Optimization method for perforated solar screen design to improve daylighting using orthogonal arrays and climate-based daylight modelling

This paper analyses the influence of different perforated solar screens (PSS) in annual daylight conditions expressed using climate-based daylight metrics. The PSS design require parametric studies that are often complex and time consuming due to a large number of simulations. Hence, a new methodology is proposed to optimize PSS design by applying Design of Experiments using Orthogonal Arrays (DOA). A case study from the DOA perspective has been conducted, which involves an office space in Seville, Spain. The goal is to assess the effect of the following PSS design variables in daylighting performance: perforation percentage, matrix, shape and orientation. DOA results reveal that optimized PSS can increase daylit area by 33% and reduce over lit area by 35%, compared with reference models with no PSS. DOA method reduces the number of simulations from the 256 required to 16, so it could save time during the initial stages of building design.     

学校中小型体育馆自然采光模拟分析

针对学校中小型体育馆建筑特点,以生态建筑设计软件Ecotect模拟了不同窗地比、窗户数量、窗户间距条件下的天窗设置对室内场地自然采光的影响。基于模拟数据,分析其对采光系数、均匀度、光线方向性等的影响变化趋势,结果表明：随着开窗数量增加,室内最高采光系数增加幅度加大,而室内最低采光系数增加幅度逐渐减小,均匀度在一定范围内增加明显,达到一定程度后提高有限。最后,提出本类型建筑自然采光设计应该注意的问题。     

Assessing and predicting average daylight factors of adjoining spaces in atrium buildings under overcast sky

Daylight use in an atrium is particularly beneficial as the natural light can illuminate potentially dark core areas and decrease energy consumption from electric lighting. This study has investigated, for overcast sky conditions, the horizontal daylight levels in spaces adjoining atria and the vertical daylight levels on atrium well walls in atria. The daylight levels in the rooms and on the walls were derived from scale model measurements, theoretical calculations and predictions from the lighting simulation package Radiance. A comparison of measured data and modelling has validated Radiance simulations of atrium daylighting. The simulations show generally good agreement with theory while some limitations in the calculations used in determining the daylight factors in rooms with large widow area to total wall area ratios were observed. The average daylight levels in rooms displayed a linear relationship with the vertical daylight levels on the well wall. In terms of the well geometry and well façades (decided by the ratio of window area to solid wall area) and well surface reflectance, the variations of daylight level in the adjoining rooms have been analysed and some conclusions and design strategies for supporting preliminary design decisions are presented.     

电致变色玻璃对办公建筑室内光热环境的控制

将电致变色玻璃实物安装于上海闵行一实验台进行测试。这个实验台包括2个几乎相同的办公建筑会议室,南侧是玻璃窗。其中一个会议室安装电致变色玻璃,可见光透过率为0.01~0.59,另一个会议室安装Low-e玻璃。2个房间均安装了内遮阳帘。研究中分析了电致变色玻璃对室内光环境和热环境的控制效果,同时,与安装Low-e玻璃和内遮阳的会议室的光、热效果进行对比。结果表明,非空调工况时,电致变色玻璃能够提供更均匀、稳定和舒适的室内热环境;同时,电致变色玻璃能够控制室内照度在一定范围内,特别适用于办公建筑室内光环境的舒适性。     

Glazing daylight transmittances: a field survey of windows in urban areas

The effect of urban air pollution on glazing daylight transmittance was investigated by measuring the percentage loss in glazing transmittance of a number of windows throughout a large city in the UK. A total of 430 windows in a range of building types and locations were used to create the database for this window survey. The measurements were taken under overcast sky conditions to minimise errors that could occur during periods of rapidly changing sky luminance. In addition, two adjacent photocells were used so that simultaneous comparative measurements were taken. In general it was observed that the loss in transmittance for a vertical window did not usually exceed 10%. The factors that most significantly reduced glazing daylight transmittance were (i) the function/use of the building or the rooms within, (ii) the inclination of the window and (iii) the shading of the window by overhangs. It is, therefore, suggested that future daylight design guidelines should include these factors.     

