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1.
Synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction has been used to monitor the evolution of ettringite in C3A-gypsum synthetic mixture and in commercial cement systems during the first hours of the hydration process. The hydration of the paste was achieved using a remote controlled system, in order to collect data as soon as water is added to the system. The use of full-profile Rietveld method during the analysis of the diffractograms collected allowed us to monitor the evolution of phases weight fraction. The rigorous measurement of the lattice parameters and of the diffraction peak shape proved to be very useful to obtain information on the structural evolution of ettringite and on the mean grain size of the crystal phases. Depending on the admixture added to the system, the precipitation of well crystalline ettringite takes some hours. During this “induction” period we observe a significant variation of a and c lattice parameter values for ettringite. In particular a increases from 11.8 Å to 11.24 Å, the value for pure ettringite. The c parameter decreases from 22 Å to 21.48 Å. The lattice parameter variation could be related to small crystallite size effect, but the large variation more likely reflects also crystallographic changes, such as defect re-organization during the nucleation and growth process or also changes in the SO3 and H2O content in the ettringite channel. Not surprisingly the amount and the grain dimensions of crystalline ettringite are affected by the chemistry of the system. We observed the same evolution trend during ettringite formation also in shrinkage-compensating commercial cements (composed by mixture of Ca-Al cements, Portland cement and bassanite), in which ettringite is the main hydrous phase present.  相似文献   

2.
A comparison was made between the early-age hydration of cements blended with micronized zeolitite and quartzite powders. The Portland cement replacement in the mixes was 30%, and the effect of introducing a superplasticiser to lower the required water to solid ratio was assessed. The cement pastes were hydrated at 40 °C and monitored in situ by time-resolved synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction combined with Rietveld quantitative phase analysis.The quantitative evolution of phase weight fractions showed that the addition of the zeolite tuff accelerated the hydration rate of the main C3S cement component. Blending with the quartzite powder of similar fineness did not affect the C3S hydration rate. Reduction of the water to solid ratio by introduction of the superplasticiser had a retarding effect on the hydration of the zeolitite-blended cement over the early hydration period up to 3 days.The AFt or ettringite reaction products, formed promptly after the addition of water to the mixtures, underwent a crystal structural modification over the induction period up to 4 to 6 hours of reaction. The continuous contraction of the c-cell parameter and expansion of the a-cell parameter towards the ideal values for AFt or ettringite reflects the structural adaptation of the AFt to the changing availability of sulphate over the course of the first hours of hydration. The observed structural changes were less pronounced in the zeolitite blended cement. This is related to the dilution of the overall sulphate content in the blended cement and highlights the need to control and optimise sulphate additions in blended cements.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of temperature on the hydration products and the composition of the pore solution are investigated for two Portland cements from 5 to 50 °C. Increased temperature leads to an initially fast hydration and a high early compressive strength. At 40 and 50 °C, the formation of denser C-S-H, a more heterogeneous distribution of the hydration products, a coarser porosity, a decrease of the amount of ettringite as well as the formation of very short ettringite needles has been observed. At 50 °C, calcium monosulphoaluminate has formed at the expenses of ettringite. In addition, the amount of calcium monocarboaluminate present seems to decrease. The composition of the pore solution mirrors the faster progress of hydration at higher temperatures. After 150 days, however, the composition of the pore solution is similar for most elements at 5, 20 and 50 °C. Exceptions are the increased sulphate concentrations and the slightly lower Al and Fe concentrations at 50 °C.  相似文献   

4.
The sun, oven (50 and 70 °C) and microwave oven (210 and 700 W) drying behaviors of red bell-pepper slices were investigated. Effects of these drying methods in terms of colour indices and antioxidant activity of pepper slices were also studied. “Midilli and Küçük” model exhibited high coefficient of determination (R2) values for all the drying methods used in the assay, ranging between 0.994-0.999, while “Page” and “Modified Page” models fit better for oven drying at 70 °C. The calculated effective diffusivity (Deff) values (m2/s) of pepper slices for the drying processes ranged between 0.31 and 87.39 × 10−9. Sun dried and followed by microwave oven (700 W) dried samples revealed the highest L*, a* and b* colour values than the other dried samples. Microwave oven dried (210 W) and oven dried (50 °C) samples exhibited the lowest TEAC and DPPH radical scavenging activities among the dried samples.  相似文献   

