Performance and emissions of a supercharged dual-fuel engine fueled by hydrogen-rich coke oven gas

This study investigated the engine performance and emissions of a supercharged dual-fuel engine fueled by hydrogen-rich coke oven gas and ignited by a pilot amount of diesel fuel. The engine was tested for use as a cogeneration engine, so power output while maintaining a reasonable thermal efficiency was important. Experiments were carried out at a constant pilot injection pressure and pilot quantity for different fuel-air equivalence ratios and at various injection timings without and with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experimental strategy was to optimize the injection timing to maximize engine power at different fuel-air equivalence ratios without knocking and within the limit of the maximum cylinder pressure. The engine was tested first without EGR condition up to the maximum possible fuel-air equivalence ratio of 0.65. A maximum indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of 1425 kPa and a thermal efficiency of 39% were obtained. However, the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were high. A simulated EGR up to 50% was then performed to obtain lower NOx emissions. The maximum reduction of NOx was 60% or more maintaining the similar levels of IMEP and thermal efficiency. Two-stage combustion was obtained; this is an indicator of maximum power output conditions and a precursor of knocking combustion.     

柴油机部分均质预混燃烧模式下混合与化学控制参数对指示热效率的影响

基于部分均质预混燃烧(PPC)的柴油机研究开发和优化了一种混合燃烧控制策略,在平均指示压力(IMEP)高达1.1,MPa的负荷范围内实现了高的指示热效率以及超低排放.燃烧过程中的混合与化学控制参数包括了喷油定时、喷油模式(如多脉冲喷射)、增压压力、EGR率以及进气气门关闭定时等,通过优化耦合以上控制参数可以优化控制当量比与温度的变化路径,从而避开NOx与碳烟(Soot)生成区.基于热力学第一定律,通过能量平衡的分析方法研究了混合与化学控制参数对热效率的影响.研究表明,相对于排放而言,热效率受控制参数的影响更加敏感.     

低压EGR对GDI增压汽油机外特性下性能和排放影响

通过一款涡轮增压汽油直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)发动机低压废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)的试验,研究了EGR率和点火提前角的综合作用对增压GDI发动机的燃烧、缸压、排放和油耗等方面的影响。结果表明,在GDI增压发动机中加入EGR后,由于废气的稀释和热容作用,使缸内燃烧持续期增大,排气温度下降,燃烧相位也发生了改变。这对发动机外特性的有利影响是油耗减少,CO和NO_x排放也明显减少;不利影响是EGR的加入提高了增压发动机的排气压力,导致泵气损失增加。此外,总碳氢(total hydro carbons,THC)排放也有所增加。在GDI增压汽油机中使用EGR系统并配合点火角的调节能够有效提高热效率,降低NO_x排放。     

二冲程发动机扫排气道—缸内系统三维瞬态数值模拟研究

对倒拖工况下的K100二冲程摩托车汽油机扫排气道－缸内系统流场进行了三维瞬态数值模拟研究。通过计算发现,整个扫气阶段的缸内流场是 由三维回流组成的。扫排气道－缸内系统流场是扫气气流以射流形式从周向与缸内气体混合并同时以类似类似环抱的形式将废气向排气口推挤,前类似于“完全混合”,后类似于“完全置换”。计算结果表明,数值模拟方法是分析复杂区域流场的有效方法。     

废气再循环率及点火时刻对天然气发动机燃烧和排温的影响

基于一台当量比燃烧的天然气发动机,采用三维燃烧分析与发动机一维热力学计算相结合的方式开展了废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)率及点火时刻对缸内燃烧过程和发动机排温的影响研究.研究结果表明:随着EG R率的增加,燃烧相位后移,燃烧持续期延长,放热率峰值减小,最大压升率、缸内最高燃烧压...     

