Corrosion resistance and dielectric properties of an iron oxide filled epoxy coating

Polymeric composites of a bisphenol-A-epoxy resin and iron oxide filler (15% w/w) were deposited on pretreated steel specimens. The applied coatings had a thickness of 80 μm and 220 μm. The modification of the anticorrosive and dielectric characteristics of these coatings, in a corrosive environment (3.5% NaCl), were monitored by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and dielectric measurements. Corrosion resistance of composite coatings was found to be somewhat higher than that of unfilled epoxy coatings. Coatings containing iron oxide exhibited capacitive behavior as revealed by dielectric and EIS measurements. This behavior is more pronounced in high thickness composite coatings. Chemical Engineering Dept., Materials Science and Engineering Section. 9, Iroon Polytechniou Str., 15780 Athens, Greece. University of Veszprem, Physical Chemistry Dept., H-8201 Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10 POB 158, Hungary.     

Studying the corrosion protection properties of an epoxy coating containing different mixtures of strontium aluminum polyphosphate (SAPP) and zinc aluminum phosphate (ZPA) pigments

Epoxy/polyamide coatings were loaded with different mixtures of strontium aluminum polyphosphate (SAPP) and zinc aluminum phosphate (ZPA) pigments. Moreover, a coating containing zinc phosphate (ZP) was prepared as a reference sample. The coatings were applied on St-37 steel substrates and then were exposed to 3.5 wt% NaCl solution up to 35 days. The corrosion inhibition properties of the pigments extracts were studied on bare steel samples by a potentiodynamic polarization technique after 24 h immersion. The morphological properties and corrosion resistance of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray tests.     

Thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin reinforced with modified iron oxide nanoparticles

Epoxy polymers, having good mechanical properties and thermal stability, are often used for engineering applications. Their properties can be further enhanced by the addition of iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) as fillers to the resin. In this study, pristine Fe₃O₄ NPs were functionalized with polydopamine (PDA), (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTES). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study any changes in the crystal structure and size of the NPs while Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to ensure the presence of functional groups on the surface. The mechanical properties of the Fe₃O₄-based nanocomposites generally improved except when reinforced with Fe₃O₄/PDA. The maximum improvement in tensile strength (∼34%) and fracture toughness (∼13%) were observed for pristine Fe₃O₄-based nanocomposites. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the use of any of the treated NPs improved the material's initial storage modulus and had a substantial impact on its dissipation potential. Also, it was observed that the glass transition temperature measurements by DMA and differential scanning calorimetry were below that of pure epoxy. SEM of the cracked surfaces shows that the incorporation of any NPs leads to an enhancement in its thermal and mechanical properties.     

片状锌粉对醇溶性无机富锌涂层性能的影响

在颜料总吸油量一定、各配方中颜料体积浓度(PVC)与临界颜料体积浓度(CPVC)之比为0.77的条件下,通过盐雾试验、极化曲线、开路电位(OCP)-时间曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了片状锌粉取代醇溶性无机富锌涂料中少量球状锌粉对涂层性能的影响.研究结果表明,在片状锌粉取代比为5％ ～ 30％范围内,涂层的耐盐水和耐盐雾腐蚀时间随片状锌粉取代比的增加而先增加后减少,在取代比为20％时达到最大值.与未取代涂层相比,取代比为20％的涂层其牺牲阳极保护时间更长,阳极溶解性能更好,低频(0.2 Hz)阻抗更小.     

Water absorption and mechanical property of an epoxy composite coating containing unoxidized aluminum particles

In this work, an unoxidized aluminum particle/epoxy composite coating was prepared onto the surface of the pure epoxy resin to reduce its water absorption and improve its mechanical property and low energy surface impact resistance. Unoxidized aluminum particles were prepared using arc spraying under the protection of nitrogen. The diffusion coefficient of sample began to decrease and then increased with increasing the content of aluminum particles in the composite coating. The minimum value was 2.7 × 10⁻⁸ m²/s at a critical concentration of 6% of aluminum particles, 38% lower than that of pure epoxy resin. The sample with 6% aluminum particles had the maximum tensile and bending strengths of 38.9 MPa and 94.6 MPa, respectively. Aluminum particles could effectively reduce the impact of the epoxy resin suffered. The direction of the impact was changed, and avoids the micro-crack to extend unidirectionally.     

Cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating with zinc aluminum polyphosphate as a modified zinc phosphate anticorrosion pigment

As an approach to improve the resistance of protective coatings to the disbondment, modification of the formulation through incorporation of zinc aluminum polyphosphate anticorrosion pigment representing third generation phosphates was examined in this paper. The data obtained from cathodic disbonding test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pull-off indicated that introduction of zinc aluminum polyphosphate within epoxy coating could provide improved resistance to cathodic disbonding as well as superior adhesion strength. The superiority in the presence of the modified pigment was connected to deposition of a layer at the disbonding front and locally controlled pH as well. The precipitation restricting active zone available for electrochemical reaction was confirmed by SEM.     

