微生物油脂中花生四烯酸的甲酯化工艺

以微生物油脂为原料,对其中花生四烯酸的甲酯化方法进行筛选和优化。在确定合适的花生四烯酸甲酯化方法基础上,考察酯化温度、酯化时间、催化剂体积分数及搅拌转速对花生四烯酸酯化效果的影响。结果表明:酯化温度80℃、酯化时间8h、浓硫酸体积分数2.0%、转速400r/min时,花生四烯酸甲酯质量分数达到37.75%,产率达到91.54%。甲酯化后的花生四烯酸沸点较低,适用于分子蒸馏。     

花生四烯酸单乙醇酰胺的酶法制备

研究了以花生四烯酸作为酰基供体酶法制备花生四烯酸单乙醇酰胺的方法,其中底物花生四烯酸采用尿素包合法和溶剂低温萃取法二次富集获得。通过单因素试验得到酶法制备花生四烯酸单乙醇酰胺的较佳反应条件为:1 mmol混合脂肪酸(花生四烯酸含量84.68%)与1 mmol单乙醇胺于1.5 m L正己烷体系中混合,在6%(相对于反应物总质量)的Lipozyme 435催化作用下,于50℃、400 r/min条件下反应6 h,可以得到纯度为82.69%的花生四烯酸单乙醇酰胺。     

刺叶提灯藓花生四烯酸提取与含量测定

目的：提取刺叶提灯藓(Mnium spinosum)中的花生四烯酸并测定其含量。方法：采用柱层析法从刺叶提灯藓植株中分离提取,并用高效液相色谱法测定其花生四烯酸含量。结果：刺叶提灯藓的乙醇萃取液中花生四烯酸含量较高达6.5%,而石油醚和正己烷萃取液中未测出。结论：刺叶提灯藓中花生四烯酸含量可观,以乙醇萃取液提取效果最佳。     

花生四烯酸的生理学功能及利用真菌生产的研究进展

花生四烯酸是人体必需脂肪酸,具有极高的保健价值,利用真菌发酵生产花生四烯酸已成为国内外研究的热点.本文对花生四烯酸的生理功能以及利用真菌生产的研究进行概括.     

超临界CO_2萃取微生物油脂中ARA工艺条件的优化

为了提取微生物发酵液中的花生四烯酸,提高微生物油脂中花生四烯酸的含量,采用超临界CO2萃取的方法,利用二次回归正交旋转组合试验方案优化萃取的最佳工艺条件,并采用气相色谱分析花生四烯酸含量。试验得出最佳的工艺条件为:萃取温度32℃、萃取压力16 MPa、萃取时间101 min,以10%甲醇做夹带剂,花生四烯酸的提取率和纯度分别为45.7%和19.34%。通过方差分析和验证实验,数学模型可靠并且拟和较好。     

富含花生四烯酸(AA)微生物油脂提取及富集研究

从花生四烯酸高产菌株中提取微生物油脂,并采用尿素包合法对花生四烯酸（ＡＡ）进行富 集,可将花生四烯酸含量由粗油中的４２．４５％提高到８２．３７％。     

花生四烯酸在乳制品中的应用及市场前景

花生四烯酸在乳制品尤其是婴幼儿配方奶粉中的应用,已成为营养强化的技术发展趋势,国际上最新的配方均添加了花生四烯酸。新型食品营养强化剂花生四烯酸的问世,对于提高我国乳制品行业产品的科技含量、提升企业的品牌形象具有重要意义。     

被孢霉发酵生产花生四烯酸的研究进展

微生物特别是被孢霉发酵生产花生四烯酸是国内外研究热点，该文对被孢霉产生菌的选育发酵菌种的代谢调控、花生四烯酸的分离、检测方法等进行了综述。     

微生物发酵法生产花生四烯酸油脂

研究了发酵法生产花生四烯酸油脂的过程 ,进行了 5 0t发酵罐工业化发酵 ,菌体收率达2 34g/ 10 0ml ,菌体内脂肪含量为 38 2 %。经分析油脂中含有花生四烯酸、γ 亚麻酸和亚油酸等多不饱和脂肪酸 ,其中花生四烯酸含量达到 5 1 75 %。     

花生四烯酸油微胶囊配方优化及稳定性研究

采用喷雾干燥法制备花生四烯酸油微胶囊,以花生四烯酸油微胶囊的包埋率为评价指标,对变性淀粉用量、酪蛋白用量、蔗糖用量、芯材含量的配方进行了响应面设计实验。实验得到的花生四烯酸油微胶囊最佳配方为:变性淀粉用量9.04%,酪蛋白用量6.41%,蔗糖用量5.36%,芯材含量30.38%。由最佳配方得到的花生四烯酸油微胶囊的包埋率达到93.26%,产品经62℃加速氧化45 d后,过氧化值仅为对照样品的1/10,氧化稳定性显著。将花生四烯酸油微胶囊添加在婴儿配方奶粉中,经充氮包装贮藏1年,花生四烯酸保留率为93.01%,证明该微胶囊具有良好的贮藏稳定性。     