直喷汽油机采用不同缸内稀释技术的性能研究

针对一款4缸1.5L废气涡轮增压缸内直喷汽油(GDI)发动机,进行了废气再循环(EGR)缸内稀释燃烧技术、空气缸内稀释燃烧技术与原机燃烧的经济性、排放特性对比试验研究。研究了不同缸内稀释技术对发动机性能和排放影响的变动规律,并对比分析了相同稀释率下、采用不同稀释技术时发动机的性能变化。结果表明:空气稀释率在49.5%时比油耗相比原机下降6.2%,而EGR稀释率在20.5%时经济性改善4.2%,在相同稀释率时,EGR稀释可采用更为提前的点火角实现更优的燃烧相位,但空气稀释所带来的多变指数提升使其经济性优于EGR稀释,且发动机燃烧系统对空气稀释程度具有更强的容忍性;NOx排放在空气稀释率为11.0%时达到峰值水平,随后随着稀释率的提高不断下降,而EGR稀释的NOx排放随着稀释率的提高持续大幅下降;空气稀释的CO排放水平远低于原机,EGR稀释的CO排放随着稀释率的增加而略有下降;对于HC排放,空气稀释的排放量低于EGR稀释,而当空气稀释率由49.5%增加为68.0%时,HC排放出现较大幅度上升。     

高/低压EGR对汽油机和增压器影响的试验研究

在一款涡轮增压汽油缸内直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)汽油机上进行了高压(HP)废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和低压(LP)EGR对发动机和增压器性能影响的试验研究。分别对比了HP EGR和LP EGR系统在外特性和部分负荷工况对发动机燃烧、油耗、进排气的影响及增压器相应的工况变化,并分析了出现这些变化的原因。结果表明,汽油机EGR系统能够优化缸内燃烧,减少泵气损失,从而降低油耗。低压EGR系统在部分负荷工况热效率比高压EGR更高,主要原因为低压EGR系统的涡轮增压器可利用的尾气能量更多,且进入发动机的废气温度较低,能进一步优化缸内燃烧。     

Active fuel design—A way to manage the right fuel for HCCI engines

Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines feature high thermal efficiency and ultralow emissions compared to gasoline engines. However, unlike SI engines, HCCI combustion does not have a direct way to trigger the in-cylinder combustion. Therefore, gasoline HCCI combustion is facing challenges in the control of ignition and, combustion, and operational range extension. In this paper, an active fuel design concept was proposed to explore a potential pathway to optimize the HCCI engine combustion and broaden its operational range. The active fuel design concept was realized by real time control of dual-fuel (gasoline and n-heptane) port injection, with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and intake temperature adjusted. It was found that the cylinderto- cylinder variation in HCCI combustion could be effectively reduced by the optimization in fuel injection proportion, and that the rapid transition process from SI to HCCI could be realized. The active fuel design technology could significantly increase the adaptability of HCCI combustion to increased EGR rate and reduced intake temperature. Active fuel design was shown to broaden the operational HCCI load to 9.3 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). HCCI operation was used by up to 70% of the SI mode load while reducing fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides emissions. Therefore, the active fuel design technology could manage the right fuel for clean engine combustion, and provide a potential pathway for engine fuel diversification and future engine concept.     

The influence of engine speed and load on the heat transfer between gases and in-cylinder walls at fired and motored conditions of an IDI diesel engine

In this study, the heat transfer characteristics between gases and in-cylinder walls at fired and motored conditions in a diesel engine were investigated by using engine data obtained experimentally. For this investigation, a four-cylinder, indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine was tested under different engine speeds and loads. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated by using Woschni expression correlated for the IDI diesel engines, and also using Annand and Hohenberg expressions. The temperature of in-cylinder gases were determined from a basic model based on the first law of thermodynamics after measuring in-cylinder pressure experimentally. The results show that the heat transfer characteristics of the IDI diesel engine strongly depend on the engine speed and load as a function of crank angle at fired and motored conditions.     

Experimental investigation of the Exhaust Gas Recirculation effects on irreversibility and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption of indirect injection diesel engines

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on various exergy terms of an IDI diesel engine cylinder. In this paper also the effectiveness of total in-cylinder irreversibility on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) in a diesel engine is investigated. To serve this aim an exergy analysis is conducted on the engine cylinder which provides all the availability terms by which the evaluation of in-cylinder irreversibilities is possible. The availability terms including heat transfer, inlet and exhaust gases and work output are presented during the engine operation at different load and speeds. To clarify the effect of using EGR in each case, EGR is introduced to the cylinder at various ratios during the tests. Finally, the dependence of total in-cylinder irreversibility and engine BSFC at particular engine operating conditions is introduced and the variations are compared. The results show that using EGR mostly increases the total in-cylinder irreversibility mainly due to extension of the flame region which reduces maximum combustion temperature. Also, the results revealed that the variations of the total in-cylinder irreversibility and engine BSFC follow the same trend especially at high load conditions.