卷烟薄荷香型微胶囊颗粒的制备及其应用研究

选用HI-CAP、CAPSUL和CAPSUL TA三种OSA变性淀粉与蔗糖和麦芽糊精1:1:1的复配溶液为壁材,以薄荷香型烟用香精为芯材,采用喷雾干燥工艺制备薄荷香型烟用微胶囊;并采用顶空制粒工艺,制成颗粒应用到卷烟中。应用SEM扫描电镜和热重分析对微胶囊产品进行了表征,并测试了微胶囊颗粒的包埋率、储存稳定性与释放特性。结果表明:利用OSA变性淀粉作为壁材所制备的微胶囊颗粒具有连续、致密的结构。其中,使用CAPSUL变性淀粉包埋的微胶囊颗粒包埋率更高,达到了95.26%,其对薄荷香精保留和延长时间的效果优于HI-CAP和CAPSUL TA变性淀粉,储存30 d后薄荷油保留率在92.76%,在保温温度为80 ℃条件下,薄荷醇释放率达到51%。应用到卷烟中可以提高薄荷香型特征烟用香精的释香时间,改善卷烟感官质量。     

薄荷卷烟药理作用研究

薄荷卷烟是一种有明显药效和特殊香型的药物卷烟。其制造可以应用薄荷油、薄荷醇及薄荷酯等作加香剂。薄荷油是由薄荷的叶和茎经水蒸汽蒸馏制得的,有浓郁的薄荷香气。主要成分是薄荷醇,含量达70～90%左右,还含有薄荷酮约10～20%及薄荷酯(薄荷醋酸酯等)3％左右等成分。薄荷醇     

碳酸薄荷酯的合成及其在卷烟中的应用

以薄荷醇为原料,合成了烟用潜香物质碳酸薄荷酯.将其加入卷烟中,经评吸表明:气味阈值与薄荷醇的气味阈值相差较小的香味物质能够与薄荷醇拟合成效果较好的碳酸薄荷酯.     

薄荷香精微胶囊包埋率不同测定方法比较分析

通过紫外分光光度法、折光率法、近红外漫反射光谱法和气相色谱法等对薄荷香精中主要成分薄荷醇进行测定,分析4种方法测定的薄荷醇-乙醇溶液标准曲线的线性相关性,以获得薄荷香精微胶囊包埋率测定的最佳方法。结果表明:除紫外吸收法线性相关系数为0.9317以外,其他3种测定方法线性相关系数均在0.99以上,线性相关性良好,均可以作为薄荷香精微胶囊包埋率测定的方法。     

薄荷素油的微胶囊研究

微胶囊能将液体薄荷素油转变成固体粉末香料，从而有效地阻止了薄荷素油的挥发。比色分析表明溶剂脱水法和相分离一凝聚法微胶囊中薄荷素油的含量分别为１１．３％和ｌ５．８％。溶剂脱水法微胶囊加于卷烟中，测得烟气粒相中薄荷素油含量为０．５０２ｍｇ／支，评吸表明卷烟有愉快的薄荷香味。     

改性蒙脱土的性能分析及滤嘴薄荷醇不同加香方式的效果比较

为了解改性蒙脱土材料作为滤嘴加香吸附剂的应用效果,对该材料的性能进行了分析,并比较分析了改性蒙脱土材料加香卷烟A与其他几款滤嘴加香卷烟的薄荷醇释放效果。结果显示:(1)改性蒙脱土材料的氨迁移量为0,裂解后的释放物中未检测出有害组分;(2)卷烟A的持香能力,明显优于溶剂喷洒法和香线法制备的薄荷卷烟;(3)卷烟A的薄荷醇释放效果,明显优于溶剂喷洒法和香线法制备的薄荷卷烟,也略优于胶囊法制备的薄荷卷烟。     

薄荷醇与β-环糊精包合物的制备及热分解动力学研究

为降低卷烟中薄荷醇的挥发性,延长产品保香期,采用饱和水溶液法制备了β-环糊精与薄荷醇的包合物,利用红外光谱及热重分析法对包合物进行了结构确证及热分解动力学的研究,并通过称重法和卷烟抽吸法对包合物中薄荷醇的缓释性能进行了测试。结果表明:1)通过正交实验法获得包合工艺最佳条件为β-环糊精与薄荷醇投料比(摩尔比)1∶1,温度50℃,搅拌时间4 h;2)包合物的热稳定性较薄荷醇高,其内的结合力主要是范德华力;3)添加有包合物的卷烟样品保存12个月后薄荷醇含量为初始量的60%,说明包合技术有助于增加薄荷醇的稳定性,延长保香期,为卷烟加香技术提供了理论基础与数据参考,为薄荷卷烟的产品开发提供了新的研究思路与技术途径。     

