷均会对轴承润滑脂的润滑效果造成不良影响。     

圆柱滚子轴承最小油膜厚度计算公式的推导及应用

文中依据道森和希金森线接触等温全膜弹流最小油膜厚度计算公式,推导出圆柱滚子轴承最小油膜厚度计算公式,并将其应用于生产实践中。     

旋滚条件下弹流油膜的试验研究

应用光干涉方法,对旋滚条件下钢球-玻璃盘接触副形成的弹流油膜进行了试验研究.在试验中,通过调节接触副与玻璃盘旋转中心的距离即偏心距来获得不同程度的自旋分量.试验结果表明,纯滚条件下两侧缘处相等的最小油膜厚度由于自旋分量的引入不再相等,较小的最小膜厚具有较大的速度指数.侧缘处最小膜厚的速度指数大于中心膜厚的速度指数.随自旋的增加,油膜形状的非对称性增加,最小油膜厚度减小.随载荷和滚动速度的增加,自旋引起的油膜形状的非对称性增强.     

倾斜式双滚柱包络环面蜗杆传动等温弹流润滑分析

为了改善蜗杆传动副的润滑性能和抗胶合能力,提高其传动的效率,在倾斜式双滚柱包络环面蜗杆传动啮合理论和弹性流体动力润滑理论的基础上,建立了倾斜式双滚柱包络环面蜗杆传动的简化弹性流体动力润滑模型及等温线接触弹流数学模型,利用牛顿迭代法和Newton-Raphson法进行了数值求解,得到该传动副的油膜压力及油膜厚度曲线,并分析了传动副在蜗轮齿根圆、分度圆、齿顶圆及每条接触线上的弹流润滑特性,最后分析了润滑油黏度对传动副弹流润滑特性的影响。结果表明,在分度圆到齿顶圆之间的接触区域的润滑特性较为优越;接触线4上的油膜厚度较其他三条接触线上的油膜厚度增大,二次压力峰值减小;黏度越大润滑特性越好。     

活塞裙部型线对流体动力润滑特性的影响

从活塞裙相对于气缸壁面变速润滑运动的状态出发，建立了雷诺方程，再以椭圆-双曲面表达热态时活塞裙部型面的形状，以解析式模拟裙部表面和气缸壁面之间的油膜分布，在最小油膜厚度不能小于气缸壁面和裙部表面的粗糙度的前提下，用有限元方法解雷诺方程，得出分布的油膜压力。并用油膜压力合力与侧压力是否平衡来判断裙部型面的设计是否合适。在计算过程中还发现中凸点附近的曲率半径不能过小。     

线接触弹流问题弹性变形方程的数字信号解法

根据数字信号系统的分析方法,提出了与弹性体受力变形对应的信号系统模型,在时域和频域内对该系统加以描述。利用信号分析的快速傅里叶变换及其卷积性质,实现了线接触弹流问题弹性变形方程的快速计算,其计算工作量为O（Nlog2N）。对Hertz压力分布接触区弹性变形的计算表明,弹性变形方程数字信号解法的精度与变形矩阵法相当,而计算量及存储空间的开销则大大低于变形矩阵法。因而,弹性变形方程的数字信号解法在弹流计算中具有实用价值。     

冷却塔风机齿轮失效的弹性流体润滑分析

针对大型冷却塔风机的减速器齿轮失效情况,在校核了圆柱和圆锥齿轮的设计强度的基础上,应用弹性流体润滑的理论,根据可压缩流Reynolds方程所建立的膜厚公式,计算出齿面润滑油膜厚度,并据此研究了工作中的齿轮润滑状况和齿面损伤机理,确定齿轮过早失效的主要原因不是由于齿轮的设计强度不足,而主要是无法在齿面间形成有效油膜,齿轮工作中两齿面有直接接触现象造成,分析出失效的原因是齿轮的润滑不良。并提出相应的解决办法和改进建议,可作为齿轮传动设计和故障分析的参考依据。     

High-Temperature Fluid Lubrication

High-temperature fluid lubrication is influenced by many factors. Among these factors are the products of degradation of the fluid. Operating at bulk temperatures well below the initial decomposition point, equipment hot spots produce temperatures that result in small but significant amounts of fluid degradation. The material thus formed affects the lubricating characteristics of the fluid. Results obtained with a polyphenyl ether illustrate somewhat of an extreme of such an effect. Likewise, fluid decomposition products appear to influence lubrication with both mineral oils and silicones. Intensive study of this phenomenon is suggested as a means of achieving a sounder understanding of the mechanism of lubrication.     

重载下非牛顿流体线接触弹性流体动力润滑的数值解

对重载下线接触流体润滑时 ,润滑剂的流变学作用和表面变形进行了理论分析 ,从而导出了非牛顿流体的模型 ,指数模型就是其中之一。当指数 n增大时 ,油膜厚度随之上升 ,并且油膜破裂点向接触区中心移动 ,同时润滑油的等效粘度也随之上升 ,当 n=1时计算结果与牛顿流体基本一致。     

线接触弹流理论研究的三个方面

本文详细论述了线接触等温全膜弹流、部分膜弹流及热弹流的数值计算方法特点和发展概况；介绍了不同时期提出的各种线接触等温弹流和热弹流膜厚计算公式及其适用范围；列举了各种非牛顿流体模型和粘度—压力—温度关系等流变学关系式并评述了这些关系式的特点及应用场合。关键词     

