中式干腌火腿现状与现代化加工技术实践——以金华火腿为例

介绍了中国著名中式干腌火腿(金华火腿、如皋火腿、宣威火腿、恩施火腿等品种)的发展历史、基本特征、传统加工工艺与特色;以金华火腿为例,分析了传统火腿加工的工艺特点及局限性,阐述了中式干腌火腿现代化加工技术的优势,生产项目工艺参数、关键技术和投资方案,为中式干腌火腿的现代化加工技术发展路径提供理论参考。     

中西方干腌火腿风味成分比较及形成机理分析

风味对干腌火腿的质量十分重要 ,它与生产所用原料、生产工艺和参数密切相关。文中比较了金华火腿与欧洲几种著名火腿的风味成分 ,结果显示 ,中西方火腿的风味组成相似 ,醇、醛、酮、酯、含硫化合物、含氮化合物、烷、烯烃类物质是干腌火腿的共有成分 ,但各成分的含量在中西方火腿中存在明显差异 ,金华火腿中烷、烯烃含量最高 ,欧洲的几种火腿中醛类物质含量最高。文中同时分析了干腌火腿中各风味成分的特征和可能的形成机理。     

金华火腿特征风味物质研究进展

金华火腿是我国传统的干腌火腿,以其特殊的风味而著称。通过对金华火腿及其它干腌火腿主要风味物质、形成机理、提取及鉴定方法等研究现状的综述,表明对金华火腿特征风味物质的深入研究有利于了解风味物质形成规律,为金华火腿加工工艺控制及火腿调味料开发应用提供理论基础。     

利用帕尔玛火腿生产线生产金华火腿工艺初探

金华火腿是世界著名的干腌火腿之一,历史悠长,但目前仍以手工操作为主,产量为400万只/年。帕尔玛火腿生产原理虽与金华火腿近似,但自20世纪50年代开始实行机械化生产,目前产量可达4 000万只/年。将金华火腿传统工艺进行改良,其中上盐腌制次数由原来的5~6次,改为2次,并在2次腌制结束后都进行洗腿风干工艺,同时利用引进的帕尔玛火腿生产设备生产金华火腿,得到的火腿成品优质率提高了20%,含盐量降低了2%。     

低盐金华火腿控温控湿新工艺的研究

传统工艺生产的金华火腿含盐量一般为9%～12%,大大高于国外干腌火腿,医学研究表明摄入过多食盐易引发高血压等心血管病症,食品低盐化有利于人体健康.本文通过对控温控湿新工艺的探讨,克服了金华火腿依赖多加盐防止肉质腐败等传统工艺存在的缺陷,制成了含盐量仅为传统火腿54.6%的低盐火腿.该火腿在风味、卫生质量指标和贮藏性(特别是深加工后的贮存性上)均比传统工艺火腿有明显提高.此外,新方法在原工艺上未再用新的添加剂,故还保持了原天然腌制的特色.     

基于智能感官与人工感官评价的中国三大干腌火腿风味特性分析

以我国三大干腌火腿金华火腿、宣威火腿和如皋火腿三个不同年份或等级的火腿为研究对象,分别采用人工感官评价和电子鼻、电子舌智能感官技术分别对香气与滋味进行研究。人工感官评价结果显示,肉香味、腌制味和油脂香是三大火腿的特征香气,如皋和金华火腿中2年/优级和3年陈/特级的干腌火腿较于1级/1年陈具有更加浓郁的肉香,而1年陈/1级火腿的酸味更为明显。电子鼻和电子舌数据的主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)结果表明,不同干腌火腿样品均能实现良好区分。1年陈/1级与2年/优级、3年陈/特级干腌火腿气味轮廓相差较远,金华火腿与宣威2、3年陈的火腿香气和滋味轮廓均比较接近。采用软独立建模分类法(Soft independent modeling class analogy,SIMCA)构建了干腌火腿的判别模型,以三个产地最优干腌火腿为标准样品的等级鉴别模型能够实现对其他年份干腌火腿的有效判别。说明不同年份的火腿风味变化呈现一定规律,可利用智能感官技术对火腿进行快速有效的等级鉴别。     

干腌火腿工艺过程蛋白质与脂质分解氧化及其对风味的贡献

综述了西班牙、意大利、法国等干腌火腿工艺过程中蛋白质与脂质分解氧化及对干腌火腿风味形成的贡献,讨论了影响蛋白质与脂质分解及氧化的工艺因素及控制方法,旨在为我国金华火腿等的干腌火腿工艺现代化研究提供理论参考与方法指导。      

干腌火腿的风味研究

本文综述了意大利Purma,法国Bayonne,西班牙Serran,Iberian干腌火腿的风味感官特征,挥发性和非挥发性芳香风味因素及其研究分析方法,滋味物质及其工艺因素以及挥发性成分与感官分析之间的相关性,旨在为我国金华火腿等的干腌火腿风味机理和工艺现代化研究提供一些理论参考与方法指导。     

传统干腌火腿风味调味粉的研制

本文应用正交实验的方法,结合Maillard反应生香原理,确定了生产金华火腿风味调味粉的基础配方.旨在为我国传统干腌火腿的更广泛应用提供一些理论参考和方法指导.     

传统干腌火腿风味调味粉的研制

本文应用正交实验的方法,结合Maillard反应生香原理,确定了生产金华火腿风味调味粉的基础配方.旨在为我国传统干腌火腿的更广泛应用提供一些理论参考和方法指导.     

