A Unified, Object-Oriented Graphics System and Software Architecture for Visualising CAD/CAM Presentations

Most object-oriented graphics systems (OOGS) either support general purpose graphics capabilities (drawing editors, ray tracing, etc.), or have targeted specific areas of computer graphics, for example, interface building, animation, and visualisation. However, the key concept in CAD/CAM graphics systems is that of presentations—pictures that convey information about products or parts of products. CAD/CAM graphics systems that create and manipulate presentations have specific graphical requirements that have not been addressed by existing OOGS. These requirements include the support of CAD/CAM concepts such as drawings, views and view-specific graphics, and layers, and the ability to allow external geometric modelers to be linked into the presentation. We describe an object-oriented presentation architecture that allows the application to describe the structure of the CAD/CAM presentation. This architecture provides a unified interface to drawings, views, layers and entities, and allows linkage to models created with an external geometric modeler, while isolating applications from details of the underlying traditional graphics rendering systems. It is our hope that this architecture provide the foundation for the architecture of next generation OOGS. We also present an implementation of this architecture and compare it to other OOGS.     

Data integrity in an IGES description of turned part geometry

There is a growing interest in converting manually drawn engineering drawings into computer databases in a Computer Aided Design (CAD) format such as Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES). This conversion is done by a high resolution scanning device. CAD drawings resulting from the scan-conversion process often contain discontinuities. A draftman using manual drafting equipment may adjust and reposition the ink pen for ease of drawing. This could cause breaks in the drawing, which, though unnoticeable to the human eye, are identified as discontinuities in the electronic scanning process. The subsequent CAD representation may then have broken geometries in place of continuous ones.

The work presented here is aimed at verifying the IGES file representing a scan-converted drawing. If any discontinuities are detected in the lines and arcs in the drawing, the breaks are mended. Algorithms are developed to identify and correct errors in the IGES files.

The algorithms are coded in Common LISP. The program runs on a VAX VMS system and can handle drawings of turned parts. This research is part of a larger project dealing with feature recognition of turned parts. Extension of the procedure to other geometries is straightforward. The program has been tested on some test drawings obtained from a scanning company. The results are very promising.     

面向异构CAD平台的工程辅助绘图系统的研制

工程图是进行工业生产和技术交流的重要文档,而在三维CAD系统中制作标准化的工程图比较烦琐．通过分析UG和Pro／E等系统工程图模块功能的不足,充分考虑不同平台二次开发的差异,借鉴成熟的软件体系和先进的开发工具,提出了一个通用的面向异构CAD平台的工程辅助绘图软件框架;并详细讨论了物理模块部署、逻辑对象构造和实例维护、工程随动约束管理以及产品装配模型访问等关键技术;研究开发了实用系统并在企业中得到应用．     

建筑结构图版面分析方法研究

工程图的计算机识别和理解技术是计算机应用于工程方面的研究热点之一,图形的版面分析是图形理解的基础。文章给出了基于图形和基于图像的两种版面分析和划分算法,并对两种方法在速度、效果方面进行了比较。实验证明,基于图像的版面分析和划分算法在线条数较多时优于基于图形方法的结论。     

基于采矿CAD的硐室参数绘图系统设计及实现

CAD系统因其本身具有许多长处,得到了工程设计人员的广泛使用。但它只能处理图形的几何信息,真正具有工程实际意义的图形拓扑信息和参数约束信息均被抛弃了。为了保留更多的图形信息以及让工程设计人员更方便地进行硐室图形的绘制,文中根据采矿CAD图形的特点,把要绘制的硐室图形进行参数化分析,并通过编程调用采矿CAD的接口实现了硐室图形的自动绘制系统。此系统能根据用户输入的参数自动生成硐室的二维和三维图形,这大大减少了设计人员的工作量,提高了设计效率,也有利于计算机辅助设计的进一步发展。     