夏热冬冷地区办公建筑自然采光效果模拟分析

选取夏热冬冷地区苏州市某办公建筑作为模拟对象,采用Ecotect结合Radiance软件模拟建筑内自然采光情况,计算建筑内各楼层的平均自然采光系数与全自然采光百分比,分析玻璃可见光透射比、窗墙比对建筑自然采光效果和照明能耗节约量的影响。研究表明,采用可见光透射比较高的玻璃,适当增加建筑外窗面积,有助于提高建筑采光系数,改善自然采光环境,节约建筑照明能耗。     

广州地区建筑水平外遮阳对室内采光影响研究

在介绍广州地区传统建筑的水平外遮阳形式的基础上,结合广州的太阳轨迹和光环境参数分析水平遮阳对太阳直接眩光的遮挡作用,并针对典型房间计算不同出挑长度和反射比的室内采光情况,分析水平遮阳对室内采光系数和均匀度的影响,提出具有导光作用的水平遮阳构造形式,并进行了采光的量化计算.本文的论述证明通过合理的构造设计、尺寸设计和材料...     

现代住宅与天然采光

通过科学的设计把天然光引入建筑已成为一种时尚,它不仅可以降低建筑能耗,还能利用阳光提高室内的环境质量.本文从四个方面探讨住宅建筑中的采光设计问题,包括室内天然光设计标准分析、采光窗对居室内部光环境的影响、天然采光系统主要技术手段的应用和住宅获得良好天然光的具体要求及其应注意的问题.     

Consideration of daylight’s colour

The aim of the study is to underline the contribution of colour in daylighting projects as an objective parameter of visual performance and pleasantness.Window technology offers ways to use daylight in buildings. Glazing, shading systems and indoor materials modify its aspect by offering a large variation of its colour. However, colour of daylight changes greatly according to climate, spatially and temporally.Variation of the colour of daylight is illustrated as well as an example of the resulting change of surface colours with or without a type glazing. Then, a method to predict directional colour of skylight is suggested with the intention to apply it in daylighting calculations.     

A study of the daylighting performance and energy use in heavily obstructed residential buildings via computer simulation techniques

The quality and quantity of natural light entering a building depends on both internal and external factors. In Hong Kong, many buildings are high-rise blocks constructed close to each other and hence the external factor plays a significant role in daylighting designs. This paper studies the daylighting performance and energy use for residential flats facing large sky obstructions via computer simulations. Key building parameters affecting daylighting designs are presented. The daylighting performance for typical interior rooms was investigated in terms of illuminance level and daylight factor. The daylight levels of residential flats can be severely reduced by neighboring buildings and hence the externally reflected component would be the main source of natural light. The indoor daylight levels for kitchen and living/dining faced large neighboring building were found always less than the standard maintenance illuminance during daytime period. These imply that many residential flats in Hong Kong would have to rely on supplementary electric lighting.     

探索建筑采光的优化设计之道

文章阐述了一种建筑采光设计方法，重点强调了在地域性光气候条件下的采光分析以及利用参数化模型进行采光方案的比对，以上过程保证了优化方案的获得。文中以位于广州市的某给定的建筑项目为例探讨了建筑侧窗遮阳构件可能给室内采光带来的改善，设计过程可概括为：以优化的自然光环境的优化为目标，利用参数化模型技术对于方案进行了高效的择优，最终得出了兼顾遮阳效果的采光设计方案。基于课题组前提的研究成果，文章涉及的采光模拟工作均在可反映广州地区地域性光气候特征的典型天空亮度模型（CSRS）的基础上进行。     

重庆高密度城市环境天然采光设计方法

绿色与可持续性建筑的本质在于平衡和协调室内、室外环境及满足用户的不同需求,达成建筑与环境的融合。近年来,随着城市建筑密度急剧加大,传统的建筑采光设计方法已不能满足高密度城市环境下的采光要求。因此,满足建筑采光要求已成为建筑设计中日益凸现的一个问题。通过研究重庆地区独特的地形、地貌及高密度城市形态对天然采光的影响,提出适合重庆高密度城市环境的天然采光设计方法。该方法对同类型高密度城市环境采光设计具有一定的启示作用。     

自然光作为设计元素的设计理念和手法

对路易斯.康的光论进行翻译研究,以康的达卡国会会议堂为例进行分析,总结了自然光作为设计元素的设计理念和手法,提出自然光是重要的建筑设计元素,运用自然光营造空间属性是空间设计的关键。     

