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1.
Istvan S. N. Berkeley 《Minds and Machines》2008,18(1):93-105
The notion of a ‘symbol’ plays an important role in the disciplines of Philosophy, Psychology, Computer Science, and Cognitive
Science. However, there is comparatively little agreement on how this notion is to be understood, either between disciplines,
or even within particular disciplines. This paper does not attempt to defend some putatively ‘correct’ version of the concept
of a ‘symbol.’ Rather, some terminological conventions are suggested, some constraints are proposed and a taxonomy of the
kinds of issue that give rise to disagreement is articulated. The goal here is to provide something like a ‘geography’ of
the various notions of ‘symbol’ that have appeared in the various literatures, so as to highlight the key issues and to permit
the focusing of attention upon the important dimensions. In particular, the relationship between ‘tokens’ and ‘symbols’ is
addressed. The issue of designation is discussed in some detail. The distinction between simple and complex symbols is clarified
and an apparently necessary condition for a system to be potentially symbol, or token bearing, is introduced. 相似文献
2.
Zippora Arzi-Gonczarowski 《Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence》1999,26(1-4):215-252
This paper formalizes and analyzes cognitive transitions between artificial perceptions that consist of an analogical or metaphorical
transference of perception. The formalization is performed within a mathematical framework that has been used before to formalize
other aspects of artificial perception and cognition. The mathematical infrastructure consists of a basic category of ‘artificial
perceptions’. Each ‘perception’ consists of a set of ‘world elements’, a set of ‘connotations’, and a three valued (true,
false, undefined) predicative connection between the two sets. ‘Perception morphisms’ describe structure preserving paths
between perceptions. Quite a few artificial cognitive processes can be viewed and formalized as perception morphisms or as
other categorical constructs. We show here how analogical transitions can be formalized in a similar way. A factorization
of every analogical transition is shown to formalize metaphorical perceptions that are inspired by the analogy. It is further
shown how structural aspects of ‘better’ analogies and metaphors can be captured and evaluated by the same categorical setting,
as well as generalizations that emerge from analogies. The results of this study are then embedded in the existing mathematical
formalization of other artificial cognitive processes within the same premises. A fallout of the rigorous unified mathematical
theory is that structured analogies and metaphors share common formal aspects with other perceptually acute cognitive processes.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
J. Rogalski 《Cognition, Technology & Work》1999,1(4):247-256
Managing dynamic environments often requires decision making under uncertainty and risk. Two types of uncertainty are involved:
uncertainty about the state and the evolution of the situation, and ‘openness’ of the possible actions to face possible consequences.
In an experimental study on risk management in dynamic situations, two contrasted ‘ecological’ scenarios – transposed from
effective situations of emergency management – were compared in order to identify the impact of their ‘openness’ in the subjects’
strategies for decision making. The ‘Lost Child’ scenario presented qualitative and irreversible consequences (child’s death)
and high uncertainty; it exerted high demands both in risk assessment (risk representation) and action elaboration and choice.
A less open situation (‘Hydrocarbon Fire’) required a main choice between two contrasted actions, with quantitative computable
consequences. The strategies of ‘experimental subjects’ (university students) and ‘operative subjects’ (professional fire-fighter
officers) were compared in order to evaluate the ecological validity of experimental research in this field, from the point
of view of the subjects themselves. The two scenarios appeared to be independent, so that quite different models of decision
making have to be hypothesised, differing by the importance of assessing risk and defining possible actions on the one hand,
and by the process of choice on the other. ‘Experimental’ subjects dramatically differed from ‘operative’ subjects when confronted
with the same scenario, particularly for the less technical but more demanding scenario. It is hypothesised that three components
might account for the effect of the situations and for the differences between and within groups of subjects: importance of
situation assessment, spatial abilities, and global orientation of activity in managing dynamic risk. 相似文献
4.