Experimental Study of Lubricant Film Thickness Behavior in the Vicinity of Real Asperities Passing through Lubricated Contact

This article presents an experimental study of the influence of real surface micro-geometry on the film thickness in a circular elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contact formed between a real, random, rough surface of steel ball and smooth glass disk. Phase shifting interferometry was used to measure in situ initial undeformed rough surface profiles, whereas thin film colorimetric interferometry provided accurate information about micro-EHD film thickness behavior over a wide range of rolling speeds. Two real roughness features were studied in detail—a 56-nm-high ridge and a 90-nm-deep groove, both transversely oriented to the direction of surface motion. It was shown that the ridge is heavily deformed in a loaded contact and its height increases with increasing rolling speed. The asperity tip film thickness behavior is quite similar to the contact average film thickness when the film thickness is higher than the undeformed ridge height. However, below this limit the film is thicker than what the EHD theory predicts. For the groove, a local reduction in film thickness at the leading edge was observed. When the groove is passing through the EHD conjunction, it maintains its undeformed shape. The behavior of both roughness features studied shows good agreement with previous experimental observations conducted using an artificially produced ridge and groove.     

表面粗糙度对点接触弹流润滑性能的影响

本文应用多重网格法对椭圆接触的部分膜弹流问题进行了完全数值求解，计算中采用了Ｐａｔｉｒ－ｃｈｅｎｇ的平均流量模型及Ｇｅｅｎｗｏｏｄ和Ｔｒｉｐｐ的表面微峰弹性接触模型。在大量数值计算结果的基础上分析了表面粗糙度大小及纹理方向对点弹流的油膜厚度及微峰接触载荷的影响。     

Behavior of Traction Oils under Impact Loads

The squeeze film forming ability of traction fluids is studied under impact load by a falling bearing steel ball against a stationary cylindrical surface or flat anvil made of mild steel, bearing steel, or aluminum. The effect of the pressure-viscosity coefficient and of the viscosity is investigated for plastic and elastic impact.

For soft materials, oils with high pressure-viscosity coefficients maintain much greater surface separation under impact load. The time fraction of separation by the oil film increases linearly with the product of the pressure-viscosity coefficient and the yield pressure of the anvil material. It decreases with an increase in surface roughness. Similar results are observed under impact on stationary or rotating surfaces. These results can be used to estimate the solidification behavior of traction oils. In the case of the elastic impact for hard materials, the coefficient of restitution of the ball is influenced mainly by the squeeze film effect, which is governed by viscosity itself.     

The role of micro-cavitation on EHL: A study using a multiscale mass conserving approach

The role of micro-cavitation in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication is numerically investigated using a multiscale approach whereby both the small scale topographical features and the micro-cavitation of the lubricant due to the features are resolved. Micro-cavitation and the fluid׳s shear-thinning property are modelled at the small scale of topological feature. The effects of topographical features on the film thickness of the line contact bearings and friction coefficient are presented with a focus on the role of micro-cavitation. This highlights how a mass conserving small scale model can be used to model both micro-cavitation and cavitation occurring at the bearing scale, and how topological features can be designed to reduce friction while maintaining bearing load.     

Measurements of Temperature Distributions around Longitudinally Grooved Rough Surfaces in Sliding Elastohydrodynamic Point Contacts

This paper describes the temperature measurements in the EHL conjunction area comprising a longitudinally grooved steel ball and a sapphire disk under high slip conditions. The authors measured the temperatures of the oil film as well as both the disk and ball surfaces; furthermore, they estimated the temperature profile across the oil film by means of experimental values. The experimental results show that the temperature of the grooved ball surface increased considerably compared with that of a non-grooved ball. The temperatures of the faster surface for the grooved ball became sensitive to the slip ratio, whereas that for the non-grooved surface was almost constant. The temperature distribution had a higher value at the land zones and a lower one at the grooved zones. The temperature rise in the grooved zones varied qualitatively depending on the thermal conditions of both the sliding surfaces.     

Modeling of Dynamic Friction in Lubricated Line Contacts for Precise Motion Control

A simple dynamic friction model for an elastohydrodynamic lubrication sliding and rolling line contact has been developed. This model uses the technique introduced earlier by Harnoy and Friedland (1). The model includes low-velocity regions where friction is a combination of contact and elastohydrodynamic friction. The study shows that the lime-variable friction is not only a function of instantaneous sliding velocity, but is also a memory function of the velocity history. Simulation of the model for an oscillating velocity exhibits similar hysteresis effects in friction-velocity curves as observed earlier in several experimental studies. The model can be useful for friction compensation to enhance the precision of motion in control systems.     

Oxidation Characteristics of MoS2 and Other Solid Lubricants

Thermogravimetric oxidation data are presented for fifteen refractory metal dichalcogenides. Interpretation of these data is supported by oxidation thermograms of the chalcogens and the refractory metals and by X-ray diffraction analysis of the oxidized products. The effects of humidity, heating rate, and particle size on oxidation of the dichalcogenides are presented. Thermogravimetric analysis is shown to be helpful in detecting impurities, such as unreacted elements, in commercial samples. Some dichalcogenides are shown to retain the same relative oxidation stability, when bonded in thin films with a ceramic, as for pure powder samples. A table is presented summarizing these oxidation characteristics together with information from the literature on crystal structures, electrical resistivities, and densities.