工程设计中多图联动建模技术的研究与应用

工程设计中多图联动建模技术提供用户友好的工程设计空间,建立了工程原理图和多个工程布置图之间的信息关联。采用3D数据存储——2D图形可视转换技术,得到图形变换矩阵。把设备的各个视图的图块预存入图形库中,绘图时,设置相应的绘图图层,只要在布置图的一个视图中插入设备图,系统会在其他视图中自动插入相应的投影图形,并且当修改或者删除一个视图中的图形时,其他视图对应的图形也会自动完成相应的操作,实现了多个工程视图的联动。     

基于约束关系的平面立体三维重建

提出一种基于约束的平面立体三维重建算法。该算法采用参数化方式来表示空间直线及其投影,这种参数化方式能满足数字图像中直线提取所需的唯一性、有界性及均匀性条件。依据平面立体投影线图的拓扑结构隐含的三维信息,建立平面立体上棱线、表面空间位置参数之间的约束方程,联立约束方程组求其最小二乘解,恢复出平面立体的三维结构。研究成果可用于计算机视觉和智能CAD系统。     

工程图纸向CAD系统自动输入处理

初步实现了一个工程图纸的自动输入与识别系统。该系统把工程图纸的扫描数字化图象进行矢量化,转换成CAD系统可以接受的文件格式。研究了扫描图象的预处理和矢量化方法:预处理包括图纸扫描输入、图象二值化、图象平滑与去噪、线条细化和曲线跟踪;矢量化采用直线拟合方法。提出了一种改进Hilditch细化算法并给出了程序实现方法,有效地减小了图像骨架偏移和毛刺对细化结果的影响。该文开发的系统可以识别含有直线、圆和圆弧等简单图形的工程图纸。     

A complete system for the intelligent interpretation of engineering drawings

Converting paper-based engineering drawings into CAD model files is a tedious process. Therefore, automating the conversion of such drawings represents tremendous time and labor savings. We present a complete system which interprets such 2D paper-based engineering drawings, and outputs 3D models that can be displayed as wireframes. The system performs the detection of dimension sets, the extraction of object lines, and the assembly of 3D objects from the extracted object lines. A knowledge-based method is used to remove dimension sets and text from ANSI engineering drawings, a graphics recognition procedure is used to extract complete object lines, and an evidential rule-based method is utilized to identify view relationships. While these methods are the subject of several of our previous papers, this paper focuses on the 3D interpretation of the object. This is accomplished using a technique based on evidential reasoning and a wide range of rules and heuristics. The system is limited to the interpretation of objects composed of planar, spherical, and cylindrical surfaces. Experimental results are presented. Received December 2, 1998 / Revised June 18, 1999     

Detection of dimension sets in engineering drawings

This correspondence presents a system for detecting dimension sets in engineering drawings that are drawn to ANSI drafting standards. A new rule-based text/graphics separation algorithm and a model-based procedure for detecting arrowheads in any orientation have been developed. Arrowhead tracking and search methods are used to extract leaders, tails, and witness lines from segmented images containing only graphics. Text blocks and feature control frames extracted from the segmented images are than associated with their corresponding leaders to obtain complete dimension sets. Experimental results are presented     

A multilevel graphics system based on top-down methodology

STRUKEDIT is an interactive graphics system based on top-down methodology. It is especially designed to manipulate very large drawings representing complex entities, such as electronic circuits or an organization chart.STRUKEDIT allows the user to create a drawing according to the principles of step-wise refinement and top-down design. At the highest level, there is a general representation of the object; this object may be divided into several parts, each of which may be drawn in more detail at the lower level. The process of refinement applies again to this level, and so on until all relevant details are included at the lowest level.STRUKEDIT is implemented in the MIRA-2D language, a graphical PASCAL extension based on abstract graphical types. It may be a useful tool in business administration, technical and industrial design, electronic design, and in all areas that involve the representation of complex objects or structures.     