Alastair Butler 《Journal of Logic, Language and Information》2007,16(3):241-264
This paper develops a semantics with control over scope relations using Vermeulen’s stack valued assignments as information
states. This makes available a limited form of scope reuse and name switching. The goal is to have a general system that fixes
available scoping effects to those that are characteristic of natural language. The resulting system is called Scope Control
Theory, since it provides a theory about what scope has to be like in natural language. The theory is shown to replicate a
wide range of grammatical dependencies, including options for, and constraints on, ‘donkey’, ‘binding’, ‘movement’, ‘Control’
and ‘scope marking’ dependencies. 相似文献
5.
This paper discusses and explores issues surrounding current approaches to the design of technological products and offers
two critical design proposals for presentation and debate. Primarily driven by contemporary theoretical writings and thoughts
on the subject of ‘technology’ and ‘simulation’, currently being offered by leading thinkers on these subjects and expressed
as ‘technological objects’; they are the result of a critical investigation into the emerging design issues surrounding ‘interaction’
and ‘transparency’. By using ‘popular’ language of product design as a vehicle, they exist as ‘cultural offerings’ exploring
an alternative future for technological products not necessarily governed by science and economics. 相似文献
6.
Stuart Jackson Nuala Brady Fred Cummins Kenneth Monaghan 《Artificial Intelligence Review》2006,26(1-2):141-154
Recent findings in neuroscience suggest an overlap between those brain regions involved in the control and execution of movement
and those activated during the perception of another’s movement. This so called ‘mirror neuron’ system is thought to underlie
our ability to automatically infer the goals and intentions of others by observing their actions. Kilner et al. (Curr Biol
13(6):522–525, 2003) provide evidence for a human ‘mirror neuron’ system by showing that the execution of simple arm movements
is affected by the simultaneous perception of another’s movement. Specifically, observation of ‘incongruent’ movements made
by another human, but not by a robotic arm, leads to greater variability in the movement trajectory than observation of movements
in the same direction. In this study we ask which aspects of the observed motion are crucial to this interference effect by
comparing the efficacy of real human movement to that of sparse ‘point-light displays’. Eight participants performed whole
arm movements in both horizontal and vertical directions while observing either the experimenter or a virtual ‘point-light’
figure making arm movements in the same or in a different direction. Our results, however, failed to show an effect of ‘congruency’
of the observed movement on movement variability, regardless of whether a human actor or point-light figure was observed.
The findings are discussed, and future directions for studies of perception-action coupling are considered. 相似文献
7.
DSM as a knowledge capture tool in CODE environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A design structure matrix (DSM) provides a simple, compact, and visual representation of a complex system/ process. This paper
shows how DSM, a system engineering tool, is applied as a knowledge capture (acquisition) tool in a generic NPD process. The
acquired knowledge (identified in the DSM) is provided in the form of Questionnaires, which are organized into five performance
indicators of the organization namely ‘Marketing’, ‘Technical’, ‘Financial’, ‘Resource Management’, and ‘Project Management’.
Industrial application is carried out for knowledge validation. It is found form the application that the acquired knowledge
helps NPD teams, managers and stakeholders to benchmark their NPD endeavor and select areas to focus their improvement efforts
(up to 80% valid). 相似文献
8.
This article offers a research update on a 3-year programme initiated by the Kamloops Art Gallery and the University College
of the Cariboo in Kamloops, British Columbia. The programme is supported by a ‘Community–University Research Alliance’ grant
from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the collaboration focuses on the cultural future of
small cities – on how cultural and arts organisations work together (or fail to work together) in a small city setting. If
not by definition, then certainly by default, ‘culture’ is associated with big city life: big cities are equated commonly
with ‘big culture’; small cities with something less. The Cultural Future of Small Cities research group seeks to provide
a more nuanced view of what constitutes culture in a small Canadian city. In particular, the researchers are exploring notions
of social capital and community asset building: in this context, ‘visual and verbal representation’, ‘home’, ‘community’ and
the need to define a local ‘sense of place’ have emerged as important themes. As the Small Cities programme begins its second
year, a unique but key aspect has become the artist-as-researcher.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: L. Dubinsky, Kamloops Art Gallery, 101–465 Victoria Street, Kamloops, BC V2C 2A9 Canada. Tel.: 250-828-3543; Email: ldubinsky@museums.ca 相似文献
9.