5.
In this research, former XRD experiments have been verified by Le Chatelier-Ansttet (L-A) test. For this purpose, 28 cements consisting of 7 Portland cements and 21 blended cements containing 20%, 30% and 40% metakaolin have been submitted to the Le Chatelier-Anstett (L-A) test for 2 years. With all these cements, L-A specimens were manufactured and a direct parameter was measured for these specimens: increase in diameter, Δ∅, or diameter growth. Other complementary determinations were chemical analysis, XDA patterns and SEM of ettringites and specific properties of some cements tested. The experimental results have borne out that the formation rate of the ettringite formed from the reactive alumina, Al2O3r, present in pozzolans must be considerably higher than the formation rate of the ettringite from C3A and much higher than the ettringite from C4AF, both present in OPC. Owing to this, these ettringites were proposed being named “rapid formation” (ett-rf), “slow formation” (ett-lf) and “very slow formation” (ett-vlf) ettringites, respectively. On the other hand, these experimental results have also shown that the ett-rf has a much smaller size than the ett-lf (this is a direct consequence of the aforementioned conclusion); that almost all the alumina, Al2O3, present in M pozzolan must be regarded as being “reactive,” Al2O3r, or at least, the greatest part; that the detrimental effects derived from gypsum attack are shown much earlier in these POZC than in their plain OPC and, to such an extent, that this aggressive action can be described as rapid gypsum attack; and that none of the 21 POZC tested can be described as high nor moderate sulphate resistant cements according to L-A test.  相似文献   

6.
The water resistance of plaster of Paris is limited due to the high solubility of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. In order to improve this resistance, calcium sulphoaluminate clinker was added to plaster at different contents: 30, 50, and 70%. Mortars were cast using these new binders and subjected to the Soxhlet extraction test. The presence of calcium sulphoaluminate clinker considerably reduced the quantity of sulphate extracted per day and after 5 days: from 78.9% to 89.1%. The analysis of microstructure showed the stability of ettringite during the leaching test and the refinement of the porosity.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of minor additions of limestone powder on the properties of fly ash blended cements was investigated in this study using isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetry (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, and pore solution analysis. The presence of limestone powder led to the formation of hemi- and monocarbonate and to a stabilisation of ettringite compared to the limestone-free cements, where a part of the ettringite converted to monosulphate. Thus, the presence of 5% of limestone led to an increase of the volume of the hydrates, as visible in the increase in chemical shrinkage, and an increase in compressive strength. This effect was amplified for the fly ash/limestone blended cements due to the additional alumina provided by the fly ash reaction.  相似文献   

8.
Structure of water at Pt/electrolyte solution interface was investigated by sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. Two broad peaks were observed in OH stretching region at ca. 3200 cm−1 and ca. 3400 cm−1, which are known to be due to the symmetric OH stretching (υ1) of tetrahedrally coordinated, i.e., strongly hydrogen bonded “ice-like” water, and the asymmetric OH stretching (υ3) of water molecules in a more random arrangement, i.e., weakly hydrogen bonded “liquid-like” water, respectively. The SFG intensity strongly depended on electrode potential. Several possibilities are suggested for the potential dependence of the SFG intensity.  相似文献   

9.
Effect of ettringite on thaumasite formation   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Deterioration of cementitious building materials is often caused by sulphate attack where ettringite and gypsum play the most destructive role at moderate ambient temperatures. In contrast, thaumasite [Ca3Si(OH)6·12H2O](SO4)(CO3) is mostly observed at comparatively low temperatures of less then 15 °C. This mineral forms from calcium, sulphate, carbonate and silicon. The latter originates from the decomposition of C-S-H which results in deterioration of the hardened cement paste structure. To investigate the effect of ettringite on thaumasite formation, pastes were mixed using synthetic clinker phases, fly ash and nanosilica. Aqueous suspensions were prepared with the ground-hydrated pastes mixed with calcite and either gypsum or sodium sulphate. Following different storage periods, the solid phase was separated by filtration, dried and analysed by XRD using the Rietveld method as well as ESEM and TEM. The liquid phase was analysed by ICP-OES. The results indicate that thaumasite formation occurs through the heterogeneous nucleation of thaumasite on the surface of ettringite, due to the structural similarities of these minerals. This reaction is followed by further epitaxial growth of thaumasite from its components present in solution.  相似文献   

