Multifrequency Passive Microwave Observations of First-Year Sea Ice Grown in a Tank

Microwave brightness temperatures of new, young, and optically opaque sea ice grown in a large tank were obtained in the course of a joint microwave experiment at CRREL in Hanover, New Hampshire, during the winters of 1983-1984 and 1984-1985. Dual-polarized observations were taken at frequencies of 10, 18, 37, and 90 GHz over a range of incidence angles, and the concurrent temperature and ice thickness were obtained. Bulk salinities as well as radar and dielectric properties were also measured concurrently by other investigators. Emissivity and degree of polarization were observed in detail during the early stages of ice growth and variations were found indicating that the ice became optically opaque at 10 GHz for ice thickness between 30 and 50 mm. The addition of a snow cover reduced the brightness temperature at the higher frequencies with little effect at 10 GHz. Artificial roughening of the surface reduced the degree of polarization considerably but changed the emissivity at vertical polarization only slightly. Cluster plots of the data shown six distinguishable surface types: optically opaque bare ice, thin ice (less than 15 mm), roughened ice, ridged ice, rotting wet ice, and open water.     

Passive Microwave Spectral Emission from Saline Ice at C-Band During the Growth Phase

This paper focusses on microwave radiometer measurements of the emission from saline ice as a function of ice thickness. The instrument used is a C-band stepped-frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) that can be tuned to operate at any center frequency from 4 to 8 GHz at a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The measurements were undertaken at a facility constructed by the U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, which was specifically designed to satisfy remote-sensing requirements. In addition to presenting the data, a simple theory is developed to explain the experimental results in terms of the relevant electromagnetic parameters; namely, the complex dielectric constant and thickness of the ice.     

Classification of Baltic Sea ice types by airborne multifrequencymicrowave radiometer

An airborne multifrequency radiometer (24, 34, 48, and 94 GHz, vertical polarization) was used to investigate the behavior of the brightness temperature of different sea ice types in the Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea). The measurements and the main results of the analysis are presented. The measurements were made in dry and wet conditions (air temperature above and below 0°C). The angle of incidence was 45° in all measurements. The following topics are evaluated: a) frequency dependency of the brightness temperature of different ice types, b) the capability of the multifrequency radiometer to classify ice types for winter navigation purposes, and c) the optimum measurement frequencies for mapping sea ice. The weather conditions had a significant impact on the radiometric signatures of some ice types (snow-covered compact pack ice and frost-covered new ice); the impact was the highest at 94 GHz. In all cases the overall classification accuracy was around 90% (the kappa coefficient was from 0.86 to 0.96) when the optimum channel combination (24/34 GHz and 94 GHz) was used     

人工神经网络在轻板隔墙隔声预计中的应用

轻钢龙骨薄板墙(简称轻板隔墙)的隔声性能由于其构造的复杂性,没有简单公式可以预计其隔声量。在大量实验结果的基础上,利用人工神经网络对一些常见的轻板墙组合构造进行计权隔声量(RW)的预计。根据相关分析和主成份分析的结果,选用板材面密度、墙体总厚度、腔内吸声层厚度、龙骨型式和垫层等因子作为网络的输入变量,由此进行隔声性能的预计,可达到较满意的结果。     

Measurement and modeling of the millimeter-wave backscatterresponse of soil surfaces

The millimeter-wave (MMW) backscatter response of bare-soil was examined by conducting experimental measurements at 35 and 94 GHz using a truck-mounted polarimetric scatterometer and by developing appropriate models to relate the backscattering coefficient to the soil's surface and volume properties. The experimental measurements were conducted for three soil surfaces with different roughnesses under both dry and wet conditions. The experimental measurements indicate that in general the backscattering coefficient is comprised of a surface scattering component σ^s and a volume scattering component σ ^v. For wet soil conditions, the backscatter is dominated by surface scattering, while for dry conditions both surface and volume scattering are significant, particularly at 94 GHz. Because theoretical surface scattering models were found incapable of predicting the measured backscatter, a semiempirical surface scattering model was developed that relates the surface scattering component of the total backscatter to the roughness parameter ks, where k=2π/λ and s is the rms height, and the dielectric constant of the soil surface. Volume scattering was modeled using radiative transfer theory with the packed soil particles acting as the host material and the air voids as the scattering particles. The combined contribution of surface and volume scattering was found to provide good agreement between the model calculations and the experimental observations     