The improvement of anticorrosion properties of zinc-rich organic coating by incorporating surface-modified zinc particle

The corrosion behaviors of zinc-rich coating with various zinc contents, ranging from 0 to 60 volume percent, in thin organic coatings (below 5 μm) were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), free corrosion potential (E_corr) measurement and cycle corrosion test (CCT). It was verified that both coatings with 60 volume percent of zinc powder and without zinc powder showed good corrosion resistance mainly due to the cathodic protection and barrier effect, respectively. On the other hand, coatings with an intermediate concentration (10–40 vol.%) of zinc powder was not successful in protecting a steel substrate efficiently. To improve anticorrosion property of zinc-rich coating, the surface modification of zinc particle was carried out with derivatives of phosphoric and phosphonic acid in the aqueous solution. The effects of the surface modification of zinc particle on corrosion resistance of the coating were investigated with scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The best anti-corrosion performance was achieved when the incorporated zinc particle was treated with phosphoric acid 2-ethylhexyl ester and calcium ion simultaneously, which induced the formation of alkyl-phosphate-calcium complex layer of 190 nm in thickness on zinc particles. Corrosion resistance was improved by the decreased zinc activity and the increased compatibility between the formed complex layer on zinc surface and polymer binder matrix.     

Anticorrosion epoxy coating enriched with hybrid nanozinc dust and halloysite nanotubes

In this study, the performance of an epoxy coating with hybrid nanozinc dust and halloysite nanotube (HNT) fillers on the corrosion protection of a carbon steel substrate was investigated. The epoxy resin was mixed with a constant amount of nanozinc dust (1%) and different contents of HNTs (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%) with a high speed mixer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to analyze the interactions between the components in the coating material and the thermal stability of the epoxy coating, respectively. Open‐circuit potential, salt spray testing, and microscopy were also used to assess the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel substrate coated with these coating materials. The incorporation of nanozinc in the epoxy coating enhanced the corrosion protection of the carbon steel substrate compared with the pure coating. Furthermore, HNTs further enhanced the corrosion protection. The best protection was achieved when 1% nanozinc and 1% HNT were used. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 955‐960, 2013     

Adhesiveness of an epoxy oligomer filled with aluminum oxide powders

Concentration dependences of the strength of filled epoxy resin-steel wire (diameter 150 μm) adhesive joints are studied. Nanostructural powders of aluminum oxide with cylindrical particles (diameter 4–6 μm and length 30–40 μm) are used as fillers. The structure of cured compositions is studied by X-ray diffraction techniques and it is established that nanostructural Al₂O₃ fibers are porous. The effect of the scale factor is studied. It is shown that the breaking force increases nonlinearly and the strength of the adhesive joint decreases with an increase in the bonding area. It is established that the dependences of adhesive strength on concentration are described by curves with maxima. This makes it possible to recommend highly dispersed fillers as a method for the control of interfacial strength.     

Thermomechanical properties of thoroughly reinforced and epoxy organic fibre-plastic composite

Conclusions As a result of comparative studies, it has been found that the heat resistance of thoroughly reinforced organo-fibre-plastics based on PHA fibres significantly exceeds the heat resistance of plastics based on epoxy binders, especially in the temperature range 370–550 K, that is, above the glass point of the binders. The degree of retention of destructive stress in extension of the TRFP at elevated temperatures is also noticeably larger as compared with that of the starting fibres.For TRFP, a considerable anisotropy in their thermomechanical properties in two mutually perpendicular directions is characteristic: the temperature for efficient serviceability of material along the direction of reinforcement is about 70 K higher than in the direction perpendicular to it.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 46–48, March–April, 1986.     

Anticorrosion efficiency of zinc-filled epoxy coatings containing conducting polymers and pigments

