Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of Cinnamomum aromaticum (Nees) essential oil against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

BACKGROUND: Cinnamomum aromaticum is a widely used cooking ingredient in South Asian countries. In this study the essential oil of C. aromaticum was tested against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The objective was to identify the natural compounds with insecticidal properties in the essential oil of C. aromaticum with a view to its potential use as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. RESULTS: The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled bark essential oil of C. aromaticum was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and cis‐cinnamaldehyde (53.90%) was found to be the principal constituent. The surface film and fumigation toxicities and repellency activity against C. maculatus were evaluated. The extracted oil showed 94.44% mortality against adult C. maculatus through the surface film bioassay. The LD₅₀ values were 27.56 and 23.16 µg cm^?2 after 24 and 48 h of exposure respectively. The regression equations were calculated as Y = 0.39 + 3.20X and Y = 1.25 + 2.75X respectively. In the fumigation bioassay the LD₅₀ value was 434.69 µg cm^?2 after 24 h of exposure, with the regression equation Y = 0.87 + 1.57X. It was also found that the extracted oil contained compounds that had a dose‐dependent protective effect on egg hatching and adult emergence. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that the toxicity and insecticidal activity of C. aromaticum are attributable to its essential oil, which could be used as a biodegradable and natural bioprotectant for controlling stored product pests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

直茎蒿挥发油化学成分分析及其对仓储害虫的杀虫活性研究

研究直茎蒿挥发油的化学成分及对2种仓储害虫(赤拟谷盗成虫和烟草甲成虫)的杀虫活性.采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,用GC/MS分析挥发油的化学成分及相对含量.通过触杀、熏蒸试验来测试直茎蒿挥发油对2种仓储害虫的生物活性.结果表明,直茎蒿挥发油的主要成分为:桉叶油醇(18.68％)、樟脑(18.30％)、侧柏酮(6.51％)...     

紫苏叶对脂质过氧化和活性氧自由基的作用

用化学发光法和硫代巴比妥酸法研究了紫苏叶的抗氧化作用。结果表明 ,紫苏叶对超氧阴离子自由基 (O- 2 ·)及羟基自由基 (OH·)均有较强的清除作用 ,并且能有效地抑制脂质过氧化。不同溶剂的紫苏叶提取物对亚油酸脂质过氧化的抑制效果不同 ,其顺序依次为 :水 >甲醇 >正己烷 >乙酸乙酯     

化学计量学法对紫苏叶与紫苏子挥发油共有组分分析

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法分离测定紫苏叶与紫苏子挥发油成分,利用化学计量学解析法对重叠的色谱峰进行解析,得到各组分的纯色谱曲线和质谱,通过质谱库对解析的纯组分进行定性,紫苏叶挥发油的定性组分74个,占总含量的98.56%;紫苏子挥发油的定性组分85个,占总含量的97.92%。结果表明,紫苏叶与紫苏子挥发油共有组分数45个,分别占鉴定组分数的60.81%、52.94%;占鉴定组分量的66.38%、84.30%。相对含量较高的组分是柠檬烯、4,11,11-三甲基-8-亚甲基二环十一碳烯、2,6-二甲基-6-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)双环庚-2-烯、石竹烯氧化物、1-(2-呋喃)-戊酮、3,6-二乙基-3,6-二甲基-三环己烷。     

Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of Origanum glandulosum (Desf.) essential oil from Algeria

BACKGROUND: To find natural compounds with insecticidal properties which could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides, oregano essential oil was tested against the insect Rhizopertha dominica devastating stored cereals. RESULTS: Oregano oils were isolated by steam distillation, analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and investigated for their insecticidal activities against Rhizopertha dominica. Contact and fumigant toxicities of global oil and three of its fractions recovered respectively after 2 h and after 0–2.5, 2.5–5 and 5–10 min of extraction were tested using the filter paper method. Eighteen components, representing 92.6% of the oil, were identified. The major components were thymol (38.8%), carvacrol (32.9%), p‐cymene (7.9%) and γ‐terpinene (5.1%). Toxicity tests showed that insect mortality increases with the concentration used (0.39%, 0.78%, 1.56%, 3.12% and 6.24%V). For all concentrations, the contact effect of global oil and fraction F₂ was better than the fumigant effect. Whereas fractions F₁ and F₃ were more toxic by fumigation for concentrations lower or equal to 1.56%, their contact effect was more significant for concentrations higher than 1.56%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that oregano oil has important insecticidal properties and may be useful as a natural grain protectant against Rhizopertha dominica to replace synthetic insecticides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