Helen J. Richardson 《Information Systems Frontiers》2009,11(5):599-608
This paper discusses the domestication of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), particularly their use, in UK
households reporting on research undertaken between 1998 and 2004. Issues raised are linked to the dominant discourse of the
‘digital divide’, which in the UK means engaging with ICTs in a ‘meaningful’ way to ensure the economic and social well-being
of UK plc (public limited company—in the UK this refers to companies whose shares can be sold to the public. The acronym is
used here ironically to indicate the motivation of the government to brand and promote the UK as a whole.). Utilising a framework
of understanding digital inequality and the ‘deepening divide’, domestication theory is applied to discuss motivational, material
and physical, skills and usage access in the gendered household, critically contrasting this approach to ‘smart house’ research.
This qualitative enquiry contributes to the neglected area of domestication studies in Information Systems research. 相似文献
10.
Pest Control Expert System for Tomato (PCEST) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This paper presents a real-life pest control expert system for tomato. The system involves two main subtasks, namely: ‘diagnose’
and ‘treat’. The ‘diagnose’ subtask finds out the causes of the growers' complaints, while the ‘treat’ subtask finds out a
treatment plan for these causes. CommonKADS methodology has been used to develop the system. Dependency network is used as
one of our knowledge representation schemes in both subtasks. An expert system evaluation methodology has been suggested and
applied to the developed system.
Received May 1998 / Revised January 1999 / Accepted in revised form May 1999 相似文献
11.
Simone Fiori 《Neural Processing Letters》2007,25(3):187-198
Neural independent component learning algorithms based on optimization on manifolds have attracted interest in the neural
network community. In the past years, we have developed learning algorithms specialized for the orthogonal group of matrices
as parameters manifold. Here, we sketch a view of these algorithms by the help of ‘retractions’ on manifolds. 相似文献
12.
Romain Laufer 《AI & Society》1992,6(3):197-220
The expression, ‘the culture of the artificial’ results from the confusion between nature and culture, when nature mingles
with culture to produce the ‘artificial’ and science becomes ‘the science of the artificial’. Artificial intelligence can
thus be defined as the ultimate expression of the crisis affecting the very foundation of the system of legitimacy in Western
society, i.e. Reason, and more precisely, Scientific Reason. The discussion focuses on the emergence of the culture of the
artificial and the radical forms of pragmatism, sophism and marketing from a French philosophical perspective. The paper suggests
that in the postmodern age of the ‘the crisis of the systems of legitimacy’, the question of social acceptability of any action,
especially actions arising out of the application of AI, cannot be avoided. 相似文献
13.
Institution Morphisms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Institutions formalise the intuitive notion of logical system, including syntax, semantics, and the relation of satisfaction
between them. Our exposition emphasises the natural way that institutions can support deduction on sentences, and inclusions
of signatures, theories, etc.; it also introduces terminology to clearly distinguish several levels of generality of the institution
concept. A surprising number of different notions of morphism have been suggested for forming categories with institutions
as objects, and an amazing variety of names have been proposed for them. One goal of this paper is to suggest a terminology
that is uniform and informative to replace the current chaotic nomenclature; another goal is to investigate the properties
and interrelations of these notions in a systematic way. Following brief expositions of indexed categories, diagram categories,
twisted relations and Kan extensions, we demonstrate and then exploit the duality between institution morphisms in the original
sense of Goguen and Burstall, and the ‘plain maps’ of Meseguer, obtaining simple uniform proofs of completeness and cocompleteness
for both resulting categories. Because of this duality, we prefer the name ‘comorphism’ over ‘plain map’; moreover, we argue
that morphisms are more natural than comorphisms in many cases. We also consider ‘theoroidal’ morphisms and comorphisms, which
generalise signatures to theories, based on a theoroidal institution construction, finding that the ‘maps’ of Meseguer are
theoroidal comorphisms, while theoroidal morphisms are a new concept. We introduce ‘forward’ and ‘semi-natural’ morphisms,
and develop some of their properties. Appendices discuss institutions for partial algebra, a variant of order sorted algebra,
two versions of hidden algebra, and a generalisation of universal algebra; these illustrate various points in the main text.