The dependence of the corrosion-inhibiting properties of zinc-filled organic coatings on the nature of the conducting polymers and conducting pigments added and on the pigment particles’ surface coating with conducting polymer layers were investigated. The following materials were selected to examine the corrosion-inhibiting properties of the conducting polymers: polyaniline phosphate (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), natural graphite, and carbon nanotubes. Conducting pigment combinations for application in coating materials were formulated by applying pigment volume concentrations (PVC) of 0.3%, 0.5% and 1%, which were completed with Zn dust to obtain pigment volume concentrations/critical pigment volume concentrations (PVC/CPVC) = 0.64. Such conducting pigment/zinc dust combinations represented corrosion inhibitors to be used as ingredients in protective coatings. Solvent-based 2K epoxy resin based coating materials containing the corrosion inhibitors so formulated were prepared to examine their anticorrosion properties. The pigmented coatings were subjected to laboratory corrosion tests in simulated corrosion atmospheres and to standardized mechanical resistance tests. The protective coatings so obtained exhibited a higher efficiency than coating materials containing zinc dust alone. The coating material containing carbon nanotubes at PVC = 1% and the coating material containing graphite coated with polypyrrole (C/PPy) at PVC = 0.5% emerged as the best zinc-filled coating materials with respect to their corrosion-inhibiting efficiency. Treatment with the conducting polymers had a beneficial effect on the coating materials’ mechanical properties.     

Dielectric studies of epoxy/polyester powder coatings containing titanium dioxide, silica, and zinc oxide pigments

Dielectric measurements are reported covering a frequency range from 10^?3 to 10⁵ Hz and a temperature range from ~355 to 410?K for a pigmented epoxy/polyester resin powder coating system. A large low frequency ohmic conduction was observed in all these systems and the electrical modulus representation was used to aid analysis. A space charge relaxation indicative of heterogeneity in the matrix was observed in the pure resin and the pigmented coatings. In the pure resin, the heterogeneity is associated with nanoscale phase separation. A study with the resin modified with Modaflow, an ester copolymer dispersion agent, shows that the dipole relaxation is more ideal and the activation energy for dipole relaxation is reduced compared with that observed in the pure resin. The introduction of titanium dioxide pigment reduces the activation energy but also increases the magnitude of the ohmic conductivity and space charge contributions to the dielectric permittivity. All the systems exhibit heterogeneity and in the case of a pigmented system charge carriers can be introduced into the system by the pigment. Clear differences are observed between TiO₂ produced via the chloride and sulfate routes, reflecting different levels of charge carriers and ion mobile in the resin system. High levels of mobile ions were also observed when zinc oxide and silica were used as pigments.     

水性改性片状锌粉硅酸钾富锌防腐涂料的性能

通过溶胶-凝胶法以浸涂的方式用硅烷偶联剂KH-570和硝酸镧分别和共同改性片状锌粉,并将它们制成水性硅酸钾富锌防腐涂料。用沉降体积表征了不同锌粉的分散性。通过机械性能测试、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪、电化学方法和盐水浸泡法比较了不同锌粉所制富锌涂层的附着力、铅笔硬度、冲击强度、柔韧性、表面形貌、元素含量和耐蚀性。结果表明:经共同改性的锌粉分散性最好,其制备的涂层性能也最好,相比未改性锌粉所制涂层,表干时间缩短20%,表面裂痕减少。涂层经5%NaCl溶液浸泡120h后无明显锈蚀点,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电位正移,自腐蚀电流密度减小,浸泡9d仍处于浸泡中期,耐蚀性明显增强。     

Preparation and properties of an oxide fiber‐reinforced silica matrix composite

Oxide (Nextel? 440) fiber‐reinforced silica composites, with the density and porosity of 1.97 g/cm³ and 21.8%, were prepared through sol‐gel. Their average flexure strength, elastic modulus, shear strength, and fracture toughness at room temperature were 119.7 MPa, 25.6 GPa, 10.8 MPa, and 4.0 MPa·m^1/2, respectively. The composites showed typical toughened fracture behavior, and distinct pullout fibers were observed at the fracture surface. Their mechanical properties were performant up to 1000°C, with the maximum flexural strength of 132.2 MPa at 900°C. Moreover, the composites showed good thermal stability, even after thermal aging and thermal shock at elevated temperatures.     

Fracture behavior of carbon/epoxy laminated composite reinforced by iron powder

The fracture behaviors of a newly developed iron-powder reinforced carbon/epoxy laminated composite are investigated in this paper. Three kinds of DCB (double cantilever beam) specimens (without iron powder, with iron powder and with iron powder in a magnetic field) were prepared by the ASTM D 5528-94a. For the third DCB specimen, the unidirectional laminas were stacked with iron powder spread evenly on each lamina’s surface. This process was performed in a magnetic field to keep the iron powder standing along the out-plane direction. From the test data of Instron 5567, the fracture toughness, G _I , was calculated by using the compliance calibration method for each of the three kinds of specimens. The calculated fracture toughness shows that the iron powder effectively disturbs the progress of fiber branching between the laminates and provides a good stitching to the in-plane laminates during the fracture.     