膳食中的脂肪酸平衡

本文综述了膳食中三类脂肪酸（饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸及多不饱和脂肪酸）的营养学功能，并就有关膳食脂肪酸的平衡及n-6与n-3的合适比例作了总结。     

酶催化法合成食品乳化剂的研究进展

食品乳化剂是现代食品工业不可或缺的添加剂。与化学合成法相比,酶催化法合成食品乳化剂具有很多优势,如催化效率高、反应条件温和、产品纯度高、色泽浅且容易分离纯化等。本文介绍了脂肪酸单甘酯、脂肪酸糖酯、丙二醇脂肪酸酯以及失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯四类常用食品乳化剂的酶催化法合成研究进展,对酶催化合成方法、反应媒介的选择及存在的主要问题等方面进行了综述。     

不同物种茶油脂肪酸组成及其在Sn-2位上的分布

试验以十五烷酸为内标,定量分析9种不同物种茶油的脂肪酸组成;用胰脂肪酶专一性地水解茶油甘油三酯中Sn-1和Sn-3位上的脂肪酸,并经薄层层析分离出Sn-2位甘一酯,采用气相色谱仪对Sn-2位脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果表明:9个不同物种茶油主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸5种脂肪酸组成,浙江红花油茶的油酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高,分别为82.79g/100g和84.77g/100g;且脂肪酸之间存在一定的相关性;Sn-2位上的脂肪酸主要为油酸和亚油酸,短柱茶在Sn-2位的油酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,分别为82.96%,92.89%。表明茶油是一种不饱和脂肪酸含量高且容易被人体消化吸收的油脂。     

Effect of replacing maize silage with red clover silage in the diet on milk fatty acid composition in cows

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing maize silage plus soybean meal with red clover silage (RCS) plus wheat on the fatty acid (FA) profile in the milk fat of cows. Forty-four lactating German Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods composed of 13 d of adaptation to diets followed by an 8-d sampling phase. Experimental diets offered as total mixed ration consisted of a constant forage-to-concentrate ratio (75:25) with target proportions of RCS to maize silage of 15:60 (RCS₁₅), 30:45 (RCS₃₀), 45:30 (RCS₄₅), and 60:15 (RCS₆₀) on a dry matter basis. Increasing the level of RCS in the diet was accompanied by a reduction of linoleic acid content in the diet and decreased linearly the proportions of linoleic acid in the milk up to 4%. Proportions of α-linolenic acid in milk increased 2-fold with RCS₆₀ compared with RCS₁₅, which resulted from the linear increase in α-linolenic acid intake with incremental levels of RCS. Vaccenic acid in the milk fat was reduced by 24%. Rumenic acid, a conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid) considered to be a human health promoter, was also decreased by 22%. Reduced rumenic acid in the milk fat was probably due to a reduced amount of vaccenic acid produced in the rumen and, consequently, to the low amount of vaccenic acid to be desaturated to rumenic acid in the mammary gland by Δ⁹-desaturase. Oleic acid was enriched in the milk fat, although the dietary concentration of oleic acid decreased. Stearic acid proportions remained constant with increasing levels of RCS. The proportions of total polyunsaturated FA were increased by 12%, and the long-chain FA proportions increased linearly with increasing levels of RCS. Myristic acid was reduced linearly, but palmitic acid remained constant. Saturated FA was reduced linearly by 2%. Branched-chain FA, which are presumed to possess anticarcinogenic properties, were reduced to a small extent only (quadratic effect). We conclude that replacing maize silage with RCS appears to alter milk FA composition by reducing linoleic acid intake and ruminal biohydrogenation. Feeding RCS represents a strategy to increase intake of α-linolenic acid in dairy cows. However, because changes in the FA profile show positive as well as negative effects, no distinct conclusions can be drawn with regard to human health benefits.     

Unrestricted feed intake during the dry period impairs the postpartum oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids in the liver of dairy cows

The purpose of this study was to determine the activities of key hepatic enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in cows that had excessive body fat at parturition. Dairy cows were allocated to either an experimental group or a control group. All cows were offered a total mixed ration with an energy content of 6.6 MJ of net energy for lactation per kilogram of dry matter and consisting of corn silage, beet pulp, rapeseed meal, and soybean meal. Control cows were restricted to 6.8 kg/dry matter of the mixed ration in the dry period. Experimental cows had unrestricted access to the mixed ration during the dry period to increase body fat and induce fatty liver postpartum. Blood and liver samples were collected 1 wk before and 1, 2, and 4 wk after parturition. Before parturition, neither the serum nonesterifled fatty acids nor the hepatic triacylglycerol concentrations differed between experimental and control cows. After parturition, the values for these variables were greater in experimental cows than in control cows. Plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate increased sharply after parturition in the experimental group. In liver, the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase was already significantly lower in the experimental group before parturition. After parturition, the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase dropped in the experimental group. The activity of 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in liver was less in experimental cows following parturition. Hepatic citrate synthase activity increased only in the control group after parturition. Unrestricted feed intake before parturition reduces de novo fatty acid synthesis as well as fatty acid oxidation after parturition. The reduction in fatty acid oxidation following parturition may contribute to postpartum accumulation of triacylglycerol in the livers of cows with unrestricted access to feed during the dry period.     

