Genetic Evaluation of Dairy Goat Does for Milk and Fat as an Extension of Buck Evaluation

The current procedure for calculating genetic evaluations of dairy goat bucks provides easily accessible information for constructing genetic evaluations for dairy goat does (doe indexes). Relationships among sires are accounted for by using the additive genetic relationship matrix among sires if the doe's sire was evaluated. The sire evaluation plus a portion of residual doe effect is the basis of doe evaluation. Although direct incorporation of maternal relationships among does may be accomplished, it requires extensive computations for large data sets. An approximate procedure based on selection index principles includes information from a doe's dam with only a modest increase in computing expense over that for genetic evaluations of bucks. Doe indexes were computed and adjusted to separate breed bases. Trend in doe indexes was positive for all breeds and ranged from .54 to 1.37 kg/yr for milk yield and from .021 to .052 kg/yr for fat yield.     

Emulsifying Properties of Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Milk Fat Emulsion: Conditions for the Reconstitution of Milk Fat Globules

A procedure for the reconstitution of milk fat globules (MFG) stabilized with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) was developed. MFG was reconstituted by homogenizing a mixture of 1% MFGM and 25% milk fat at 45°C and at pH 7.0 for 1 min. The emulsifying properties of MFGM were evaluated by emulsifying activity (EA), emulsion stability (ES), whippability and foam stability. Of the variables affecting the reconstitution of MFG, prolonged homogenization decreased EA and ES. About 25% milk fat gave maximal EA and ES, increasing the MFGM concentration increased both EA and ES, which were also influenced by the pH level. Foam disappeared at >30°C.     

Role of Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Autoxidation of Milk Fat

The influence of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) on oxidation of milk fat under various conditions was monitored by fatty acid analysis and oxygen consumption at 50°C. The rate of copper-catalyzed oxidation of cream containing the membrane was faster than when the membrane was removed. In the dry state, the isolated MFGM, membrane lipids (ML) and the nonlipid membrane solids (NLMS) inhibited oxidation at 50°C and 95°C. In the presence of water, however, all membrane components enhanced oxidation at 50°C. The balance between the accelerating effects of membrane components and the inhibiting influence of other factors appeared to depend on processing conditions.     

乳脂的功能

简要介绍了乳脂的营养功能、对胆固醇代谢的影响及某睦非常性功能。这些研究成果对乳及乳品的生产和消费有一定参考价值。     

Isolated Milk Fat Globules as Substrate for Lipoprotein Lipase: Study of Factors Relevant to Spontaneous Lipolysis in Milk

Fat globules isolated from normal and from spontaneous milk samples were compared as substrates for purified lipoprotein lipase. Only slight differences were observed. Fat globules isolated from fresh warm milk were almost resistant to lipolysis. This included globules from milk prone to spontaneous lipolysis. Cooling made the globules accessible to rapid lipolysis even if they were from normal milk. Rewarming the fat globules did not reverse the process. Maximum rate of lipolysis (after rewarming) required fat globules be stored at 10°C or below for 5 to 10 h. Lipolysis at 4°C usually started after a lag time of 3 to 5 h, but with fat globules from spontaneous milk the lag time was shorter. Fat globules isolated from cold milk were a poor substrate at 4°C but were lipolyzed when warmed. When ¹²⁵I-labeled lipase was added to fresh warm milk, some of the lipase bound to the milk fat globules but it caused little lipolysis. Binding increased after cooling, as did lipolysis. Both binding of lipase and lipolysis were impeded by the presence of skim milk. Another way to make fat globules isolated from fresh warm milk susceptible to lipolysis was to treat them with chemicals known to remove proteins.     

Physicochemical Properties of Milk Fat Emulsions Stabilized with Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane

Milk fat globules (MFG) were reconstituted with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and milk fat (MF). Viscosity of the reconstituted MFG was highest at pH 5.0 and 4 min emulsifying, and rose with an increase of MFGM between 40–80 mg/g fat. Adsorbed protein/unit fat increased at acid pH with increase of MFGM. The composition of proteins adsorbed on the surface of MFG was not influenced by factors of reconstitution. The size and specific surface area of globules were influenced by emulsifying time, MFGM and MF concentrations, and pH. The size range of MFG prepared by standard method was 0.9–17 μm in diameter. Median diameter was 5 μm and specific surface area was 15,600 cm²/cm³ of emulsion.     