Anticorrosion and electromagnetic interference shielding behavior of candle soot-based epoxy coating

This article presents candle soot (CS) as anticorrosion coating material for mild steel (MS) in 3.5 wt % of NaCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. CS is easily available, low-cost material, and characterized by using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CS is superhydrobhobic in nature that helps to prevent corrosion by repelling water molecules from MS surface. The electrochemical results confirmed the prevention in corrosion process for MS using candle soot-epoxy (CS-EP) based anticorrosion coatings. The CS-based coatings displayed outstanding barrier properties in 3.5 wt % of NaCl solution in comparison to the neat EP coating. Different candle CS-EP coating combinations were tested that exhibited excellent corrosion inhibition performance with highest protection increased up to 98.45% at 0.2 wt % of CS. The surface morphological studies were used to analyze the MS surface conditions in absence and presence of CS-EP coating in 3.5 wt % of NaCl solution. CS-EP admixtures were also tested for their shielding effectiveness in the frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz and it has been found that on incorporation of 0.2 wt % of CS in EP resin total shielding effectiveness (SE_T) increased to −5.3 dB as compared to −0.33 dB for neat EP. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 137, 48675.     

Preparation,characterization, and properties of graphene oxide/urushiol-formaldehyde polymer composite coating

Graphene oxide (GO) was modified by 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) to obtain modified graphene oxide (MGO). MGO was dispersed in urushiol-formaldehyde polymer by mechanical mixing and ultrasonic dispersion, and MGO/urushiol-formaldehyde polymer (UFP) coatings with different MGO contents were fabricated. The microstructure, physico-mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties of the MGO/UFP composite coatings were investigated. The results indicated that the hardness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance of the MGO/UFP composite coatings were obviously enhanced compared with the pure UFP coatings. The hardness and the adhesion grade of the MGO/UFP composite coatings with 3.5 wt% MGO (GO, 1.5 wt%, and MPS, 2.0 wt%) reached 6H and 2, respectively. Additionally, GO connected with MPS by chemical bond and the well-dispersed MGO in UFP could significantly enhance the anticorrosion performance of the UFP coatings, which could result from bending the diffusion pathway of penetrant species in the UFP coating matrix.     

Anticorrosion properties of inorganic pigments surface-modified with a polyaniline phosphate layer

The paper deals with research into the effects of treating the surface of pigment particles with polyaniline layers in anticorrosion paints. The pigments involved were tested in a form coated with a polyaniline layer and in an uncoated form. To study anticorrosion properties, mixed metal oxides with the structure of spinel and perovskite were synthesized to be later coated with polyaniline. Polyaniline was also used to coat the pigments based on iron trioxide, silicates and graphite. Water-borne, epoxy resin-based paints containing the pigments with and without the surface layer of polyaniline were formulated. The coatings were tested by means of laboratory corrosion tests. These involved corrosion tests accelerated with an increased temperature, with high atmospheric humidity, and with the presence of corroding substances such as SO₂ and NaCl.     

Tribological properties and corrosion resistance of epoxy resin-polytetrafluoroethylene bonded solid lubricating coating filled with flake aluminum

The aims of this work are to prepare a novel epoxy resin-polytetrafluoroethylene (expressed as EP/PTFE) bonded solid lubricating coating filled with flake aluminum. The focus is to study the effects of two different flake aluminum (floating type and non-floating type) on the tribological performance and anti-corrosion capability of the coating. A CSM friction tester was applied to evaluate the tribological performance of the coating. The electrochemical technique was applied to study the corrosion resistance of the coating. And the experimental results showed that both types of flake aluminum can ameliorate the tribological performance and anti-corrosion properties of the EP/PTFE lubricating coating. Moreover, compared with floating flake aluminum, the incorporation of non-floating flake aluminum significantly improved the tribological properties and corrosion resistance of the EP/PTFE coating due to its good dispersibility, greater enhancement effect on mechanical performance and stronger barrier properties.     

Tribological and corrosion performance of epoxy resin composite coatings reinforced with graphene oxide and fly ash cenospheres

In this work, a novel graphene oxide (GO)-fly ash cenospheres (FACs) hybrid fillers was introduced to improve the wear and corrosive resistance of epoxy resin (ER) composite coatings. The tribological behavior and the corrosion performance of three kinds of coatings (pure ER, GO/ER and GO-FACs/ER coatings) were studied and the reinforced mechanisms of coatings filled by different fillers were analyzed. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the ER coatings were decreased with the addition of GO-FACs hybrids. The scanning electron microscope images showed that the dispersibility and compatibility of GO-FACs hybrids were effectively improved compared with that of GO sheet. The water contact angle examination indicated that the hydrophobicity of the GO-FACs/ER coatings increased. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results demonstrated that the GO-FACs/ER coatings have better anticorrosion performance compared with the pure ER coatings and the GO/ER coatings. The hydrophobic surface and the well dispersed fillers constitute the dual barrier to resist the corrosion medium.