Extinction Behavior of Dry Snow in the 18-to 90-GHz Range

The extinction properties of several dry snow types were examined in the 18-to 90-GHz range. The snow types ranged from newly fallen snow to refrozen snow, and the density and mean grain size varied from 0.17 to 0.39 g/cm3 and from 0.2 to 1.6 mm, respectively. From measurements of the transmission loss as a function of sample thickness at a temperature of -15°C, the extinction coefficient and the surface scattering loss (due to surface roughness at the front and back surfaces of the snow slab) were determined for each snow type. The experimental values were compared against theoretical results computed according to the strong fluctuation theory. In general, good agreement with the experimental data was obtained at 18, 35, and 60 GHz when the grain size used in the theoretical calculations was chosen to be slightly smaller than the observed snow-particle size. However, the extinction coefficient of large-grained refrozen snow as predicted by the strong fluctuation theory is much larger at 90 GHz than the values determined experimentally. The attenuation in snow was observed to increase only slightly with increasing temperature in the -35 to -1°C range.     

Field Theory Design of Rectangular Waveguide Multiple-Slot Narrow-Wall Couplers

A compact narrow-wall multiple-slot coupler suitable for inexpensive and very accurate metal-etching manufacturing techniques is proposed and optimized. A computer-aided design theory based on the method of field expansion of eigenmodes considers the effects of finite insert thickness and higher order mode interaction, step discontinuities, and changes in width. Computer-optimized design data for --20-, --8.34-, and --3-dB couplers in the R140-waveguide band (12.4--18 GHz) are given. These data are transferable into other common waveguide bands, e.g., R620 band (50-75 GHz), by suitable frequency scaling calculations. A metal-etched 12-slot coupler prototype for a midband frequency of about 15 GHz achieves a +-1-dB bandwidth of the --3-dB coupling of about 3.2 GHz together with a measured isolation of typically 35-40 dB (minimum 25 dB at the band limits). The measurements show good agreement with theory.     

Investigation of a Broadband Quasi-Optical Mode Converter for a Multi-Frequency 1 MW Gyrotron

A broadband quasi-optical (QO) mode converter for a multi-frequency gyrotron has been designed and tested at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK). The launcher is optimized for the TE_22,8 mode at 140 GHz, but the radiated beams present an almost identically focused pattern for all 9 considered modes between 105 GHz (TE_17,6) and 143 GHz (TE_23,8). Combining with a beam-forming mirror system, which consists of a quasi-elliptical mirror and two phase-correcting mirrors with non-quadratic surface contour, further calculations show that efficiencies of more than 94% have been achieved for converting the rotating high-order cylindrical cavity modes into the usable fundamental Gaussian mode. Low power (cold) measurements show a good agreement with theoretical predictions. This QO mode converter can be used for the broadband operation of a multi-frequency 1 MW gyrotron.     

Measurements of leaf water content using terahertz radiation

A novel technique for the noninvasive continuous measurement of leaf water content is presented. The technique is based on transmission measurements of terahertz radiation with a null-balance quasi-optical transmissometer operating at 94 GHz. A model for the propagation of terahertz radiation through leaves is presented. This, in conjunction with leaf thickness information determined separately, may be used to quantitatively relate transmittance measurements to leaf water content. Measurements using a dispersive Fourier transform spectrometer in the range of 100 GHz-500 GHz using Phormium tenax and Fatsia japonica leaves are also reported     