10.
Self-assembly of linear ABC coil-coil-rod triblock copolymers   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Yingdong Xia  Zhaoyan Sun  Lijia An  Yuxi Jia 《Polymer》2010,51(14):3315-10960
Self-assembly of linear ABC coil-coil-rod triblock copolymer melt is studied by applying self-consistent-field lattice techniques in three-dimensional (3D) space. In contrast to rod-coil diblock copolymers, our results reveal the effect of the broad parameter space on the self-assembly of the linear ABC coil-coil-rod triblock copolymers. Seven stable structures are found stable, including “two-color” lamella, “three-color” lamella, “two-color”-perforated lamella, “three-color”-perforated lamella, core-shell hexagonal lattice phase, strip, and micelle. When the two coil blocks have equal lengths (fA = fB), the lamellar structure dominates the majority of the phase diagram. The effects of the two coil blocks on the self-assembly are explored by tuning the relative length of the A and B coil blocks in terms of keeping the length of the block C (rod). Moreover, by switching the position of the blocks B and C, the influence of the block sequencing on the self-assembly is studied.  相似文献   

11.
Jeremy M. Rathfon 《Polymer》2008,49(7):1761-1769
Polymers exhibiting a thermoresponsive, lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition have proven to be useful for many applications as “smart” or “intelligent” materials. A series of poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) polymer, poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PNIPMAM-b-PAA) diblock, and poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA-b-PNIPMAM-b-AA) triblock copolymer samples were synthesized via ATRP. A facile post-functionalization route was developed that uses an activated ester functionality to convert poly(N-methacryloxysuccinimide) (PMASI) blocks to LCST capable polyacrylamide, while poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) blocks were converted to water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The post-functionalization was monitored via 1H NMR and ATR-FTIR. The aqueous solution properties were explored and the PNIPMAM polymers were shown to have a LCST phase transition varying from 35 to 60 °C. The ability to synthesize block copolymers that are thermoresponsive and water-soluble will be of great benefit for broader applications in drug delivery, bioengineering, and nanotechnology.  相似文献   

12.
Mixes of C-S-H and ettringite were synthesized in suspension systems and their equilibria were studied at 20 and 85 °C. Concentrations in solution (calcium, sulfate, aluminium) were measured and the mineralogical state of the systems was studied by means of X-ray diffraction. The equilibria between C-S-H and ettringite are described. The relative importance of sulfate bound to the C-S-H is evaluated. The kinetics of ettringite reprecipitation from a “C-S-H-ettringite” system at 85 °C placed at 20 °C are also evaluated.  相似文献   

13.
In this paper, the amorphous barium titanate precursor was prepared by the peroxo-hydroxide method and post-treated by various drying procedures, such as: room temperature drying, room temperature vacuum drying and vacuum drying at 50 °C. The objective in the latter two treatments was to increase the Ti-O-Ba bonds of the precursor. The post-treated precursors were compared with the untreated (i.e., ‘wet’) precursor. Also, a barium titanate precursor was prepared by an alkoxide route. Afterwards, the precursors were hydrothermally treated at 200 °C in a 10 M NaOH solution. Vacuum drying of the precursor seemingly promoted the formation of Ti-O-Ti bonds in the hydrothermal end-product. The low Ba:Ti ratio (0.66) of the alkoxide-route prepared precursor lead to a multi-phase hydrothermal product with BaTiO3 as the main phase. In contrast, phase pure BaTiO3, i.e. without BaCO3 contamination, was obtained for the precursor which was dried at room temperature. Cube-shaped and highly crystalline BaTiO3 particles were observed by electron microscopy for the hydrothermally treated peroxo-hydroxide-route prepared precursor.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, drying kinetics of kiwifruit are investigated experimentally and theoretically under varying drying conditions. Experiments are conducted using air temperatures at 35, 45, 55 and 65 °C, mean velocities at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 m s?1 and, relative humidity values at 40%, 55%, 70% and 85%. Initially, sorption isotherms of the dried kiwifruit slices are determined for different temperatures and equilibrium relative humidity values. The values of the moisture diffusivity, Deff are obtained from the Fick's diffusion model. The effects of the governing drying parameters on the vitamin C content as well as on the total drying time are determined. The experimental moisture data were fitted to some models available in the literature, mainly the Henderson and Pabis model, the Lewis model and the two-term exponential model and, a good agreement was observed. In addition, it is disclosed that increasing drying air temperature causes more loss in vitamin C in the dried fruits while degradation of vitamin C is reduced with increasing relative humidity of drying air.  相似文献   