滚子链传动CAD程序设计

本文介绍滚子链传动ＣＡＤ系统的程序设计，以及链轮零件图绘制等内容。主要阐明链传动设计计算程序设计的理论根据和基本方法，链轮零件图图形处理方法，实现了链传动设计计算过程和绘制链轮零件图的一体化过程。     

工程图纸矢量化软件的设计与实现

工程图纸矢量化是把扫描所得到的光栅图像加以处理、分析、识别，并最终转换成矢量图形格式的过程。矢量化研究是图纸复用、自动理解等应用的基础，是目前CAD领域的一个研究热点。文中介绍了所开发的工程图纸矢量化软件的设计思想和实现技术，包括图像处理和图形自动识别算法,以及为了进一步提高矢量化的准确率而采用的光栅图像编辑和矢量图形编辑等人机交互方法。实验结果证明了以上诸多方法的有效性，软件基本上达到了实用水平。     

工程扫描图象的直线整体识别算法

利用工程图纸的整体形状特性，提出了对扫描图象的直线整体识别算法，该算法对图象线条轮廓上的关键点进行了精确记录，并对它们进行了分析和处理。该算法不必单独处理线的交叉问题，但交叉点处的效果明显。它的基本思想是：首先检测原图象线宽，然后依据原图象线条的不同线宽，把原图象转化为一些由梯形块组成的条块图，并对不同的条块图分别进行整体识别     

Labeling Line Drawings with Hidden-Part-Drawn of Planar Object with Trihedral Vertices

Although line drawings consist of only line segments on a plane, they convey much information about the three-dimensional object structures. For a computer interpreting line drawings, some intelligent mechanism is required to extract three-dimensional information from the two-dimensional line drawings. In this paper, a new labeling theory and method are proposed for the two-dimensional line drawing with hidden-part-draw of a three-dimensional planar object with trihedral vertices. Some rules for labeling line drawing are established. There are 24 kinds of possible junctions for line drawing with hidden-part-draw, in which there are 8 possible Y and 16 W junctions. The three problems are solved that Sugihara's line drawing labeling technique exists. By analyzing the projections of the holes in manifold planar object, we have put forward a labeling method for the line drawing. Our labeling theory and method can discriminate between correct and incorrect hidden-part-draw natural line drawings. The hidden-part-draw natural line drawings can be labeled correctly by our labeling theory and method, whereas the labeling theory of Sugihara can only label the hidden-part-draw unnatural line drawings in which some visible lines must be drawn as hidden lines, and some invisible lines must be drawn as continuous lines.     

基于哈希的二维工程 CAD 图纸检索技术

针对企业在设计创新过程中大量采用已有计算机辅助设计(CAD)图纸进行设计重 用的情况,提出了一种基于哈希的二维工程 CAD 图纸检索方法。首先基于环形分割算法提取 工程 CAD 图纸中每个组件对象几何特征;基于传统 LBP 算子提出了一种局部拓扑矢量量化模 式(T-LVQP),实现对各个组件拓扑特征的提取;然后基于协方差描述符融合几何特征和拓扑特 征,通过 LBG 算法将所有组件按照几何特征分组后得到工程 CAD 图纸的特征向量表达;最后 通过迭代量化哈希算法生成图纸的哈希序列。实验结果表明,该算法检索速度快、准确度高, 对于二维工程 CAD 图纸具有较好的检索效果。     

An approach for converting orthographic projection drawings into 3D-CAD models

Hand drawings and two dimensional(2D) CAD drawings have been replaced by three dimensional(3D) CAD models in mechanical design,but some 2D drawings produced before are needed in the new design.However,the techniques and software packages for automatically converting 2D drawings into 3D-CAD models with high precision have not yet been developed due to the difficulties to verify the validity of the drawings,to decide the hidden lines and concavo-convex faces,and to represent free-form surfaces.In addition,it is very time consuming to manually convert a large number of 2D drawings into 3D CAD models.To address these problems,we propose an approach for converting 2D drawings into 3D-CAD models automatically.