爆珠香味成分剖析及其在卷烟中转移率

为研究爆珠中香味成分及其在卷烟中的转移行为,以国内外4种具有代表性爆珠滤棒卷烟为研究对象,采用溶剂萃取前处理方法,建立GC-MS测定爆珠中香味成分分析方法,并测定香味成分向主流烟气总粒相物中转移率。结果表明,样品A中香味成分烟气转移率在0.22%~11.01%之间,其中主要成分为烯类化合物;样品B中香味成分烟气转移率在0.05%~13.32%之间,其中薄荷醇含量较高,为每支6.859 mg,转移率9.06%;样品C中香味成分烟气转移率在1.21%~15.25%之间,其中主要成分为酯类化合物;样品D中香味成分烟气转移率在0.21%~14.18%之间,其中以醇类和烯类化合物为主。乙酸薄荷酯、薄荷酮、薄荷醇为4种卷烟样品的共有成分,其在烟气中转移率均为薄荷醇>乙酸薄荷酯>薄荷酮。     

卷烟的爆珠

本期刊出的于浩等《基于植物胶的爆珠壁材配方设计及其工艺优化》一文介绍了爆珠的壁材,现介绍一些相关的背影知识。爆珠主要由内容物(又称芯材)和壁材构成,内容物是指卷烟爆珠破碎(裂)后释放出的液状物质,壁材是指用于包裹内容物的壳体。卷烟爆珠中有什么爆珠芯材有很多种,其中以薄荷醇最为常用。薄荷醇对口腔黏膜具有清凉和弱麻醉作用,能够在一定程度上掩盖卷烟烟气的刺激性。有研究检测了市面上三十多种爆珠烟,其内容物中均含有薄荷醇。此外,它的表兄弟——薄荷酮,薄荷酯等,在爆珠芯材中也非常常见。在薄荷类物质之外,常见的还有果香、花香、茶甜、陈皮、酒香、本香等香味成分。     

加热模式对薄荷型加热卷烟中主要成分的转移率及逐口释放行为的影响

【目的】考察不同加热模式下薄荷型加热卷烟烟气中主要成分释放量及转移率变化情况。【方法】以3种不同加热模式的烟具HTP1（内芯刀片加热）、HTP2（外围加热）、HTP3、HTP4、HTP5（内芯针式加热）和10款对应的薄荷型加热卷烟为研究对象,分析烟支中薄荷醇、烟碱和甘油的含量分布和在加拿大深度抽吸（HCI）模式下烟气中薄荷醇、烟碱和甘油的转移率和逐口释放量变化。【结果】(1)薄荷醇转移率与烟具加热温度、加热模式及烟支中薄荷醇添加位置等因素有关,内芯刀片式加热卷烟、外围加热卷烟、内芯针式加热卷烟的薄荷醇转移率分别为27.45%～30.27%、15.81%～17.48%和13.39%～26.36%,内芯刀片加热卷烟的薄荷醇转移率高于其他样品。(2)内芯刀片式加热卷烟薄荷醇逐口释放量均呈先上升后稳定再下降的趋势,不同薄荷强度口味样品中薄荷醇释放量有较明显差异;外围加热卷烟薄荷醇逐口释放量均呈先上升后快速下降的趋势,内芯针式加热卷烟薄荷醇释放量则是先上升后缓慢下降。(3)内芯刀片加热卷烟的烟碱和甘油转移率高于其他样品。(4)内芯刀片加热方式结合有序排列薄片的组合,其烟气中薄荷醇、烟碱和甘油的逐...     

特色薄荷型卷烟纸的开发与应用

将分子囊化薄荷脑涂布于卷烟原纸上,制成特色薄荷型卷烟纸,并应用特色薄荷型卷烟纸卷制烟支.结果表明,与传统薄荷型卷烟的生产相比,采用特色薄荷型卷烟纸生产卷烟,减少了薄荷脑在贮存期间的挥发转移,且特色薄荷型卷烟的薛荷清凉感在抽吸期间不随口数的增加而减少,确保抽吸过程中口味始终如一,改善了薄荷型卷烟的品质,并解决了薄荷型卷烟生产中的环境污染和生产线串味问题.     