Backscatter and attenuation by falling snow and rain at 96, 140,and 225 GHz

The results of measurements are presented for backscatter cross section per unit volume and attenuation for falling snow and rain at 96, 140, and 225 GHz. The attenuation due to rain is almost independent of the measurement frequency, but for snow the attenuation is considerably greater at 225 GHz than at 96 GHz. The rain attenuation generally varies with the rain accumulation rate in accordance with an aR^b relationship for a Laws and Parsons drop-size distribution where R is the rain rate and a and b are constants. The attenuation at all three frequencies is about 3 dB/km for a rain rate of 4 mm/h. The attenuation due to snow varies with airborne snow-mass concentration, with the average rates of increase being 0.9, 2.5, and 8.7 (dB/km)(g/m³) at 96, 140, and 225 GHz, respectively. Generally the attenuation for snow is lower than that for rain. The backscatter cross section per unit volume for rain at 96 GHz is about -35 dB m²/m³ for a rain rate of 4 mm/h. The backscatter from snow at 96 GHz is much lower than that from rain under equivalent accumulation rates or airborne mass concentrations. Snow backscatter at 140 GHz is comparable but higher than that at 96 GHz     

Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer Measurements of Soil Moisture

Ground-based microwave radiometer experiments were performed to investigate the effects of moisture, temperature, and roughness on microwave emission from bare soils. Measurements were made at frequencies of 0.6-0.9, 1.4, and 10.7 GHz using van-mounted radiometers to observe prepared soil sites in Kern County, CA. The sites were instrumented for monitoring soil characteristics and surface meteorological conditions. Brightness temperature variations of approximately 15 K at 1.4 GHz and 25 K at 10.7 GHz were observed as a result of diurnal changes in the soil temperature. Increasing the soil moisture content from 2 to 15 percent by volume resulted in brightness temperature decreases of approximately 70 K at 0.775 and 1.4 GHz, and 40 K at 10.7 GHz, depending, to a lesser extent, on polarization and viewing angle. The results show the significance of soil temperature in deriving soil moisture from microwave radiometer measurements. Comparisons of the microwave measurements with theoretical predictions using a smooth surface model show reasonable agreement and support previous results of this nature obtained with other soil types. Approximately equal sensitivity to soil moisture was observed at 0.775 and 1.4 GHz, although the sampling depth is greater at the lower frequency.     

The optical response of epitaxial lift-off HEMT's to 140 GHz

We present measurements on the optical frequency response of epitaxial lift-off (ELO) 1.0-μm InP high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to 140 GHz using electrooptic sampling and heterodyne techniques. Our picosecond sampling measurements established that the lift-off devices exhibited substantial optical response to 140 GHz. Heterodyne measurements made at 60 and 94 GHz later confirmed these findings. A novel three wave mixing technique was used to extend the heterodyne bandwidth to 130 GHz. In these experiments, millimeter waves were generated in our optically driven HEMT's and launched into waveguides. These lift off devices can be major additions to future millimeter wave integrated optoelectronic systems either as high frequency optical detectors or as optically driven tunable millimeter wave sources     

Backscatter from snow and ice surfaces at near incident angles

The radar backscatter of natural snow surfaces was measured at 10 GHz and 35 GHz and at grazing angles from1degto0.3deg. For horizontal polarized radiation the terrain clutter per unit area (m²) at 10 GHz of a flat snow terrain decreases from -50 dB at1degto -70 dB at0.4deg. The return is approximately 10 dB lower for vertical polarized radiation. The terrain clutter was found to depend on the free water content of the snow. The radar cross sections of ice blocks placed on the snow surface is roughly proportional to the square of the area of the ice block facing the radar at 10 and 35 GHz and is approximately 20 dBsm below the return expected for a perfectly reflecting plane surface. At 95 GHz the ice blocks become diffuse reflectors.     

The effects of rain clutter on millimeter radar performance

The effects of rain clutter on millimeter radar performance are investigated at 35, 94 and 140GHz frequencies, including rain attenuation, radar reflectivity, maximum radar range and equivalent target cross section.     