3种色谱柱对多种脂肪酸甲酯分离效果比对

对比3种色谱柱对多种脂肪酸甲酯混标的分离效果,为快速准确地测定脂肪酸提供参考。分别建立HP-88、SP-2560、DB-23色谱柱分离37种脂肪酸甲酯混标的方法,并以此方法对13种反式脂肪酸甲酯、4种亚油酸甲酯和8种亚麻酸甲酯同分异构体进行分析。结果表明：3种色谱柱分离37种脂肪酸甲酯所需的时间分别为47、35、25 min,色谱峰间的分离度均大于1.0;3种色谱柱均能将顺反异构的单不饱和脂肪酸甲酯和亚油酸甲酯同分异构体分离开,而对于亚麻酸甲酯同分异构体和双键在不同位置的异构体,HP-88分离效果优于SP-2560和DB-23,但均不满足单独定量的要求。在实际样品分析时,可根据样品中脂肪酸种类选择合适的色谱柱,避免样品色谱峰的重叠。     

反式脂肪酸危害与控制

通过对食品中反式脂肪酸含量强制标示,向广大消费者指出反式脂肪酸对人体健康危害;同时对油脂加工业而言,这也意味着一场旨在减少食品中反式脂肪酸变革开始。     

近红外光谱法快速检测婴儿配方奶粉中的脂肪酸含量

采用傅里叶近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)法建立了测定婴儿配方奶粉中的总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量的近红外数学模型,并通过交互验证和外部检验两种方式考察了近红外数学模型的可靠性。通过选择不同的波长范围,采用平滑、矢量归一化、一阶求导、二阶求导和散射校正对近红外光谱进行处理,总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的校正模型相关系数(R2)分别为0.9337、0.9374、0.9020,RPD分别为3.63、3.65、2.90。结果表明近红外数学模型具有良好的预测性能。采用建立的模型对验证集中的20个婴儿配方奶粉样品进行预测,总脂肪酸含量、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的预测值与化学测定值之间经配对t检验分析,与常规化学方法得到的检验结果无显著差异。     

Endogenous production and elevated levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in the milk of transgenic mice

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are important for the normal development and functioning of all organisms. Mammals lack the n-3 fatty acid desaturase required for the synthesis of α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), and are therefore dependent on dietary sources to obtain this essential fatty acid. Currently, the richest source of dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), are triacylglycerides extracted from rapidly declining marine resources. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans synthesizes a wide range of PUFA and possesses the only known example of an n-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme in the animal kingdom. Transgenic mice expressing the C. elegans n-3 desaturase under the control of the lactation-induced goat β-casein mammary gland promoter were generated via pronuclear microinjection. Significant increases in n-3 PUFA, decreases in n-6 PUFA, and an overall decrease in the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were observed in the milk produced by transgenic mice. Neonate mice consuming milk from transgenic females accumulated increased levels of docosahexaenoic acid in their brains. This transgenic model may provide useful information to address some basic questions of neonatal nutrition, and demonstrates one of the steps that would be required to increase the n-3 PUFA content of milk and dairy products endogenously. Increasing the proportion of n-3 PUFA in milk fat would help to improve the nutritional composition of an important component of the North American diet.     

Effects of Trans and Conjugated LC N‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Composition and Abdominal Fat Weight in Rats

ABSTRACT: Trans and conjugated fatty acids may exhibit either beneficial or detrimental bioactive effects depending on their metabolic properties. This study was conducted to elucidate if isomerization and conjugation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) demonstrate more favorable bioactivity on lipid metabolism compared to unmodified EPA and DHA. The effects of dietary intake of trans and conjugated forms of EPA and DHA on lipid metabolism were evaluated in animal trials and compared to a control group fed soybean oil. None of the experimental diets showed significant differences from the control in terms of body weight; however, the white adipose tissue weight of rodents fed trans DHA, conjugated EPA (CEPA), and conjugated DHA (CDHA) was significantly lower than the control. Triacylglycerol levels in plasma were significantly decreased in groups fed trans DHA (17.2 mg/dL) and CDHA (31.9 mg/dL) relative to the control (51.3 mg/dL). The total cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower than the control (68.0 mg/dL) in all experimental groups (47.3 to 53.7 mg/dL) except CEPA (58.3 mg/dL). Fatty acid compositions of lipids extracted from rodent livers were influenced by the dietary fatty acid profiles, with all groups showing higher concentrations of stearic acid and lower levels of linoleic acid compared to the control. Rodents fed trans DHA did not have detectable levels of these fatty acid isomers in their livers, suggesting either quick metabolism or a difficulty with bio‐absorption.