Glazing energy performance and design optimization with daylighting

This study systematically explores the influence of glazing systems on component loads and annual energy use in prototypical office buildings. The DOE-2.1B building energy simulation program, which contains an integrated daylighting model, is used to determine fenestration energy performance in diverse climates. The sensitivity of total energy use to orientation, window area, glazing properties (U-value, shading coefficient, visible transmittance), window management strategy, installed lighting power, and lighting control strategy are all described. We examine the conditions under which daylighting reduces net anual energy use as well as those conditions under which energy use may increase. Combinations of wall and fenestration properties that minimize net energy requirements as a function of climate and orientation are described.     

自然光作为设计元素在设计过程中的应用原则

对自然光设计在剖面设计、设计策划等方面进行了分析，提出了自然光作为设计元素在设计过程中应注意的关键问题，并提出在设计前期和中期的具体解决方法。     

云南地区卷烟工厂采光优化设计

卷烟工厂具有建筑面积大、室内进深大的特点。加之考虑到工艺和视觉工作要求,工厂对室内光环境要求较高。以云南某卷烟复烤联合工房为例,运用Ecotect建立原自然采光设计方案的建筑模型,导入Desktop Radiance进行采光系数计算,分析原设计方案中存在的问题,提出自然采光设计方案优化结果;分析优化方案对室内照明能耗和空调能耗的影响,同时,提供自然采光产品的性能参数指标。提出自然采光模拟分析技术在卷烟工厂采光优化设计中的研究与运用思路。     

建筑的天然采光与遮阳设计

建筑遮阳与天然采光是建筑中既相互矛盾又相互联系的两个方面.文章通过对可以改善室内气候的阳光的利弊进行分析,阐述了遮阳的必要性,又结合太阳可利用光的形式及其冬、夏季运行曲线,对遮阳设计与采光设计分别论述,最终将采光设计与遮阳设计的关系归结为遮阳板的最佳形式、最佳尺寸的选择.     

基于MIT Design Advisor的门窗设计——窗墙比对建筑采光的影响

外窗设计是建筑立面设计的重要方面,外窗的大小对建筑的采光能耗等有着重要的影响,我国建筑采光设计标准中对建筑的窗地面积比有着不同的要求,在建筑地面面积和墙面面积不变的情况下,窗地面积比也可以通过窗墙比来反映。本文利用MIT Design Advisor模拟计算了不同窗墙比对建筑空间采光和工作面采光性能的影响。     

Efficient calculation of daylight coefficients for rooms with dissimilar complex fenestration systems

The daylight coefficient (DC) method is a powerful and efficient method to perform annual daylight illuminance simulation. A set of coefficients are calculated for a given room space and static fenestration systems prior to simulation start. Time series of indoor daylight illuminances are obtained by only knowing the sky luminance. However, for rooms with dissimilar dynamic complex fenestration systems (such as windows with movable shadings) whose optical behaviour (transmission, reflection and scattering) may change during simulation, the efficiency of the DC method may be compromised as another whole set of coefficients must be re-calculated. This study presents the development of a new methodology to compute the DC set for rooms with dissimilar complex fenestration components only once prior to simulation start. A validation study is carried out, in which the daylight illuminances in an office space equipped with a clear window and internal Venetian blinds are compared using predictions from the present model, the Radiance program, as a benchmark model employing detailed optical model of Venetian blinds, and the Daysim program employing a simple engineering blinds model. Findings from the validation study show that the present model yields overall accurate results when compared with the benchmark model for any window orientation, although some local illuminance differences are observed in areas under direct sunlight exposure.     

广深机场天然光环境营造方式的比较研究

天然光环境更有利于人体健康与视觉舒适,这促使机场等大空间建筑对于天然采光设计的重视程度逐渐提高。比较广州新白云机场、深圳宝安机场T3航站楼两个大型机场的采光设计方案及其实际采光效果,文章旨在提出机场等大空间公共建筑采光设计应注意的问题以及设计原则。通过理论分析、现场测量、使用后评价等方法,研究两者在天然采光设计方面的优劣。经调研对比后发现开敞式大空间建筑使用集中式带型天窗不利于在整个室内实现均匀的天然光环境,而使用分散式平天窗更有利于营造均匀的天然光环境。