苏叶有效成分的提取及其测定

苏叶的有效成分为挥发油，腺嘌呤和黄酮类化合物，对挥发油的气－质色谱分析，其主要成分为芳樟醇、紫苏酮、异白苏烯酮、反应丁香烯及丁香烯的氧化物。     

大叶三七柄梗中挥发油成分分析及其生物活性的研究

目的:提取野生大叶三七柄梗中的挥发油,分析其挥发油中的组分,探讨其挥发油的生物活性,为开发利用这一资源提供科学依据。方法:用水蒸气蒸馏法从大叶三七柄梗中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其挥发油组分进行分离和结构确定,对大叶三七柄梗挥发油进行抗氧化和抗菌实验研究。结果:从大叶三七柄梗挥发油中鉴定出43个组分,占全油的96.12%,大叶三七柄梗挥发油有明显地抗氧化活性和抗菌活性。结论:大叶三七柄梗挥发油中含量较高的组分是2,6-二特丁基苯酚(20.99%),新植二烯(15.06%),降姥鲛-2-酮(6.60%),斯巴醇(4.26%),α-紫罗兰酮(4.02%)等。大叶三七柄梗挥发油对·OH有明显的清除作用,大叶三七柄梗挥发油对实验菌株均有明显的抑制和灭活作用特别是对大肠埃希菌CMCC44113和白色假丝酵母菌CMCC850216株的作用表现得更为显著。     

白苏叶挥发油成分的研究

利用气—质联用技术(GC╱MS)对白苏叶挥发油进行了定性、定量分析。采取超临界CO_2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏两种方法提取白苏叶挥发油。结果表明:此两种方法提取白苏叶挥发油的化学成分及含量皆有异,其主要成分紫苏酮的含量最高,这是白苏的特征化学成分。结论:用超临界CO_2萃取法提取的白苏叶挥发油更具天然性,该法为提取白苏叶挥发油的理想方法。     

白苏不同部位中齐墩果酸和乌索酸的测定比较

建立反相高效液相.光电二极管阵列检测器法(RP-HPLC-PAD)测定白苏叶、茎、根中的齐墩果酸和乌索酸,并对2种三萜酸成分进行定性定量分析.采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,50靘),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液(90:10,v/v)为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速0.8mL/min,检测波长210nm,柱温25℃.齐墩果酸在0.1248靏-2.49%靏、乌索酸在0.2184靏-4.36靏范围内具有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.5%和101.3%.选定的色谱条件可精确的检测白苏不同部位中齐墩果酸和乌索酸的含量.     

Chemical composition of the essential oil of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) from Reunion Island

Capillary gas chromatography, mass and FTIR spectrometry were used to analyse the composition of the water-distilled essential oil of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) grown in Reunion Island located in Indian Ocean (21°S 55°E). Among 45 compounds recorded by gas chromatography, GC–MS and GC–FTIR 43 components were identified. The essential oil was found to be rich in terpinen-4-ol (38.4%), cis-sabinene hydrate (15.0%), p-cymene (7.0%) and γ-terpinene (6.9%). ©     

Chemical composition,insecticidal activity and persistence of three Asteraceae essential oils and their nanoemulsions against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

Essential oils from three local plants Ageratum conyzoides, Achillea fragrantissima and Tagetes minuta were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). Nanoemulsions from the obtained oils were prepared using the High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) technique. The plant oils showed considerable ovicidal, adulticidal and residual activities against the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, where A. conyzoides oil was the most toxic. Following a 24-h fumigation and a 48-h post exposure period, eggs were less susceptible to the oils than adults, where LC_50's ranged from 71.6 to 161.9 μl/l air and 19.2–77.8 μl/l air against eggs and adults, respectively. When mortality was counted 96 h after treatment, susceptibility of all stages was increased. When prepared as nanoemulsions and tested as fumigants, toxicity of oils was increased dramatically, where LC₅₀ values 96 h after treatment ranged from 16.1 to 40.5 μl/l air and 4.5–24.3 μl/l air against eggs and adults, respectively. In a contact toxicity bioassay, adults were susceptible to the oil-treated filter papers, where LC_50's 96 h after treatment ranged between (37.1–110.8 μl/cm²). When mixed with kaolin powder and tested as contact adulticides, activity of oils increased compared with their application alone. The plant oils showed a weak to moderate residual adulticidal activity, where A. conyzoides oil was the most effective. The study shows the potential of new ways of using the tested plant oils as natural grain protectants after the required toxicological assessments.     

Chemical composition of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.) plant parts

Samples of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.) seeds and plant parts were analyzed for their chemical composition, total and free amino acids as well as minerals. The crude protein content of plant parts was from 10.7–28.0%, soluble proteins from 190–709 mg/100 g, lipid from 1.3–6.0%, ash 2.2–6.8%, crude fibre 10.7–35.5%, soluble sugars 0.1–12.2%, starch 0.8–26.5%, carbohydrate 55.8–81.5% and phenolic compounds from 0.5–3.0%. The amino acid profile of proteins of seeds and other plant parts of beach pea showed that they were deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids. Tryptophan was another limiting amino acid in plant parts, except in leaves (1.35 g/16 g N). The content of free amino acids was highest in branches plus stems (3148 mg/100 g) and lowest in pod shells (151 mg/100 g). Beach pea plant parts were a good source of minerals such as K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Al and Zn.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of Allium sphaerocephalon L. subsp. sphaerocephalon (Liliaceae) inflorescences