Mentholated cigarettes and smoking cessation: findings from COMMIT. Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the use of menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation, amount smoked, and time to first cigarette in the morning. BACKGROUND: The majority of African American smokers smoke mentholated cigarettes. Some evidence suggests that African Americans may be more nicotine dependent than whites. One theory is that menthol in cigarettes is responsible for enhancing the dependence producing capacity of cigarettes; however, few studies have prospectively examined the association between menthol use and indicators of nicotine dependence. METHODS: Baseline smokers from the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) completed a telephone tobacco use survey in 1988 and were re-interviewed in 1993. Use of mentholated cigarettes was assessed by self report at baseline. Indicators of dependence examined were six month cessation in 1993, amount smoked among continuing smokers in 1993, and time to first cigarette in the morning in 1988. Multivariate regression techniques were used to assess the association of baseline menthol use with these outcomes while controlling for other factors related to dependence. RESULTS: Overall, 24% of the sample smoked a mentholated brand in 1988. No consistent associations were observed for menthol use and indicators of dependence in both overall and race specific analyses. Factors significantly associated with increased menthol use were female sex, age 25-34 years, African American and Asian race/ethnicity, greater education, greater than 60 minutes to the first cigarette in the morning, two or more past quit attempts, and use of premium brand cigarettes. Canadian respondents and those who smoked 15-24 cigarettes per day had lower rates of menthol use. Use of mentholated cigarettes was not associated with quitting, amount smoked, or time to first cigarette in the morning. CONCLUSION: Future work is needed to clarify the physiological and sociocultural mechanisms involved in mentholated cigarette smoking.     

Extinguishing the rewarding value of smoke cues: pharmacological and behavioral treatments.

The present study examined several pharmacological and behavioral treatments designed to promote extinction of the responses to rewarding cigarette smoke cues. Pharmacological treatments comprised nicotine skin patches (21 mg/24 hr) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine (10 mg/day), administered separately or in combination. Behavioral manipulations included switching to denicotinized cigarettes, to cigarettes having different menthol flavor, or to ventilated-filter (low tar and nicotine) cigarettes. Smokers were assigned to the various treatments for 2 weeks before they quit smoking. During weekly test sessions, subjects rated the rewarding effects of their usual brands of cigarettes or cigarettes with different menthol content (mentholated vs. nonmentholated). Over the 2-week treatment period, all pharmacological treatments reduced ratings of reward for the usual-brand test cigarettes. Switching to smoking denicotinized cigarettes for 2 weeks similarly decreased rewarding effects of the usual-brand test cigarettes. Subjects also strongly preferred cigarettes with the same menthol content to which they were accustomed. However, manipulating the menthol content of the cigarettes smoked during the 2 weeks of treatment had different effects, depending on whether smokers habitually smoked mentholated or nonmentholated cigarettes. For menthol smokers, removal of the menthol cue hampered extinction of reward ratings for the usual-brand (mentholated) test cigarette. For nonmenthol smokers, addition of the menthol cue did not affect the progress of extinction of nonmenthol smoke cues. These findings demonstrate the importance of sensory cues in determining subjective reward and show that the reward value of these cues can be altered by removal of nicotine from tobacco or by pharmacological manipulations that interfere with the reinforcing effects of nicotine.     

卷烟及烟气中薄荷醇的毛细管气相色谱分析

建立了一种以无水乙醇为提取剂,茴香脑为内标,采用毛细管气相色谱定量测定卷烟烟丝和烟气中薄荷醇的方法,并采用该法测定了6种薄荷型卷烟嘴棒、烟丝、烟气粒相物和烟蒂中的薄荷醇含量。结果表明:①该法检测限为3.54~7.96ng/支,回收率在98.8%~101.8%之间,RSD<4%;②该法的测定结果与比色法没有明显差异;③剑桥滤片可以完全截留主流烟气中的薄荷醇;④用进入主流烟气中的薄荷醇量表征薄荷型卷烟的凉度大小,能更准确地反映薄荷型卷烟的感官特征。     

薄荷类爆珠卷烟中薄荷醇的分布与转移

为考察薄荷醇在薄荷类爆珠卷烟中的分布及转移,剖析了薄荷醇在3个卷烟样品的烟支滤嘴、爆珠、烟丝、卷烟纸中的含量分布、主流烟气转移、逐口抽吸转移及不同放置时间的变化规律。结果表明:①烟支中薄荷醇的含量分布为:卷烟纸 ? 烟丝 < 滤嘴 < 爆珠,说明烟支近嘴端高比例分布有利于薄荷醇在主流烟气中的迁移;②主流烟气薄荷醇转移率8.90%~10.25%,滤嘴截留率67.18%~73.07%,说明大部分薄荷醇在抽吸过程中被截留在滤嘴中,薄荷醇的有效利用率较低;③随着卷烟的抽吸,主流烟气逐口薄荷醇的转移量也随之增加,前3口薄荷醇转移量增加较快,第4口开始呈稳步增加趋势,最后1口或倒数第2口达最大值,这与烟支抽吸过程凉感由弱到强一致;④爆珠中薄荷醇在放置12个月内未呈明显变化;滤嘴、烟丝、主流烟气薄荷醇放置前6个月内未呈明显变化,但放置9个月后呈减少趋势,12个月后呈明显加速减少趋势,即薄荷类卷烟的市场货架期最好控制在1年以内。      