牛奶火腿

牛奶营养丰富,三文治火腿是国内肉制品中最受欢迎的西式肉制品之一。牛奶火腿把二者有机的结合在了一起,产品营养丰富、口味香嫩,为低温肉制品的开发提供了一种思路。     

盐水火腿

盐水火腿属于西式产品,它营养丰富,口味鲜美,具有携带、储存、食用方便的特点,受到广大消费者欢迎.由于引进新工艺,严格按工艺制作,产品不仅肉质鲜嫩可口,而且出品率高,许多地方出现供不应求的现象.     

Effect of low-temperature preservation on the quality of vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham: Refrigerated boneless ham and frozen ham cuts

The effect of storage on dry-cured ham quality was studied. Sixteen vacuum-packaged boneless dry-cured hams and sixteen vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham cuts were stored in darkness under refrigeration (4±2°C; 8 months) or freezing (-18±1°C; 24 months), respectively. Instrumental colour and texture, physico-chemical and biochemical parameters, sensory profile and consumer acceptability and purchase satisfaction were measured throughout storage. The overall quality of refrigerated boneless dry-cured hams and frozen dry-cured ham cuts showed only limited changes throughout long-term storage. Significant changes involved loss of odour and flavour, increased adhesiveness and modification of hardness, the Semimembranosus muscle became tender while Biceps femoris became harder, leading to a higher textural homogeneity. In agreement with those changes, the overall acceptability assessed by a trained panel decreased throughout storage, though this was significant regarding only frozen hams. However, consumer evaluation of acceptability, as well as satisfaction with hypothetical purchasing, did not vary significantly throughout storage.     

Microbiological changes in pressurized, prepackaged sliced cooked ham

This was a study of the influence of high-pressure conditions (200 and 400 MPa, 5 and 20 min, 7 degrees C) on microbiological quality and water-binding properties of vacuum-prepackaged sliced cooked ham and how this affects microbiological changes during chilled storage (2 degrees C). Pressurization caused a degree of microbiological inactivation, which increased with pressure level and processing time. Pressurization at 400 MPa significantly reduced the total viable count and lactic acid bacteria to the extent that after 20 min no Enterobacteriaceae, Baird Parker flora, or Brochothrix thermosphacta were detected throughout any of the chilled storage periods studied. In general, gram-positive flora was more resistant to pressure than gram-negative flora. The fact that high pressure (400 MPa) causes considerable inactivation of microorganisms could be used to prolong the shelf life of vacuum-prepackaged sliced cooked ham.     

Hydrocarbons detected in irradiated pork,bacon and ham

Hydrocarbons produced by γ-radiation of pork, bacon and ham were analyzed to determine how irradiation affects the production of the hydrocarbons and whether the hydrocarbons can be used for identifying post-irradiation of pork, bacon and ham. Hydrocarbons were determined by a sequential procedure of lipid extraction by hexane, Florisil column chromatography and gas chromatography. Hydrocarbons C17:1, C16:2, C17:2 and C16:3 were detected in pork, bacon and ham irradiated at 0.5 kGy or higher, but not in non-irradiated ones except C17:1. The detection levels in all the irradiated samples were in the order of C16:2, C17:1, C17:2 and C16:3 from the highest to the lowest.     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in raw ham muscle,salami and dry-cured ham from pigs fed with contaminated diet

Pork meat-derived products can contribute to the overall ochratoxin A intake, either by carry-over effect, or by environmental mould population cross-contamination. In order to assess the role of these different contamination routes, a study was carried out with pigs challenged orally with OTA contaminated feed at subchronical level. After slaughtering, thighs and minced meat from control and treated groups were transformed into dry-cured hams and salami, respectively, which were analysed for OTA determination after ripening. From collected data, the carry-over in muscle was generally low, whereas a significant contribution to the OTA contamination in dry-cured hams was due to toxinogenic mould population growing on their surface during ripening. Finally, a survey of different types of dry-cured ham (n = 110), from the Italian market, was performed, showing the occurrence of OTA on the surface portion in 84 out of 110 samples with a median value of 0.53 μg/kg and in the inner core in 32 out of 110 samples with a median value lower than 0.1 μg/kg.     

低盐去骨块状火腿的研究

研究采用注射法腌制生产低盐块状火腿,生产周期可控制在40d左右,成品含盐量控制在5%-6%之间。并通过正交实验确定了复合抑菌剂优化配比为Nisin0.2g/kg,亚硝酸钠40mg/kg,抗坏血酸0.02%。通过感官及理化检测, 新工艺与传统工艺制作的火腿品质相似。     

三文治火腿的加工

三文治火腿是一种西式产品,营养丰富,味道鲜美,便于携带、贮存,是居家、旅游消费或馈赠亲友的佳品.该产品引进新的加工工艺,生产全过程使用了HACCP控制,所以,产品质量可靠,食用放心,一直是本地一种畅销产品.     

Chemical,instrumental and sensory characteristics of cooked pork ham

Instrumental, chemical and sensory parameters of cooked pork ham were evaluated. Principal component analysis was carried out on the basis of the instrumental variables related to colour and texture. The four PCs account for almost 94% of the total variance in the data set. The PCA only separated 3 hams with a¹ > 10. Hardness was correlated with non-collagen muscle protein (P ⩽ 0.01), gumminess (P ⩽ 0.01) and ash (P ⩽ 0.05). Sensory evaluated tenderness showed positive significant correlation with L¹ (P ⩽ 0.01). The most important colour parameter seems to be a¹, which was negatively correlated with sensory evaluated parameter colour (P ⩽ 0.01). The PCA performed on all parameters (sensory, chemical and textural) discriminated two groups of hams differing in non-collagen muscle protein content and hardness.