不同锌源对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响

本试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,将9头中国荷斯坦奶牛分为3组,分别饲喂对照组基础日粮,补加蛋氨酸锌日粮(锌含量400mg),补加氧化锌日粮(锌含量400mg),研究补饲不同锌源对奶牛产奶量及乳品质的影响。结果表明,不同来源的锌对奶牛产奶量均有不同程度提高,蛋氨酸锌提高幅度大于氧化锌,但差异不显著(p>0.05);对乳脂率无明显影响;补锌可增加乳中锌的含量,蛋氨酸锌比氧化锌明显(p<0.05)。     

牛奶中脂肪检测技术研究进展

脂肪是乳制品等食品的重要营养组成成分,脂肪酸作为脂肪中的有效成分,其种类、含量和比例与人体营养需求密切相关;牛奶经发酵后脂肪酸的组成和含量将发生改变。本文介绍乳脂与其他脂肪的区别以及发酵对乳脂肪的影响,重点论述气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱- 质谱联用法、红外光谱分析法在牛奶脂肪检测方面的研究进展。     

Fat Content of Milk and Cream and Effects on Fat Globule Stability

Milk fat globules with crystalline fat content were sheared in defined flow conditions in order to ascertain the critical strain rate, which led to destabilization of the fat globules. Based on a fluid-mechanical model which considered the influence of the dispersed phase, a critical shear rate was defined. The model predicted a linear decrease in destabilization shear rate coupled with an increase in fat volume concentration. This interrelationship was confirmed in experiments. Fat globule stability, as related to shear strain rate, increased at decreasing temperatures. Critical shear rates for milk and cream should be calculated at a fat content not exceeding 45% for temperatures between 5 and 20°C. Any motion at higher fat content had a destabilizing effect on fat globules.     

乳脂肪球膜的特性、开发及在模拟母乳脂肪球结构中的应用

乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）是包裹在天然乳脂肪球外部的3 层膜状结构,然而牛乳基和大豆基婴儿配方奶粉缺少MFGM,脂肪球结构与母乳存在较大差异,因此添加外源MFGM以及制备与母乳脂肪球结构接近的婴儿配方奶粉成为了近期的研究焦点。本文综述了MFGM的相关特性和生产开发途径,以及牛乳MFGM在仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉中的应用。体外模拟婴儿胃肠道消化实验以及啮齿动物体内实验结果表明,仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉能够促进婴儿脂肪消化并且改善脂质代谢过程。     

羊乳脂奶酪酱与牛乳脂奶酪酱风味机理对比分析

羊乳脂中含有丰富的中短链脂肪酸,可以赋予奶酪独特的风味,但目前对于羊乳脂在食品奶酪加工中的应用尚且不多。该文通过两步法制备羊乳脂奶酪酱（sheep milk fat cheese sauce,SMFCS）和牛乳脂奶酪酱（cow milk fat cheese sauce,CMFCS）,验证羊乳脂代替牛乳脂在奶酪制备中的可行性。结果表明,羊乳脂中的中短链脂肪酸比牛乳脂中含量更高,且羊乳脂中没有检测到对羊膻味影响较大的支链脂肪酸,羊乳脂膻味较淡。采用气相色谱-质谱法鉴定CMFCS和SMFCS制备过程中挥发性化合物的动态变化,结果显示,CMFCS中共检测到53种挥发性化合物,SMFCS共检测到42种挥发性化合物,且SMFCS中醛醇类化合物在制备过程中比CMFCS检出少。电子鼻结果显示SMFCS比CMFCS和市售酶改性奶酪中苯类芳香成分、无机硫化物芳香成分及长链烷烃芳香成分含量更高。以上结果可为羊乳脂代替牛乳脂在奶酪中的应用提供参考。     

Effects of Feeding Protected Tallow on Composition of Milk and Milk Fat

Official methods were used to analyze composite samples of milk collected during the first 15 wk of lactation from 21 Holstein cows fed a milled ration containing 0 (basal), 15% (medium), or 30% (high) protected-tallow supplement (seven cows per treatment). Protein fractions and amino acid composition of the total proteins were determined from samples of individual milking. Melting characteristics of pooled samples were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Milk yield was similar for the three treatments, but percent fat and fat yield were higher for cows fed protected tallow. Percentages and yields of protein and solids-not-fat were decreased on the protected tallow treatments, especially for high tallow. The decrease in protein was in the casein fraction. Amino acid composition of the total proteins was similar for the three treatments. Feeding protected tallow caused decreases in all fatty acids except 4:0, 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 which increased. Nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that butter from the basal group would be harder than that from cows fed protected tallow.     

牛乳和双峰驼乳中乳脂球膜蛋白的差异分析

为阐明双峰驼乳中乳脂球膜蛋白（milk fat globule membrane proteins,MFGMP）的组成以及与牛乳MFGMP之间的差异,以牛乳和双峰驼乳中的MFGMP为研究对象,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、双向电泳和液相色谱-串联质谱（liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）技术对其中的高丰度蛋白质进行表征,并对双峰驼乳MFGMP提取方法进行选择。结果显示,双峰驼乳和牛乳MFGMP中含量最高的蛋白组分依次为嗜乳脂蛋白、黄嘌呤氧化还原酶/脱氢酶、乳凝集素（MFG-E8或PAS6/7）、脂肪分化相关蛋白（ADRP或PLIN2）,3 种方法分析双峰驼乳和牛乳中MFGMP中高丰度蛋白组分的结果具有一致性。基于LC-MS/MS技术对双峰驼乳的MFGMP进行鉴定,并将对鉴定出的蛋白质进行基因本体功能注释和京都基因与基因组百科全书路径分析,发现这些蛋白主要是细胞膜、线粒体、内质网膜等组分,参与的生物途径有翻译和翻译的起始、氧化还原过程、细胞内蛋白质转运、蛋白质折叠、细胞氧化还原稳态等,具有结合活性和分子催化等分子功能。     