A final appendix makes explicit a greater generality for the institution concept, clarifies certain details and proves some
results that lift institution theory to this level.
Received December 2000 / Accepted in revised form January 2002 相似文献
14.
Ashok Jain 《AI & Society》2002,16(1-2):4-20
The paper investigates the structure and functioning of the science and technology (S&T) system in India as it has evolved
in the post-independence period (1947 onwards). The networks of entities involved in S&T actions, the paper argues, can be
categorised, in terms of adopted approaches to agenda and priority setting and accounting for actions, into two streams. The
origins and expansion of the two streams are traced. One, the ‘Elite’ stream (high profile and visibility linked to big industry),
adopting what the paper has generically termed the ‘Nehruvian’ model of development, is shown to have emerged as a dominant
network. The other socially powerful ‘Subaltern’ stream (less visible, closer to ground realities and linked to village and
cottage industry), adopting the ‘Gandhian’ model of development, still remains dispersed and outside the consideration of
high-level decision-making bodies. The paper stresses the importance of moving the support and attention from the dominant
stream to efforts that attempt a synthesis between the dominant and the subaltern. 相似文献
15.
Graham Pont 《Nexus Network Journal》2005,7(1):76-85
Plato divided science (episteme) into ‘science of action’ (praktike) and ‘science of mere knowing’ (gnostike). His argument is the first known attempt to distinguish what is now recognised as technology, as distinct from more purely
rational science. Aristotle coined the compound term technologia and thereby established this new department of science within
the general system of knowledge. Plato did not develop his novel characterisation of the architect any further, for the ancient
Greeks did not consider architecture a fine or estimable art. The best available source of Greek architectural pedagogy is
the Roman Vitruvius. Graham Pont discusses Vitruvius’s distinction between the ‘practical’ side of architecture (fabrica) and the ‘theoretical’ (ratiocinatio), and examines the mathematical preparation of ancient Greek and Roman architects
相似文献
16.
Stéphanie Benzaquen 《AI & Society》2012,27(1):43-51
Thirty years after the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979) how do Cambodians cope with the traumatic legacy of
Pol Pot’s reign of terror? What forms does witnessing take on in post-socialist and transitional Cambodia as senior Khmer
Rouge leaders await prosecution at the Cambodian Tribunal? The paper examines aspects of witnessing in today’s Cambodia, expressing
each in its own way the idea of the ‘shifting’ of witnessing: the transformation of testimonies due to time passing and contrasted
systems of justice through a comparison of testimonies in the trial of the ‘Pol Pot/Ieng Sary clique’ (1979) and the current
Cambodian Tribunal; the complex forms of witnessing emerging from participatory projects developed with Western authors in
‘We want (u) to know’ (documentary movie made by an international film crew with the inhabitants of the village of Thnol Lok
in 2009) and ‘Breaking the silence’ (theatre play realised by the Dutch dramaturge Annemarie Prins that premiered in Phnom
Penh in 2009 and toured Cambodia in the following years); the relationship between documentary and legal forms of witnessing
through the example of Vann Nath, a survivor of S-21/Tuol Sleng, the prison where the Khmer Rouge tortured and killed thousands
of their fellow countrymen. The paper analyses the difficulty Western organisers of participatory projects experienced in
applying the hybrid model of transitional justice to sociocultural contexts of witnessing. Nevertheless it points out their
contribution to processes of ‘recognition beyond recognition’ in which cultural differences in coming to terms with historical
trauma are expressed and recorded. 相似文献
17.
Jean-Charles Pomerol 《Requirements Engineering》1998,3(3-4):174-181
In this paper, we address the question of how flesh and blood decision makers manage the combinatorial explosion in scenario
development for decision making under uncertainty. The first assumption is that the decision makers try to undertake ‘robust’
actions. For the decision maker a robust action is an action that has sufficiently good results whatever the events are. We
examine the psychological as well as the theoretical problems raised by the notion of robustness. Finally, we address the
false feeling of decision makers who talk of ‘risk control’. We argue that ‘risk control’ results from the thinking that one
can postpone action after nature moves. This ‘action postponement’ amounts to changing look-ahead reasoning into diagnosis.