15.
The paper addresses numerical simulation for the case of convective drying of seeds (fine-grained materials) in a vibrated fluidized bed, analyzing agreement between the numerical results and the results of corresponding experimental investigation. In the simulation model of unsteady simultaneous one-dimensional heat and mass transfer between gas phase and dried material during drying process it is assumed that the gas-solid interface is at thermodynamic equilibrium, while the drying rate (evaporated moisture flux) of the specific product is calculated by applying the concept of a “drying coefficient”. Mixing of the particles in the case of vibrated fluidized bed is taken into account by means of the diffusion term in the differential equations, using an effective particle diffusion coefficient. Model validation was done on the basis of the experimental data obtained with narrow fraction of poppy seeds characterized by mean equivalent particle diameter (dS,d = 0.75 mm), re-wetted with required (calculated) amount of water up to the initial moisture content (X0 = 0.54) for all experiments. Comparison of the drying kinetics, both experimental and numerical, has shown that higher gas (drying agent) temperatures, as well as velocities (flow-rates), induce faster drying. This effect is more pronounced for deeper beds, because of the larger amount of wet material to be dried using the same drying agent capacity. Bed temperature differences along the bed height, being significant inside the packed bed, are almost negligible in the vibrated fluidized bed, for the same drying conditions, due to mixing of particles. Residence time is shorter in the case of a vibrated fluidized bed drying compared to a packed bed drying.  相似文献   

16.
Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) has recently been recognized as a rich source of β-carotene. To add value to the fresh leaves a process to produce dried ivy gourd sheet as a health snack was the aim of this study. The effects of pretreatment, i.e., blanching in NaCl solution (0-3% w/v), and drying methods, i.e., hot air drying and vacuum drying at 60-80 °C, on the drying characteristics and quality, viz. colour, texture and β-carotene content of dried ivy gourd sheet were investigated. The results showed that dried sheet pretreated by brine blanching and vacuum drying resulted in better retention of colour and β-carotene as well as texture of the dried sheet as compared to the dried untreated and dried water blanched samples. Higher drying temperature also resulted in higher β-carotene retention due to shorter drying time.  相似文献   

17.
It has been shown that the reaction between aluminium powder and the aqueous phase of cement pastes is chiefly characterised by a definite inhibition period when no hydrogen evolves, followed by a slow evolution of gas. The utility of aluminium powder in reducing the early shrinkage of cement pastes depends upon this gradual reaction. The inhibition is specifically associated with the presence of ettringite on the surface of aluminium particles. It is suggested that the ettringite is formed by reaction of calcium sulphate with the hydrous oxide film on aluminium particles: termination of a period where no hydrogen is evolved, probably results from a more or less complete conversion of aluminium oxide to ettringite.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this paper is to examine the advantages of convective non-stationary (intermittent) drying and the possibility of its application to materials susceptible to crack formation (wood and ceramics). The notion “non-stationary” means here drying with periodically changeable parameters (air temperature and humidity). The drying time, energy consumption, and quality of dried samples are examined at different schedules of intermittent drying. The acoustic emission (AE) method is applied to monitor on line the material behavior and to detect the commencement of material cracking, and thus to find the moment at which the changes in drying conditions should be initiated. The mathematical model is developed to describe and imitate the intermittent drying kinetics determined experimentally. This model is used next for numerical calculation of the net energy used for drying, and to compare it with the measured total electric energy consumption. The tests were carried out on cylindrically shaped samples of wood and kaolin-clay. The benefits of non-stationary drying with respect to that performed in constant conditions were assessed. Such a formulated subject is a novelty in drying area.  相似文献   

19.
从讨论粉体干燥、粉体造粒、颗粒干燥等技术特性出发,试图科学地建立一条新的粉体前期干燥一造粒一微波加热干燥工艺路线。先进行恒速阶段的物料干燥,使物料除湿,成为湿含量低于20%(湿基)的物料。低湿含量的物料用压力法造粒,此时不仅易于成粒,成粒率高,且颗粒粒度均匀,强度高,将这种颗粒物料用微波加热进行干燥,可以使颗粒内部的湿分迅速排除,从而获得合格湿分要求的产品。  相似文献   

20.
Multiphase bioceramics based on wollastonite and wollastonite/hydroxylapatite (W/HAp) have been successfully prepared by the heat treatment of a filler-containing preceramic polymer. CaO-bearing precursors (Ca-carbonate, Ca-acetate, and CaO nano-particles) were dispersed in a solution of silicone resin, subsequently dried and pyrolysed in nitrogen. The reaction between silica, deriving from the oxycarbide (SiOC) residue of the silicone resin, and CaO “active filler” led to the formation of several calcium silicates, mainly consisting of wollastonite (CaSiO3), in both low and high temperature forms. The phase assemblage of the final ceramic varied with the pyrolysis temperature (varying from 1000 to 1200 °C). HAp was additionally inserted, as “passive filler” (i.e. not reacting with SiOC), for the preparation of bioceramics based on W/HAp mixtures.  相似文献   

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