母乳和牛乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的差异分析

为比较乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）蛋白在母乳和牛乳中的差异,采用有机试剂提取法,从母乳和牛乳中提取分离出MFGM蛋白,经皮尔斯TM去垢小柱去除十二烷基硫酸钠后,通过液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测分析,检测结果根据特异性肽段匹配数不小于1筛选后,在母乳和牛乳中分别检测到863 种和454 种蛋白,其中二者共有175 种,分别独有688 种和279 种。将母乳中差异表达的688 种蛋白质按PANTHER数据库进行蛋白质的Gene Ontology（GO）功能注释,这些蛋白主要是细胞部分、细胞器、细胞膜等组分,参与的生物途径有新陈代谢过程、生物调节、刺激性反应、免疫系统过程、再生作用等,具有催化、黏合、转运、酶调节等多种分子功能。另外,母乳中的这些差异蛋白参与氨酰tRNA生物合成、致病性大肠杆菌感染、脂肪酸代谢、丙酸代谢、甾体合成、酸降解等都是牛乳中的乳脂肪球膜蛋白不具有的功能。通过分析得出母乳和牛乳中的MFGM蛋白具有明显差异,虽然有部分组成和功能的重叠,但在丰度和代谢路径上,牛乳MFGM蛋白不能替代母乳MFGM蛋白。     

Estimation of Protein in Anhydrous Milk Fat

A method for the estimation of protein in anhydrous milk fat is described. The protein concentration is estimated by quantifying the arginine and aspartic acid (ASX) released upon acid hydrolysis of the anhydrous milk fat. Arginine and aspartic acid are derivatized with the fluorescent tag 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC), the derivatives are quantified by reversed phase HPLC, and the protein concentration in the anhydrous milk fat is estimated as 8.77?×?(Arg?+?ASX). Method suitability was defined by experimental assessments of FMOC-arginine and FMOC-aspartic acid linearity (R ² averages?>?0.999), protein estimate precision [day-to-day RSD values (n?=?8 days) ranged from 7.3 to 14 % for protein concentrations of 9.42 to 40.0 mg/kg of anhydrous milk fat], protein estimate accuracy [spike recovery average?=?95.6 % (9.3 %), n?=?8, spiking level?=?20 mg/kg and agreement of the experimental protein estimate for butter, 0.611 (0.044)?g/100 g, n?=?3 lots, with a published value 0.6/100 g], and analyte selectivity (baseline resolution of FMOC-arginine and FMOC-aspartic acid from the FMOC derivatives of other common amino acids). The method provides for a reliable estimation of the protein content of anhydrous milk fat, when present at concentrations >2 mg/kg.     

牛奶脂肪含量对超声波检测参数的影响

探测了不同温度下不同脂肪含量牛奶的超声特性参数———声速与衰减系数,分析了脂肪含量与超声参数间的关系以及温度对此关系的影响。结果表明:在温度10.9～39.1℃内,声速随脂肪含量的变化不大,其在39.1℃表现出来的最大变化率仅为0.164%,声速/温度随脂肪含量的变化稍大,其表现的变化率为4.29%;而衰减随脂肪含量的增加显著,在39.1℃时,衰减随脂肪含量变化的变化率最大,为113.2%,衰减/温度随脂肪含量变化的变化率为40.4%。这表明衰减随脂肪含量的变化趋势最明显,且温度对衰减的影响也相对较小,因此利用衰减系数作为测定牛奶脂肪含量的主要指标比其他参数更易于检测出脂肪含量上的差异。     

Physical and Sensory Properties of Milk Chocolate Formulated with Anhydrous Milk Fat Fractions

Maximum additions of milk fat that produced temperable milk chocolates were anhydrous milk fat (AMF), middle-melting fraction (MMF) or low-melting fraction (LMF) up to 40 wt % total fat, and high-melting fraction (HMF) up to 35%. The solid fat content (SFC), melting point, melting enthalpy, instrumental and sensory hardness of milk chocolates decreased with increasing milk fat addition. No differences in sensory attributes sweetness, milk powder, chocolate, butter flavor or thickness of melt were observed. Chocolate with 40% MMF or LMF had greater milk flavor than that with 12.2% HMF. Onset of melt correlated (r = 0.96) with melting enthalpy. No differences between types of milk fat (AMF, HMF, MMF, LMF) were observed for any textural attribute assessed.     

牛奶乳脂肪氧化的影响因素研究进展

牛奶是一种复杂生物体系,脂肪酸含量丰富,易发生氧化酸败。本文对影响乳脂酸败的氧化和抗氧化因素进行简要概述,以期引起对提高奶及奶制品品质和延长贮存期研究的重视。