Double-Recessed High-Frequency AlInGaN/InGaN/GaN Metal–Oxide Double Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors

We demonstrate a low-threshold AlInGaN/InGaN/GaN metal-oxide semiconductor double heterostructure field-effect transistor (MOS-DHFET) for high-frequency operation. A combination of an InGaN channel (for carrier confinement), a DRE process, and a new digital-oxide-deposition technique helped us to achieve MOS-DHFET devices with extremely low subthreshold leakage currents. This reduction in output conductance (short channel effect) resulted in a high cutoff gain frequency f_T of about 65 GHz and a current gain frequency f _max of 94 GHz. The devices exhibited high drain-currents of 1.3 A/mm and delivered RF powers of 3.1 W/mm at 26 GHz with a 35 V drain bias.     

A low noise SIS array receiver for radioastronomical applications in the 35–50 GHz band

Arrays of six superconducting tunnel junctions have been used in a heterodyne receiver over the frequency range 35–50 GHz. The mixer array and a 3.7–4.2 GHz parametric amplifier used as the if amplifier are immersed in liquid helium and operated at 2 K. The high if allows single sideband operation with a system noise temperature varying rather smoothly from 220 K at 35 GHz to 140 K at 50 GHz. Mixer noise temperatures between 11 and 21 K were measured over the band indicating that the use of arrays to enhance the dynamic range does not seriously affect the mixer noise performance in this frequency range. The receiver is used for radio astronomical observations in the Onsala 20 m telescope in Sweden.     

Dual-channel sis receivers for the iram Plateau de Bure Interferometer

The five antennas of the Plateau de Bure Interferometer have been instrumented with dual-channel receivers in the λ 3 mm and λ 1 mm bands. Polarisation diplexing allows simultaneous observations in the two bands. Each receiver has ambient and cryogenic calibration loads, and one receiver is equipped with a beam switching chopper for total power flux measurements. Typically the receiver noise temperatures are<50 K in both the λ 3 mm band and the λ 1 mm band. Initial observations show that at 115 GHz the sensitivity is doubled compared to the previous receivers, and high quality fringes have been obtained at 230 GHz. Preliminary experiments show that the receiver stability is good enough to correct atmospheric phase variations by monitoring the fluctuations in atmospheric emission at 225 GHz. VLBI fringes have been detected between one 15-m antenna and the IRAM 30-m antenna in Spain.     

High-speed optical response of pseudomorphic InGaAs high electronmobility transistors

The optical responses of very high-frequency pseudomorphic InGaAs HEMTs with f_T of 140 GHz were obtained. These measurements were done using the picosecond time domain optoelectronic technique at room and low temperatures. The optical photovoltaic responses of these HEMTs show FWHM values of 8.4 and 7.5 ps at room temperature and 20 K, respectively. Photoconductive responsivity as high as 4 A/W with an external quantum efficiency of >600% is reported     

Rain attenuation at 15 and 35 GHz

In order to satisfy future earth-to-space communications needs, new regions of the electromagnetic spectrum must be exploited. A program to determine the feasibility of using millimeter waves for this application has been conducted at Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) for approximately 6 years and it has been shown that at frequencies of 15 GHz (lambda = 2.0cm) and 35 GHz (lambda = 8.6mm) atmospheric attenuation is relatively low except for conditions of heavy clouds and precipitation. A portable radiometric system designed to measure attenuation at 15 and 35 GHz under conditions of precipitation was constructed and located in Hilo, Hawaii, a region where it rains frequently thus making it possible to conduct many attenuation measurements for varying rainfall rates. Attenuation was determined from both extinction and emission measurements as a function of zenith angle and rain rate. On the basis of the results that were obtained, it is concluded that for orographic rain up to rates of 50 mm/h in Hawaii: 1) attenuations up to approximately 10 dB can be calculated quite accurately from an emission measurement; 2) zenith attenuations are well correlated with rain rate and can be estimated from the regression lines which have been obtained; 3) attenuations at angles off zenith are not as well correlated with rain rate and thus the values obtained from the regression lines are only approximate; 4) attenuations at 15 and 35 GHz are well correlated.