薄荷滤棒固香期评价方法研究

借鉴国内外食品工业领域中的香精评价方法、卷烟感官评价方法,通过香比强值(B)、留香值(L)、香品值(P)建立薄荷滤棒香气质量的综合评价方法,并将其引入到薄荷滤棒固香期评价中,通过对薄荷滤棒香气质量的感官及定量评价,确定了薄荷滤棒固香期评判的综合分值标准,建立了一种科学系统、操作性强、简便快捷的薄荷滤棒固香期评价的新方法,通过气相色谱和气相色谱—离子迁移谱技术并结合卷烟感官评价方法对薄荷滤棒固香期评价方法进行验证。结果表明,该方法适用于定量评价薄荷滤棒的香气质量。     

Mentholated cigarettes and smoking habits in whites and blacks

OBJECTIVE: To determine if cigarette mentholation is associated with the frequency of smoking and with quitting, and whether mentholation explains racial differences in these two smoking behaviours. DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of case-control data on smoking and lung cancer. SUBJECTS: Limited to 19 545 current and former cigarette smokers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Smoking > 20 cigarettes per day (cpd) versus < or = 20 cpd, and continued smoking versus quit smoking. RESULTS: Among blacks, the prevalence odds ratio (POR) of heavy smoking (> or = 21 cpd) associated with mentholated cigarettes versus non-mentholated cigarettes was 0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5 to 0.9) in current smokers and 0.6 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.9) in former smokers. Among whites, the corresponding POR were 0.9 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.0) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.0). Blacks were less likely to have been heavy smokers than whites, but the difference was unrelated to cigarette mentholation. The POR of continued smoking versus quitting, associated with mentholated cigarettes was 1.1 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.2) for both blacks and whites. CONCLUSION: Smoking > 20 cpd was independently associated with white race. Among blacks, smoking < or = 20 cpd was independently associated with mentholated cigarettes. The risk of quitting was not associated with cigarette menthol flavour.     

Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia.

This study examined whether smoking menthol cigarettes was associated with increased biochemical measures of smoke intake. Expired carbon monoxide (CO) and serum nicotine and cotinine were measured in 89 smokers with schizophrenia and 53 control smokers immediately after smoking an afternoon cigarette. Serum nicotine levels (27 vs. 22 ng/ml, p = .010), serum cotinine levels (294 vs. 240 ng/ml, p = .041), and expired CO (25 vs. 21 ppm, p = .029) were higher in smokers of menthol compared with nonmenthol cigarettes, with no differences in 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratios between groups when controlling for race. Backward stepwise linear regression models showed that, in addition to having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, smoking menthol cigarettes was a significant predictor of nicotine and cotinine levels. Individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder smoked more generic or discount value brands (Basic, Doral, Monarch, USA, Wave, others) compared with control smokers (28% vs. 6%, p = .002) but did not smoke more brands with high nicotine delivery as estimated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission method. Although rates of mentholated cigarette smoking were not higher in smokers with schizophrenia overall, they were significantly higher in non-Hispanic White people with schizophrenia compared with controls of the same ethnic/racial subgroup (51% vs. 28%, p<.0001). The higher exhaled CO in menthol smokers suggests that the higher nicotine levels are at least partly related to increased intake of smoke from menthol cigarettes, although menthol-mediated inhibition of nicotine metabolism also may be a factor. Menthol is an important cigarette additive that may help explain why some groups have lower quit rates and more smoking-caused disease.     

Sex-related differences in serum cotinine concentrations in daily cigarette smokers

Self-reported use of cigarettes generally underestimates the true cigarette exposure of smokers. Serum cotinine is considered the best biomarker to evaluate tobacco exposure. This study determined whether or not there were any significant differences in serum cotinine concentrations between men and women when they reported smoking the same number of cigarettes per day. We analyzed cotinine and tobacco consumption data on 680 women and 840 men, aged 20 years or older, who smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and were still actively smoking at the time of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999-2002). Overall, compared with men, women reported smoking fewer cigarettes per day (16.1 vs. 18.7, p<.001) and had lower serum cotinine concentrations (1163.3 nmol/L vs. 1343.9 nmol/L, p<.001). Women were more likely than men to smoke filtered (p = .018) and mentholated (p<.001) cigarettes. After adjustment for the number of cigarettes smoked per day, age, race, body mass index, poverty status, the use of either menthol or regular cigarettes, and the nicotine content in cigarettes, female compared with male smokers had lower serum cotinine concentrations (difference of 117.6 nmol/L; 95% CI = 42.6-192.6, p = .003). The difference was particularly notable in moderate to heavy smokers (i.e., those who smoked more than 15 cigarettes/day). These findings indicate that significant sex-related differences exist in serum cotinine levels among smokers, which suggests that self-reports may overestimate cigarette exposure in women compared with men.