We illustrate these ideas in the framework of software development and examine some possible implications for requirements
analysis. 相似文献
18.
John Underkoffler 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》1997,1(1):28-40
Conclusion Four decades of sporadic invention and experimentation of and with non-traditional human-computer interface schemes have congealed
(somewhat abruptly though not without a few clear-sighted antecedents) into a new field of information system design, here
calledAntisedentary Beigeless Computing, that consciously rejects the traditional conception of isolated tete-a-tete between the human and the box-CRT-keyboardmouse.
ABC systems instead favour the complementary directions away from this notion of an immobile info-shrine: more personal, intimate,
and portable information access; and more diffuse, environmentally-integrated information access. Consideration of ABC projects
to date seems to suggest that no single instance can alone express the full generality required of a ‘working’ information
system, so that (on the one hand) system design must acknowledge that a complex set of trade-offs involving capabilities,
universality, specificity, personalization, and generality is inescapable; while (on the other hand) an ideal, eventual ‘information
environment’ will inevitably comprise the careful interweaving of some number of individual ABC systems.
Taxonomies and classification schema can rarely hope to be found complete or flawless before the collection of items that
they purport to describe have themselves reached the evolutionary stasis of ‘adulthood’ — that is, there is typically some
threshold of development or growth beyond which few enough surprises lurk that an encompassing taxonomy can be constructed
and observed to reliably encompass, in the longer term. The domain of ABC thought is still quite nascent, and so we would
be foolish to assume that all its extremities of form and connotation are now visible, but to the extent that we can already
see the outlines of a ‘field’ it is reasonable to make a first run at an analytic taxonomy. The ‘independent character axes’
approach presented here seems broad and loose enough to accommodate any number of additions to the basic stable of ABC systems.
It is, further, a taxonomy amenable to significant revision as may be found necessary: axes can be added, deleted, reconstrued,
etc. as time and consideration clarify our understanding of ABC. However, it should also be anticipated that the field will
eventually coalesce around a much smaller number of better-defined ‘axes’ and thus permit taxonomic reversion to the more
hierarchical (and finally more satisfying) ‘Linnean’ scheme we'd originally imagined establishing. 相似文献
19.
A finite difference method for Second Order Singular Perturbation Problems is presented. It is based on a mesh selection strategy
derived by using sufficient conditions which ensure the well conditioning of tridiagonal matrices. In particular the implementation
aspects of the method are discussed. Numerical tests are reported to evidence the effectiveness of this method and its competitiveness
with respect to known solvers for BVPs.
Work performed within the activities of the project ‘Matematica Computazionale’ supported by MURST 40%. 相似文献
20.
Miklós Erdélyi-Szabó László Kálmán Agi Kurucz 《Journal of Logic, Language and Information》2008,17(1):1-17
The paper sets out to offer an alternative to the function/argument approach to the most essential aspects of natural language
meanings. That is, we question the assumption that semantic completeness (of, e.g., propositions) or incompleteness (of, e.g.,
predicates) exactly replicate the corresponding grammatical concepts (of, e.g., sentences and verbs, respectively). We argue
that even if one gives up this assumption, it is still possible to keep the compositionality of the semantic interpretation
of simple predicate/argument structures. In our opinion, compositionality presupposes that we are able to compare arbitrary
meanings in term of information content. This is why our proposal relies on an ‘intrinsically’ type free algebraic semantic
theory. The basic entities in our models are neither individuals, nor eventualities, nor their properties, but ‘pieces of
evidence’ for believing in the ‘truth’ or ‘existence’ or ‘identity’ of any kind of phenomenon. Our formal language contains
a single binary non-associative constructor used for creating structured complex terms representing arbitrary phenomena. We
give a finite Hilbert-style axiomatisation and a decision algorithm for the entailment problem of the suggested system. 相似文献