BACKGROUND: Allium sphaerocephalon is a wild‐growing plant commonly used as an onion substitute. In this study the essential oil obtained from A. sphaerocephalon subsp. sphaerocephalon inflorescences was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and also evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The obtained results are reported for the first time and discussed with respect to the sulfur compounds detected in the essential oil. RESULTS: Ninty‐one compounds were identified, representing 91.6% (w/w) of the total oil. Major constituents of the analysed sample were shyobunol (15.3%), β‐caryophyllene (8.1%), α‐cadinol (7.8%), 3,5‐diethyl‐1,2,4‐trithiolane (isomer II, 5.9%) and δ‐cadinene (5.2%). The diluted oil had an antioxidant capacity of 160 000 ± 111 µmol α‐tocopherol acetate equivalents g^?1. Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated against five bacterial and two fungal strains using the broth microdilution assay. Among the micro‐organisms tested, the most susceptible strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimal inhibitory/bactericidal concentration = 0.08/2.5 mg mL^?1) and Aspergillus niger (minimal inhibitory/fungicidal concentration = 0.31/0.63 mg mL^?1). CONCLUSION: The results showed that the examined species had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and are in accordance with the popular use of plants belonging to the genus Allium in traditional medicine, emphasising the necessity of further detailed study of the active principles in Allium species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

反相高效液相色谱法测定白苏子和白苏子油中迷迭香酸的含量

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定了白苏子及其油中迷迭香酸的含量.使用KromasilC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液(40 : 60),光电二极管阵列检测器,检测波长331nm,流速0.8mL/min,柱温28℃.迷迭香酸进样量在0.204.00μg时呈现良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为Y=3.02×105X-3.50×103,r=0.9999,平均加样回收率为97.3%,RSD为2.1%.白苏子中迷迭香酸的含量为0.2475mg/g,约为白苏子油中迷迭香酸含量0.0794mg/g的3.12倍.白苏子采用压榨法生产白苏子油时,活性成分迷迭香酸大部分残留在油粕中.方法灵敏、准确,重现性好,适用于白苏子和白苏子油中迷迭香酸的定量检测分析.     

Use of essential oil from Mentha arvensis L. to control storage moulds and insects in stored chickpea

BACKGROUND: Fungal contamination and Callosobruchus infestation results in qualitative and quantitative losses of chickpea seeds during storage. Most of the synthetic chemicals used as preservatives have adverse effects. Therefore, the antifungal and insecticidal potential of Mentha arvensis essential oil was evaluated to determine whether this could be an eco‐friendly substitute of synthetic preservatives. RESULTS: The stored chickpea seeds were dominated by Aspergillus flavus (46.1%) and 30% isolates among them were found toxigenic. The MIC of Mentha oil against A. flavus was recorded at 400 µL L^?1 and it exhibited broad fungitoxic activity against 14 storage fungi. The oil was found superior to some prevalent synthetic fungicides. Mentha oil showed potent insecticidal activity against Callosobruchus chinensis at different concentrations and exposure times. The oviposition by C. chinensis was completely checked at 10 µL L^?1 while F₁ emergence was completely inhibited at 200 µL L^?1. During in situ experiments, 94.05% protection of the chickpea from C. chinensis by Mentha oil showed superiority over the organophosphate insecticide malathion, where 90.75% protection was recorded. CONCLUSION: The Mentha EO showing potent fungitoxic and insecticidal efficacy and may be recommended as a plant‐based preservative in the management of fungal and insect infestation of chickpea and other pulses during storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

高效液相色谱法测定绿苏叶提取液中紫苏醛的含量

利用高效液相色谱法分析绿苏叶提取液中的紫苏醛含量,采用乙腈水(体积为乙腈∶水=75∶25,流速为0.5mL/min)为流动相。结果表明:相对标准偏差仅为0.36%,回收率为97.2%～106.4%。与文献报道的甲醇水(体积比为甲醇∶水=72∶28,流速为1.3mL/min)作流动相相比,该方法快速,精度高,试剂耗用的成本相当。     

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and extracts from Ocimum sanctum

The objective of the present research work was to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimalarial activities of essential oil and various extracts from O. sanctum. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the following major compounds with their quantification as: eugenol (22.0%), β-elemene (19.2%), β-caryophyllene (19.1%), and Germacrene D (5.03%). HPLC analysis of O. sanctum extracts revealed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumeric acid, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid were the important phenolic acids. The methanol extract exhibited highest level of total phenolic (1.36 g/100 g dry plant material) and total flavonoid (0.67 g/100 g dry plant material) followed by ethanol and n-hexane extracts. The oil and extracts exhibited excellent free radical scavenging potential as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical free radical-scavenging ability, and antioxidant activity as measured by inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Essential oil, n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol extracts exhibited moderate antimalarial potential in term of anti-haem biocrystallization activity. In the resazurin microtitre plate and disc diffusion assays, the essential oil of O. sanctum showed better antibacterial activity than various extracts. The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) variations in the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activities of essential oil and extracts from O. sanctum.